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Ancient World History Chapter 2 First Civilization: Africa and Asia Geography of the Nile Valley “Egypt is wholly the gift of the Nile” ► Greek Historian Herodotus Nile gave life, while the desert around them protected Egypt from invasions Yearly Floods ► ► Every Spring, origins of the Nile would become flooded with rains Flooded down river, depositing silt over Egyptian farmlands ► Rich layer of soil Egyptians eagerly anticipated floods Geography of the Nile Valley (Con’t) Uniting the Land ► Two regions of Egypt ► Upper Egypt ► Lower Egypt Located near the first cataract, waterfall, of the Nile, Northward to within 100 miles of Mediterranean Covered Delta region of the Nile Triangular area of marshland formed by deposits of silt at the mouth of most rivers Upper Egypt King, Menes ► About 3100 B.C., united the two regions of Egypt Used Nile extensively The Old Kingdom (2700-2200 B.C.) Pharaohs, Egyptian rulers, organized a strong, centralized state ► Considered Gods Depended on vizier, chief minister to: ► ► ► Collect taxes Control farming Organize irrigation system The Old Kingdom (2700-2200 B.C.) (Con’t) Pyramids ► ► Built during Old Kingdom Preserved bodies, along with every they needed in pyramids Built with two ton limestone blocks Took decades to build Power Struggles, crop failures, and cost of pyramids brought end of Old Kingdom The Middle Kingdom Turbulent Period of Egyptian History ► Delta taken over by Hyskos in 1700 B.C. ► ► Irregularity of Nile flooding Corruption and rebellions common Egyptians learned about the horse drawn fighters Began trading with Middle East The New Kingdom Powerful Rulers ► Ramses II most powerful from 1290-1224 B.C. ► Pushed boundary of Egyptian empire to the Euphrates River Decline ► Outstretched army and loss of political power Foreign armies began invading as well Egypt and Nubia Trade and fighting between Egypt and Nubia very common during each of the three kingdoms ► Nubia traded ivory, cattle, slaves and gold to Egypt Influenced art and culture as well Section 2 ► Egyptian Civilization Egyptian Religion Chief Gods and Goddesses ► Amon Re ► Osiris ► Ruled the underworld and God of the Nile Isis Chief God Sun God Taught women to grind corn, spin flax, weave cloth and care for children Religious Rebellion ► About 1380 B.C. Pharaoh Akhenanton challenged priest of Amon Re ► Wanted to serve God Aton Preist ultimately returned to Amon Re after Akhenton died Egyptian Religion (Con’t) Belief in Afterlife ► Fateful Test Must pass test to win eternal life ► Osiris would test the heart of the dead to the feather of truth People lived according to the Book of the Dead Mummification ► Preservation of the dead ► Done so the soul would have a body in the afterlife Evidence of the Tomb of Tutankhamen Most pharaohs were buried in the Valley of the Kings ► Treasures were stripped from tombs over the centuries Except for Tutankhamen’s tomb ► Son-in-law of Akhenton Tomb filled with vast treasures ► Not found till 1922 Egyptian Society ► Life of the Farmer Most were slaves Work soil, repairing dikes and building lavish buildings for the pharaohs ► Social Change New Kingdom trade brought more riches to merchants and artisans ►The merchant class grew slightly stronger Egyptian Society (Con’t) Women ► Enjoyed generally greater independence than other civilizations Women could: ► ► ► Inherit land Enter business deals Obtain divorces, etc. Jobs were still separated by Genders Egyptian Learning Scribes kept recordings for high classes Written records ► ► Hieroglyphics ► Eventually involved ideograms ► Pictures symbolizes action for ideas Eventually developed demotic ► Pictures writing Simpler form of writing Wrote on papyrus ► Paper not created in Africa yet Egyptian Learning (Con’t) Rosetta Stone ► Eventually hieroglyphic meanings were forgotten A flat black stone with the same message written in three different languages ► Hieroglyphics, Demotic, and Greek Used to learn hieroglyphic language Egyptian Learning (Con’t) Advances in Medicine and Science ► Contained vast knowledge in medicine, astronomy, and mathematics Medicine ► Astronomers ► Human body knowledge from mummification Map the planets and developed a form of 12 month calendar Mathematics ► Used in engineering for building projects- Geometry Arts and Literature Paintings and Sculptures ► Very little artistic change in 1,000 years Statues were stiff-standard forms Sphinx ► Pharaoh displayed as a fierce lion Later influenced the Romans Literature ► Hymns, poems and prayers to the Gods Looking Ahead ► After Egyptian Empire fell, the area remained as an economic and cultural center Section 3 ► City States of Ancient Sumer Geography of the Fertile Crescent Lies between the Tigris and Euphrates River ► Also known as Mesopotamia Floods and Irrigation ► Floods were very violent Many dikes and irrigation ditches were used to control the rivers ► The First Cities ► Sumerians were the first to build ► ► The Epic of Gilgamesh Built Ur and Erech Mesopotamia was a very trade oriented region Sumerian Civilization Government and Society ► The ruler was in charge of city maintenance Also often seen as servant of Gods Had social hierarchies ► System of ranks ► Women had selective rights Sumerian Religion ► Polytheistic ► Peoples highest duty to keep God’s happy Built Ziggurats ► Gods in control of all aspects of Life Stepped pyramid temples Offered sacrifices to please God’s Advances in Learning Developed Cuneiform ► Possible earliest form of writing Developed basic algebra and geometry ► Based number system on 6 Looking Ahead ► ► As a trading center, conquered by many other city-states Passed on their own culture each time a new city-state conquered Mesopotamia Section 4 ► Invaders, Traders and Empire Builders Ruling a Large Empire Invasion and Conquest very common The First Empire Builder (2300 B.C.) ► ► Sargon, leader of Akkad, invaded Sumer Ruled till his death Hammurabi the Law Giver ► King of Babylon, which united Mesopotamia Also codified, or wrote down, all the laws which became known as the Code of Hammurabi Ruling a Large Empire (Con’t) Crime and Punishment ► Codified Criminal law ► ► Offenses against another person Also specified punishments “an eye for an eye” Codified Civil Law ► Laws over private rights and matters Contracts, taxes, marriage, etc. Warfare and Spread of Ideas Secrets of Ironworking ► ► Hittites learned to extract iron from ore Ore plentiful and iron stronger than bronze or copper Assyrian Warriors Lived on Upper Tigris Possessed knowledge of Iron ► Considered fierce warriors Took over Mesopotamia ► Built Nineveh Possibly built the biggest city of that time Built First library Warfare and Spread of Ideas (Con’t) Babylon Revived (612 B.C.) ► Nebuchadnezzar defeated Assyrians and expanded Babylon Empire ► Expanded knowledge of stars Built famous Hanging Gardens Persian Empire (539 B.C.) Cyrus the Great of Persia conquered Babylonians ► Persians practiced tolerance, or acceptance of conquered cultures Uniting Many Peoples (522-486 B.C.) ► United Persia under Darius ► ► ► Set up provinces, with a governor called satrap Set up a code of laws Repaired or built hundreds of miles of roads Persian Empire (539 B.C.) (Con’t) Economic Life ► Set up common weights and measures Used coins ► Many still used barter system however ► Trading goods for another Coins did begin a form of money economy in Mesopotamia New Religion ► Zoroaster stressed monotheism Belief in one God Also stressed the idea of evil vs. Good, and idea of Heaven, hell and final judgment Phoenician Sea Traders Gained fame as sailors and traders Manufacturing and trade ► ► Created glass from coastal sand Developed words Bible and bibliography from the city of Byblos Setup colonies ► Territory controlled from afar Phoenician Sea Traders (Con’t) Alphabet ► Developed a system of 22 symbols for consonant sounds Later Greeks adapted the system and added symbols for vowels ► Thus 26 letters in our alphabet Section 5 ► The Roots of Judaism Early History of the Israelites Also known as Hebrews Believed a Single God took a hand in their lives and wrote the Torah ► ► First five books of today’s bible A Nomadic People ► Father of the Hebrews is Abraham Eventually went to Canaan Genesis tells of famine, which forced many Israelites to migrate to Egypt ► Joseph and his brothers Later Moses led them out of Egypt (Passover) The Kingdom of Israel (1000 B.C.) David unites Israel into one nation Son Solomon expands Israel’s influence and power ► ► Also built the Temple of God Division and Conquest ► After Solomon’s death, Israel North and Judah to the South ► ► Both parts fall to conquerors Judah taken by Babylonians Many psalms written during the Babylonian Captivity Hebrews began being called Jews Under Cyrus of Persia, Hebrews were released to Canaan ► Book of Nehemiah A Covenant With God One true God Israelites were monotheistic ► ► Belief in one God Believed in an Omnipresent and Omnipotent The Chosen People ► Abraham believed he had a covenant with God ► ► Binding Agreement Gen. 12:2-3 Moses renewed this covenant after the Exodus Teachings on Law and Morality Torah spells out the laws for Israel Patriarchal Society ► ► Men held greater legal and moral authority The Ten Commandments ► Included keeping Sabbath as a holy day of rest An Ethical World View ► Prophets were the guiding pulse for Hebrews ► Such as Isaiah and Jeremiah Believed in strong ethics Rulers were humans bound to God’s law as well