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THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Conducting System Paranasal Sinuses Anterior View The conducting system comprises all of the pathways through which air travels to reach the lungs. These pathways include the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchi. Within the conducting system, air is warmed, filtered, moistened, and delivered to and from the gas exchange area of the lungs. Lateral View (Conchae Removed) Frontal sinus Superior nasal concha Ethmoid cells: Anterior Middle Posterior Frontal sinus Ethmoid cells Nasal cavity Middle nasal concha Inferior nasal concha Middle nasal concha Lungs and Pleurae Inferior nasal concha The pleurae are the membranes that envelop the lungs and line the thoracic cavity. They facilitate the movement of the lungs in the chest. Opening of eustachian tube Sphenoid sinus Middle nasal meatus Sphenoid sinus Nasal cavity Nasopharynx Vestibule of nose Soft palate Oral cavity Oropharynx Maxillary sinus Inferior nasal meatus Epiglottis Nasal septum Hyoid bone Esophagus Respiratory Mucosa Thyroid cartilage Lungs Lamina propria Larynx Muscles Cartilages (Lateral View) (Sagittal View) Cricoid cartilage Pseudostratified columnar epithelium Epiglottis Hyoid bone Hyoepiglottic ligament Thyrohyoid membrane Thyroid cartilage Aryepiglottic muscle Thyroepiglottic muscle Thyroarytenoid muscle Corniculate cartilage Vocal ligament Transverse arytenoid muscle Arytenoid cartilage Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle Cricoid cartilage Trachea Trachea Pleurae Cilia Superior lobe Mucus Tubule Apex of lung Mucous cells Serous cells Goblet cell Superior lobe Tall columnar ciliated cell Left main bronchus Superior division bronchus Right superior lobar bronchus Lingular division bronchus Right main bronchus Left superior lobar bronchus Intermediate bronchus Horizontal fissure Bronchopulmonary Segments Anterior View Left A A&B C C Right A&B Middle lobe Cardiac notch C H D I&J G J K Oblique fissure H F D F L K E I Superior lobe: A—Apical B—Posterior C—Anterior D—Superior lingular E—Inferior lingular Inferior lobe Inferior lobe Lingula K L I&J L Heart A B B Oblique fissure Right inferior lobar bronchus Posterior View Right Left inferior lobar bronchus Right middle lobar bronchus L K Middle lobe: F—Lateral G—Medial Inferior lobe: H—Superior I—Medial basal J—Anterior basal K—Lateral basal L—Posterior basal Terminal bronchiole Diaphragm Cross Section of Alveolus Smooth muscle Respiratory bronchioles Structure of Intrapulmonary Airways Interstitial connective tissue space Ventilation Alveolar duct Smooth muscle Pulmonary artery Pulmonary vein Alveoli Macrophage Capillary beds cover all alveoli Breathing, or ventilation, is the movement of air into and out of the respiratory system. During inspiration, the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract, causing the rib cage to expand and the volume of the thoracic cavity to increase. Air then rushes in to equalize the pressure. During expiration, the lungs passively recoil as the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, pushing air out of the lungs. Capillary Basal lamina Elastic fibers Collagen fibril Fibroblast Alveolar cell: Type I Type II Alveolar duct Alveolar sac Alveolar pores 9766 6/98 Gas Exchange The respiratory unit consists of the respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, alveolar sac, and alveoli. Gas exchange occurs very rapidly in the millions of tiny, thin-membraned alveoli within the respiratory units. Inside these air sacs, oxygen from air inhaled diffuses into the blood as carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the air and is exhaled. Blood then circulates throughout the body, delivering oxygen and picking up carbon dioxide, until returning to the lungs to be oxygenated again. Inspiration Diaphragm contracts (moves down) Rib cage expands Lung volume increases Expiration Diaphragm relaxes (moves up) Rib cage retracts Lung volume decreases ©1997, 2000 Anatomical Chart Company, Skokie, Illinois. Medical illustrations by Kimberly A. Martens in consultation with David Yu, M.D.