Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Refractive index wikipedia , lookup
Time in physics wikipedia , lookup
Diffraction wikipedia , lookup
Nuclear physics wikipedia , lookup
Faster-than-light wikipedia , lookup
Circular dichroism wikipedia , lookup
History of optics wikipedia , lookup
A Brief History of Time wikipedia , lookup
Thomas Young (scientist) wikipedia , lookup
Theoretical and experimental justification for the Schrödinger equation wikipedia , lookup
Higher Particles and Waves QUESTION 1 The diagram below shows the apparatus used by Rutherford to investigate the scattering of alpha particles by a thin gold foil. What three factors did Rutherford deduce about an atom from the experiment? QUESTION 2 Compared with a proton, an alpha particle has QUESTION 3 The symbols for two isotopes of Carbon are given Carbon 14 and Carbon 12 are said to be isotopes of Carbon as QUESTION 4 From the nuclear disintegration below, which row of the table shows the correct values of X,Y and Z? QUESTION 5 Part of a radioactive series is shown below. List the correct values for X and Y which were omitted. QUESTION 6 The equation below represents a nuclear reaction. What is this reaction an example of? QUESTION 7 The symbol for a radioactive source used in smoke alarms is a) What information is given by the numbers 95 and 241? b) From the decay equation below, state the name of the radiation given off. QUESTION 8 Calculate the energy released in the nuclear fusion reaction below. QUESTION 9 a) State the type of nuclear reaction taking place in the above equation. b) Explain using E = mc 2 , how energy is produced in the reaction. c) Using the data in the table below, calculate the energy released in the reaction. QUESTION 10 Using the information given in the table below: a) Calculate the energy released in the nuclear fusion reaction. b) How many reactions need to occur per second to produce a power of 40MW? QUESTION 11 Find the refractive index for the glass block shown below. QUESTION 12 The diagram below shows a parallel beam of monochromatic light emerging from an underwater spotlight in an ornamental pond. Calculate the absolute refractive index of the water in the pond. QUESTION 13 a) State the speed of light in air. b) Calculate the speed of light within a lens made of glass with a refractive index of 1.48. QUESTION 14 Light of frequency 6x1014Hz passes from air into glass. The refractive index of the glass is 1.50. Calculate the wavelength of the light in the glass. QUESTION 15 A ray of red light travels from air into glass as shown in the diagram below. Calculate the critical angle for the glass. QUESTION 16 A ray of monochromatic light of frequency 5x1014Hz is incident on a glass block of refractive index 1.52. Calculate or find: a) Frequency of light in glass. b) Angle of refraction in glass. QUESTION 17 Light of wavelength 650nm passes from air into water of refractive index of 1.33. Calculate or find: a) Frequency of light in water. b) Velocity of light in water. c) Wavelength of light in water. QUESTION 18 A beam of light of frequency 4.85x1014Hz passes from Air into Diamond. If the speed of light in Diamond is 1.24x108ms-1, calculate or find: a) Refractive index of Diamond. b) Frequency of light in Diamond. c) Wavelength of light in Diamond. d) Critical angle of Diamond. QUESTION 19 A ray of light travelling through glass of refractive index 1.54 approaches air as shown below. a) Calculate the critical angle for the glass. b) Draw the path that the ray of light will follow. QUESTION 20 The diagram shows a ray of light passing from air into glass and then into water. Which is the correct path for the light? QUESTION 21 An engineer creates an experimental window using sheets of transparent plastics P,Q and R. A ray of light is directed at the window follows the path shown. Which row in the table gives possible values for the three refractive indices of the three plastics? QUESTION 22 The energy of a water wave depends on its QUESTION 23 Which of the following proves that light is transmitted as waves? QUESTION 24 S1 and S2 are coherent waves which produce an interference pattern along the line XY. The first maximum occurs at P, where S1P = 22cm and S2P = 18cm. Calculate the path difference at the third maximum at R, where the path difference = S1R –S2R. QUESTION 25 A microwave source at point O produces waves of wavelength 28mm. A metal reflector is placed as shown below. A constructive interference pattern occurs at point X. If the distance OX = 400mm, then find possible values for the total path length OYX. QUESTION 26 Two identical loudspeakers L1 and L2 are connected to a signal generator as shown below. A second minima is detected at point T. If the wavelength of the sound is 40mm and L1T = 500mm then calculate the distance L2T. QUESTION 27 Two loudspeakers are connected to a signal generator which produces a sound with a frequency of 6800Hz. QUESTION 27 (Cont’d) a) The waves produced from the loudspeakers are coherent. What does this mean? b) Calculate the wavelength of the sound waves. c) A microphone is placed at point A which is 1.25m from one loudspeaker and 1.50m away from the other loudspeaker. Explain whether constructive or destructive interference is taking place at point A. d) If one of the loudspeaker is switched off, then explain how the amplitude of the sound would be affected at point A . QUESTION 28 A grating is placed in a colourless liquid in a container. Laser light is passed through a grating of 200lines mm-1 as shown in the diagram below. a) Calculate the wavelength of the laser light in the liquid. b) How would the spacing between the maxima be affected if the experiment was repeated in a liquid of greater refractive index? QUESTION 29 A green filter is placed in front of a source of white light, with the filtered light viewed through a diffraction grating with 100 lines mm-1. A pattern of bright and dark bands is observed. Which of the following changes would decrease the spacing between the bright bands? QUESTION 30 When white light passes through a grating, maxima of irradiance is produced on the screen as shown below. In the continuous spectra, violet light is observed closest to the central maxima. Which of the following statements is/are true? QUESTION 31 Monochromatic light is incident on a grating and the resulting interference pattern is viewed on a screen. The distance between the neighbouring areas of constructive interference on the screen: QUESTION 32 A spectrum of white light from a filament lamp may be viewed using a grating or a prism. An LHS student is asked to compare the spectra formed from the two methods, made the following statements. Which of the following statements is/are true? QUESTION 33 A beam of light is passed through two optical components P and Q as shown below. Which row in the table below is correct? QUESTION 34 The light Irradiance is 160 units at a distance of 0.50m from a point source of light in a darkened room. Calculate the Light Irradiance at a point 2.0m from the source. QUESTION 35 A photographic light meter indicates a Light Irradiance of 4Wm-2 at a distance of 2.0m from a light source. Calculate the separation from the light source required to produce a light Irradiance of 0.25Wm-2. QUESTION 36 To demonstrate the photoelectric effect, radiation is directed onto a surface of a clean charged zinc plate. Which of the following sets of conditions is required to produce the emission of photoelectrons from the zinc plate? QUESTION 37 When light of frequency f is shone on to a certain metal, photoelectrons are ejected with a maximum velocity v and kinetic energy EK. Light of the same frequency but twice the Irradiance is shone on to the metal. Which of the following statements is/are correct? QUESTION 38 Ultraviolet radiation is incident on a clean zinc plate with photoelectrons being ejected. The clean zinc plate is replaced by a different metal with a lower work function. Assuming that all of the other conditions in the experiment are kept the same which of the following statements is/are true for the new metal? QUESTION 39 Ultraviolet light causes the emission of photoelectrons from a zinc plate. If radiation of higher frequency is used in the experiment, then which row of the following table shows the effect of the change? QUESTION 40 Photons of energy 6x10-19J are incident on a clean metal surface of work function 8x10-19J. Explain using the graph below why photoelectric emission will not take place in this instance. QUESTION 41 The minimum energy required to eject an electron from a certain metal is 3x10-19J. Light of frequency 4.8x1014Hz is incident on the metal Which of the following statements is correct? QUESTION 42 a) What is meant by the ‘work function of a metal’ being 6.4x10-19J? b) Light of frequency 1.2x1015Hz is shone on to the metal surface. Find out whether these photons of light will cause photoelectric emission. c) The light is then replaced by another light of frequency 1.5x1015Hz. How much extra energy is available for the electrons after they are released and in which form does it take? QUESTION 43 Photons come from three lamps that emit red, green and blue light as shown below. Explain in detail how the diagram below relates to these colours of light in relation to the photoelectric effect. QUESTION 44 Photons of energy 9x10-19J are incident on a clean metal surface of work function 7x10-19J. Calculate or find: a) Frequency of the photons. b) Kinetic energy of the electrons leaving the metal surface. c) Speed of the electrons leaving the metal surface. QUESTION 45 Which graph shows the relationship between frequency f and wavelength λ of photons of electromagnetic radiation? QUESTION 46 An atom has the energy levels shown in the diagram. How many emission lines are produced by transitions between these energy levels? QUESTION 47 In the energy level diagram below, calculate the highest frequency of radiation emitted due to a transition between two of these energy levels. QUESTION 48 Part of an energy level diagram for an atom is shown. X and Y represent two possible electron transitions. Which of the following statements is/are correct? QUESTION 49 An LED produces light of wavelength λ. The energy of a photon of light emitted by this diode is given by: QUESTION 50 Which of the following statements could explain the faint dark lines observed in the spectrum of sunlight when viewed through a high quality spectroscope? QUESTION 51 The diagram below represents possible energy levels of an atom. Which of the following statements is/are true? QUESTION 52 The diagram below represents some electron transitions between the energy levels in an atom. a) Does this energy level diagram show absorption or emission spectra? b) Show by calculation whether E3 -> E0 or E3 ->E2 involves the highest wavelength of the 5 possible transitions. QUESTION 53 In a laser, a photon is emitted when an electron makes a transition from a higher energy level to a lower energy level, as shown below. The energy in each pulse of the laser is 10J. Calculate how many photons there are in each pulse. QUESTION 54 The diagram below shows the energy levels of the Hydrogen atom. QUESTION 54 (Cont’d) Answer the following questions from the Hydrogen energy level diagram shown. a) State the number of transition lines possible. b) What is name given to the lowest possible energy level and where is it located? c) How can you tell from the transition lines whether it is an absorption or emission spectra? d) Calculate the highest frequency of photons absorbed in the Hydrogen absorption spectra. e) Calculate the longest wavelength of photons emitted in the Hydrogen emission spectra. f) Calculate the frequency of a photon that an electron in the lowest energy level needs to absorb to escape from the atom. g) In the emission spectra why are the emission lines not all of equal brightness? QUESTION 55 The potential difference between two points is QUESTION 56 A spark crosses the gap between the electrodes at the end of a spark plug. The potential difference across the gap is 600V. Calculate the electrical energy produced by the spark if it transfers a charge of 1.2x10-5C. QUESTION 57 An LHS student writes the following statements about electric fields. Which of the following statements is/are correct? QUESTION 58 The circuit below shows a 6V battery connected to two parallel metal plates A and B which are 0.30m apart. Calculate the work done required to move 2C of charge from plate A to plate B. QUESTION 59 An electron is accelerated from rest in an electron gun across a potential difference of 2kV. Calculate or find: a) Electrical work done on the electron. b) Kinetic energy gained by the electron. c) Maximum speed reached by the electron. QUESTION 60 A linear accelerator is used to accelerate protons. The accelerator consists of hollow metal tubes in a vacuum connected to a 35kV supply. If the protons are travelling at 1.4x106ms-1 at point R, then calculate or find: a) Work done on a proton as it accelerates from R to S. b) The speed of the proton as it reaches S. QUESTION 61 a) State what the first finger, second finger and thumb are used to represent in the right hand rule. b) State how the three quantities in a) are aligned with each other. c) What happens to the direction of the current when the direction of the force is reversed? QUESTION 62 a)What is a cyclotron? b)How have cyclotrons proved useful to physicists? c)What happens to the motion of the charged particles when they reach the gap between the ‘dees’? QUESTION 63 A positively charged particle enters a magnetic field as shown below. The direction of the magnetic field is ‘out of the page’ with the particle following a semicircular path before exiting the field. State whether the particle will leave the magnetic field at point P or point Q. QUESTION 64 An electron follows the path shown below as it passes through a magnetic field directed ‘into the page’. The electron is substituted for an alpha particle and the experiment is repeated. Sketch the path of the alpha particle in the magnetic field. QUESTION 65 The four fundamental forces of nature are called gravitational, electromagnetic, strong nuclear and weak nuclear. a) What is so significant about the gravitational force compared to the other forces? b) Where is the electromagnetic force deemed important? c) Where does the strong nuclear force take place and over what range does it act? d) What is the weak nuclear force associated with? QUESTION 66 a) What unusual property do quarks have? b) State the charge on an up–quark and on a down-quark. c) What composition of quarks will make up a proton and a neutron? QUESTION 67 Every particle has its own antiparticle. a) State the name of the antiparticle of an electron. b) How do matter and anti-matter particles compare in mass and charge? c) What would happen if a matter particle and its anti-matter particle collided? QUESTION 68 a) What are Gluons, W and Z Gauge Bosons, Gravitons and Photons collectively are known as? b) State the fundamental force of nature that each of these particles are associated with. QUESTION 69 a) What does the term Hadron mean and where does it come from? b) What are particles that are described as Mesons? c) What are particles that are described as Baryons? QUESTION 70 Which of the following statements that an LHS student made about an electron is/are true? QUESTION 71 In the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) beams of Hadrons travel in opposite directions in a circular accelerator and then collide. The accelerating particles are guided around the collider by strong magnetic fields. State and explain whether protons or neutrons can be used as the particles in the LHC. The End