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Guided Notes Section 18.3: The Solar System (Planets/Formation of Solar System) Planets 1. The 4 inner planets are: a. _______________ b. _______________ c. _______________ d. _______________ i. All are relatively small and have __________, __________ surfaces. 2. Mercury has extreme _________________. a. Mercury is pocket with ___________, just like our __________. b. Mercury is so close to the __________ that its surface has temperatures of over 397˚C, which is hot enough _________________________________________. c. On the __________ side of the planet, the temperature drops to an extremely cold -170˚C. d. Mercury would be a very unlikely place to find __________ because: i. very extreme _________________ ii. hardly any ___________________ iii. no __________ 3. Venus’s thick ____________ cause a greenhouse effect a. Venus has a very thick atmosphere made of mostly __________ dioxide that traps __________ and keeps the surface temperature about 400˚C. b. The surface of __________ has mountains and __________. c. Venus is about the same size as __________. d. Venus would be a very unlikely place to find _________ because: i. sulfuric _________ in the atmosphere is corrosive ii. high atmospheric ____________ (90X that of Earth!) iii. Extremely high _________________ 4. Earth has ideal conditions for _____________ creatures a. Earth is the _________ planet with large amounts of liquid _________ on its surface. b. Earth’s atmosphere contains __________, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide c. Temperatures are moderate and ____________ around the whole ___________. 5. Many missions have been sent to ___________. a. The Martian _____________ Olympus Mons is the _______________ mountain in the solar system. It is almost ________ the height of Mt. Everest! b. Mars has polar _____________ that contain at least some ________. Features suggest that ____________ used to flow across the surface as a ___________. c. Mars has an _______________________, but it is mostly carbon dioxide and much ____________ thinner than Earth’s. 6. The _______________ belt divides the _____________ and ___________ planets. a. Asteroid: a small, ____________ object that ____________ the sun, usually in a band between the orbits of Mars and _____________. b. ______________ range in diameter from 3 km to 700 km. c. Is it likely that an asteroid will hit the Earth directly? ___________________ 7. The outer planets are: a. _________________ b. _________________ c. _________________ d. _________________ e. _________________ i. All (except Pluto) are much ______________ than inner planets and have thick, ______________ atmospheres. ii. For this reason, they are called the “_______ _____________”. iii. Why can’t spacecraft land on the outer planets? _________________________________________________________ 8. Jupiter is the __________________ planet in the solar system. a. Jupiter is big enough to hold ___________ Earths! b. Jupiter’s atmosphere shows swirling clouds of hydrogen, ____________, methane, and ammonia, and banded structures that appear to be __________ ____________ and huge ___________. c. The Great Red Spot is a huge ______________ about _________ the diameter of Earth that has existed for hundreds of years. 9. All of the gaseous outer planets have __________ and _____________. a. Galileo was the first to use a _______________ to look at the planets and he found 4 ____________ orbiting _____________. b. These were the first __________ to be seen orbiting a planet other than _________. c. Satellite: any object, either ___________ or _______________, that orbits a planet. 10. Saturn has a spectacular system of ____________. a. Saturn’s rings are narrow bands of tiny particles of dust, _________, and _____. b. Competing gravitational forces from ____________ and its many _______ hold the particles in place around the ____________. c. Jupiter, Uranus, and Neptune also have _________, but they are much _____________ and harder to detect than Saturn’s rings. 11. Uranus and Neptune are _________ giants. a. Uranus and Neptune are similar to each other in ___________ and _________. b. Both are _____________ than Saturn and Jupiter, but are _________ enough to hold very thick, gaseous atmospheres. c. Their upper atmospheres contain _____________, which gives both planets a ____________ color. d. Uranus has _______ known moons, and Neptune has _________. e. Both planets have faint ___________. 12. ____________ is an oddball planet. a. In 2006, Pluto was downgraded to a “___________ planet”. b. Pluto’s moon, ____________, has a diameter almost ___________ as large as Pluto itself. c. Pluto has a __________, gaseous atmosphere and a solid, _________ surface. d. Pluto’s orbit is at an ____________ to the rest of the solar system and some scientists believe that Pluto was captured by the gravity of the sun some time ________ the formation of the rest of the __________ _____________. Formation of the Solar System 13. The age of the solar system is around _________ billion years. a. The most widely accepted model of the formation of the solar system is the _____________ model. b. Nebular model: a model that describes the ________ and the solar system forming together out of a cloud of _________ and _________. 14. The solar system may have formed from a rotating _________. a. According to the ______________ _________, the sun formed from a cloud of dust and gas that collapsed due to _____________. b. As it collapsed, it formed a flat, rotating ___________. c. The ________ was formed in the _________, and the ____________ formed from the material farther out . d. This explains why all of the planets lie in one _________ and also why the planets orbit in the same _______________ that the _______ rotates. 15. The planets formed by accretion: the process by which _________ particles collide and _________ together to form large masses. a. Radiation from the _______ exerted _________ on the rest of the gas and dust in the disk. b. The _____________ material was pushed farther away and combined to form the outer ________ ___________. c. The heavier, ______________ material were left behind and formed the solid, ___________ planets.