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Dual credit objectives • classification of plant that recognizes some characteristic distinguishing it from others of the same species • cultivar • varieties that exist through the intentional intervention of horticulturists • variety • includes a group of plants within a species that are not distinctive enough even to comprise a variety, yet stand apart in some way • Forma • scientific name given to plants using the genus and species • binomial nomenclature • The basic parts of a plant are: _____, _____, _____,and_____ • • • • Roots Stems Leaves Flowers • have a network of roots that reach our horizontally and vertically through the soil • Fiberouse Roots • develop from stems in some plants and may be vegetatively propagated. • Adventicious Roots • The green pigment in leaves that allows them to use energy in light to convert carbon dioxide and water into food • Chlorophyll • the process by which plants use energy in light to convert carbon dioxide and water into food and oxygen. • Photosynthesis • A Flower that possesses all the floral organs • Complete • A flower with both stamens and pistils. • Perfect • contain the chlorophyll pigment which is vital to photosynthesis • chloroplast • contains the chromosomes, nucleolus, and nucleoplasm • nucleus • composed of a matrix of carbohydrates reinforced by cellulose molecules arranged in long, rod-like structures • cell wall • living matter of the cell • protoplast • connect the protoplasts of adjacent cells, making the living material of the cells continuous within the plant • Cytoplasmic Strands • surrounds the protoplast like a thin plastic bag, separating it form the cell wall • Plasma Membrane • regions of the plant cell where respiration occurs • Mitochondria • living material in the cell other than the nucleus • Cytoplasm • cavity with the cytoplasm • Vacuole • cells that remain simple and primarily divide and create new cells • Meristematic Cells • Cells specialized to provide plants the structural strength then need for support • Collenchyma Cells • specialized cells comprising the cortex and pith tissues in stems and the spongy mesophyll tissue in leaves • Parenchyma Cells • have the thickest walls and are also involved in structural support of the plant • Sclerenchyma Cells • Water and minerals are carried upward in the • Xylem • Food materials move downward in the_____ • Phloem • Gases exchange between air outside the plant and the intercellular spaces through pores called _____. • Stomata • Stomata are opened and closed by • Guard Cells • the water loss from a plant is a process called. • Transpiration • Stage of plant growth when Plants cannot flower • Juvenilty • Stage of plant growth when the Plants can flower and produce a seed • Maturity • The process that permits living cells to obtain energy form organic material • Respiration • the movement of organic materials from one part of the plant to another part • Translocation • Plant growth movement in response to light • Phototropism • The effect of varying periods or durations of light exposure on plant growth and development • Photoperiodism • flower only after exposure to day lengths less than a critical amount • Short day length • only flower only when day length exposure exceeds a critical amount • Long day length • What are the layers of a soil profile? • • • • Organic Matter Topsoil Subsoil Parent Material • Soils that remain in place • Sedentary • Soils that move due to the forces of nature • transported • Soils transported and deposited by wind • Aeolian • soil deposited by glaciers • Glacial Till • Soils carried in water such as rivers • Alluvial • have moved in response to gravity after a landslide or mudslide • Colluvial • List the soil textures in order from smallest to largest particle size • • • • Clay, Silt Sand Gravel • A pH of 5.0 or less than 7 • Acidic • A pH of 7.0 • Neutral • A pH of 9.0 or greater than 7 • Basic • the capacity of colloidal soil particles to attract positively charged ions and to exchange one ion for another. • Cation Exchange • _provides all three essential elements. • Complete fertilizer • Compounds that occur naturally are • Hormones • Chemists synthesize modifiers of plant development, either naturally occurring or commercially synthesized • Growth Regulators • plant hormones that both promote and inhibit plant growth. • Auxins • the concentration of auxin in the apex that can inhibit the growth of buds and shoots beneath • Apical Dominance • fruit-set without pollination. It is accomplished by the application of auxins or gibberellins. • Parthenocarpy • a naturally occurring growing inhibitor that counters the effects of gibberellins • Abscisic Acid influences geotropism, leaf abscission, and the ripening of fruit • Ethylene • a group of synthetic compounds that have a dwarfing effect on plant growth. • Anti-Gibberellins • When organisms duplicate themselves, it is known as • Reproduction • When reproduction is deliberately controlled and manipulated, it is called • Propagation • The reproduction of plants through the formation of seeds is called • Sexual Reproduction • A cell formed through sexual reproduction that has two sets of chromosomes is known as • Zygote • A gamate with one set of chromosomes is • Haploid • Propagation is a vegetative process that eliminates genetic variation • Asexual • a sequence of cell divisions that reduces the number of chromosomes in a cell by half. • Meiosis • Is the normal division of cell nuclei that occurs as plants grow, involving not reduction and recombination of chromosomes. • Mitosis • completes the division of the nonnuclear remainder of the cell’s contents and the formation of a new cell wall • Cytokinesis • The breaking of a seed coat otherwise impervious to water to permit water uptake by the embryo is • Scarification • The exposure of seeds to low temperatures • Stratification • Taking segments of roots, leaves or stems and placing them under appropriate conditions • Cutting • aerial shoots that take root after coming into contact with the soil • Stolons • production of a seed without meiosis and fertilization • Apomictic Embyo • buds of one plant are implanted into the stem of another compatible species • Budding • using small sections of meristematic shoot tissue or callus tissue to grow a new plant under carefully controlled environmental conditions • Tissue Culture • plants that produce new shoots from adventitious buds that develop on roots • Sucker shoots • The crown of a plant is divided once it enlarges to allow each root-shoot to develop into a new plant • Crown Division • roots develop on a stem that is still attached to the parent plant • Layering • the upper portion of one plant can be joined with the lower portion of a different plant • Grafting • stems that grow along the ground and form new plants at one or more of their nodes • Runners • organs formed as part of a root system that is easily collected and separated by propagators • Bulbs • The external appearance of a plant is called the • Phenotype • The genetic composition of a plant is called the • Genotype • Bodies within the nucleus of the cell that are composed of DNA and proteins. • Chromosomes • occurs when inbred plant species are crossed and the hybrid generation may have qualities superior to those of either parent. • Hybrid Vigor • are seedlings that retain their undisturbed root system within a core of media. • Plugs • Means the gradual adaptation of plants to environmental conditions more stressful than their present ones. • Hardening Off • List four methods of budding. • 1. T-budding 2. Patch-budding • 3. I-budding 4. Chip budding • List five methods of layering • 1. simple layering • 2. tip layering 3. mound layering • 4. air layering • 5. serpentine layering • Plant has the injurious agent active within it. • Infected • plant has the agent active on its surface. • Infested • an organism not capable of manufacturing its own food. • Parasite • The ability for eggs to develop even though they have not been fertilized is termed • parthenogenesis • The changes in insect form as they grow are termed • metamorphosis. • The four basic stage of metamorphosis are: • • • • egg, larva, pupa, adult • manifestations of the effect of disease in plants • Symptoms • the causal agent in plant disease • Pathogen • The four basic causes of disease in plants include • • • • bacteria, fungi, virus, and nematodes. • What are the three parts of the disease triangle • Pathogen, • susceptible plant, • favorable environment • The infectious form of a pathogen is • inoculum. • Which of the following is a natural agent of dissemination? • a. cultivating tools b. flowing water c. vehicles • d. clothing • b. flowing water • Which of the following is an artificial agent of dissemination? • a. flowing water b. wind c. birds d. clothing • D. Clothing • List the three levels of pest control: • 1. Partial Control 2. Absolute Control • 3. Profitable Control • Herbicides that kill all green plants • Nonselective • herbicides that kill some kinds of plants and not others. • Selective • Chemical additives that improve the performance of the pesticide with which they are combined. • Advuvant • an attempt to return some of the natural inhibitors of insect, pathogen, and weed injury to the production of desired crops, including ornamentals. • Biological Control • a multifaceted approach to pest control • Integrated Pest Management (IPM) • The point at which the injury to the host plants or number of pests present is unacceptable? • Action Threshold • an attempt to change a plant’s morphology and/or genotype so it will suffer less from disease or insects • Resistance • control that sets a barrier between the host plant and the pests to which they are susceptible • Protection • includes all measures designed to keep a pest from becoming established in an area • Exclusion • seeks to remove or eliminate pests that are already in, on, or near plants in infested areas • Eradication • List the nutrients that are generally provided to a plant through the air. • Carbon ( C) • Hydrogen (H) • Oxygen (O) • List the primary macronutrients needed by plants. • Nitrogen (N) • Phosphorous (P) • Potassium (K) • List the secondary macronutrients needed by plants. • Calcium (Ca) • Magnesium (Mg) • Sulfur (S) • List the essential micronutrients needed by plants. • B, Cl, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Zn • Deficiency Symptom is yellowing of lower leaves • It is found in all Proteins • Nitrogen (N) • Deficiency Symptom purpling of lower leaves • Found in energy rich compounds • Phosphorous (P) • Deficiency Symptom necrosis and chlorosis of lower leaves • Control of somate opening and closing • Potassium (K) • used in plant structure • Deficiency Symptom top of plant can become distorted • Calcium (Ca) • Important to chlorophyll • Deficiency symptoms interveinal chlorosis • Magnesium (Mg) • element is one that shows deficiency symptoms in the older leaves first. • Mobile • Element is one that shows deficiency symptoms in the younger leaves first. • Immobile • Elements that enhance the uptake of one another are considered • Synergistic • Elements that interfere with the uptake of one another are considered • Antagonistic • a global cycle in which evaporation and precipitation are equal over time and on a global scale. • Hydrologic Cycle • Expresses the actual water content relative to the maximum amount that the air can hold at a given temperature • Relative Humidity • the universal solvent • WATER • The physical property of water in a liquid state that is due to the intermolecular attraction between water molecules. • Surface Tension • the force of attraction between unlike molecules • Adhesion • the force of attraction between like molecules. • Cohesion • The flow of water from the roots through the xylem in the stems to the uppermost leaves. • Transpiration Stream • What is the flow of water through a semipermeable membrane that occurs when there is a concentration gradient difference • Osmosis • The upward movement of water in plants • Capillary Rise • A plant absorbs mineral nutrients against a high concentration of gradient by a process • Active Transport • self-feeders • Autrotrophs • feed on others • Heterotrophs • Considered the terminal, irreversible deteriorative change in living organisms which leads to plant death • Senescence • Over half of the world’s food supply comes from the plant group • Cereal Crops • leads all the cereal grains in total volume • Wheat • Corn, as produced in Tennessee for grain, could be properly classified as a • Summer Annual • Corn oil content is typically • 4 Percent • An important cereal crop serving as a basic food for over 1⁄2 of the world population • Rice • Self-pollinated, • a winter annual (as grown in TN), • most widely cultivate crop in the world • Wheat • Soybean cultivars are grouped according to their response to • Photoperiod • In order to get a maximum yield of good quality hay, the plants should be harvested at the • Just prior to heading • the production of two crops, one following another, during one growing season • Double-Cropping • The process of baling silage in plastic wrap • Baleage • growth of a single species in a given area • Monoculture • simultaneously producing two or more crops in the same field • Interrcropping • moist forage, preserved by bacterial fermentation under anaerobic conditions • Silage • shoots and leaves of forage plants that are preserved by field drying, harvesting and storing for future use • Hay • system in which new crop is seeded directly in a field in which the preceding crop was cut down or destroyed rather than being removed • No-Till • suppliers stock materials needed by either growers or retail businesses • Wholesale • suppliers stock materials needed by individuals or homeowners. • Retail • nursery initiates plant production. • Propagagtion • nursery may grow plants, buy from a wholesale nursery, or both • Landscape • The use of municipal water supply may add greatly to the cost of production • What three types of bench arrangements are commonly used in a greenhouse? • Peninsular, • longitudinal, • moveable • What are the three main reasons for soil tests among greenhouse growers? • 1. To check the pH 2. To check for nutrient deficiencies 3. To measure the soluble salt content • resemble ice-cube trays and are available in different sizes • Molded Plastic Packs • porous, thus gas and air can permeate containers, and soil dries more rapidly • Clay Containers • shallow, rectangular containers that may be used to start seedlings, root cuttings, or hold less sturdy peat pots and strips • Flats • great convenience for transplanting because there is no need to remove the pot • Peat Pots • containers where the height is one-half the diameter • Pans • specialized production containers made of wire or plastic • Hanging Baskets • cannot be heat pasteurized, lighter than clay • Plastic Containers • round containers whose height and diameter are equal • Pots • deliver the water through nozzles, spaced at intervals along the pipes, which run around the perimeter of the greenhouse bench • Spray System • small rings of plastic that are placed around the base of each plant within its container • Water Loops • water pumped from a storage tank into a water tight bench where it flows across the surface, flooding the entire bench • Ebb and Flow • deliver water through holes in inflatable plastic tubes stretched down the bench • Trickle System • plastic tubes that are rolled out in rows between plants growing as bench crops • Ooze Tubes • made of fibrous material and is placed on a bench that is first lined with plastic • Capillary Mats • remain in the plant and ills the pest when it arrives • Systemic • material is mixed with water in a hydraulic sprayer and applied to foliage • Sprays • dry formulation of pesticide that must provide a thorough coverage • Dusts • packaged with a flammable, smoke-producing material • Smoke Fummigants • pesticide is mixed with an oil solvent and filled in a fogger • Foggers • environmental control strong structure maximum light allowance • Expensive to build and heat wastes land between houses • A-Frame • less expensive to build good environmental control less expensive to heat wastes no land between houses • environmental control is difficult if different crops are grown structurally weak under snow buildup • Ridge and Furrow • less expensive to build ideal for production of seasonal crops may be free-standing or grouped • requires new covering frequently • Quonset • Provide a shaded area for heat sensitive plants Provide a cool holding area • little environmental control • Lathe/ Shade House • How can shading be accomplished in a greenhouse? • Spray compound, • Shade cloth • uses exhaust fans and continuously wet pads of excelsior, cross-fluted cellulose, aluminum fiber, or glass fibers • Fan and pad cooling • uses a high-pressure pump to create a fine mist. • Fog evaporative cooling • What are the positive and negative effects of using a double layered plastic covering? • Positive – aid in heat retention Negative – reduction in light intensity • Greenhouse benches must drain quickly; must be of a width that allows workers to reach into the center, must maximize the crop’s exposure to light. • Simplest Form of Doing Business • No separation between sole proprietor’s personal finance and that of the business Business ends with the death of the owner • Sole Proprietor • Allows for two or more people to own a business • Each partner is liable for their part of the business • Partnership • Creates a business that is its own legal entity • Ownership of the business can change hands without interrupting the business • Is more expensive to establish • Corporations • can help identify factors that will lead to the success of a business • Market Survey • What are three sources of capital when starting a business • Using your own money, • borrowing money, • reinvesting profits into the business • The two types of advertising are • Immediate Response Advertising and • Attitude Advertising. • There are two parts to a financial statement: • a balance sheet and • a profit-and-loss statement • comparison of the company’s debt with parameters such as total assets or net worth • Leverage • ratios that relate profits to total assets, or gross income, or other quantities • Profitability • ability of a company to pay its bills when they are due • Liquidity • The point at which Sales and Variable cost are equal • Break Even Point • Total assets / Total liabilities • Equity • communication allows for no response. • One-Way • Communication allows for response. • A meeting at work that allows input from all employees would be an example • Two-Way • What are the three primary forms of communication • Verbal, • written, • expressed (body language) • Deliver on your promises or else your words will have little influence • Credibility • Take time to meet with your employees individually. Listen to their concerns and ideas. • One on one Meeting • Your employees will recognize your concern for them if you are willing to let them share their concerns. • Open Door Policy • Everyone should feel that they are an important member of the team • Show Respect • By sharing information, the group will collectively be more productive • Information is a service • Unclear instructions will lead to confused employees and less productivity. • Be Specific • Although voicemail and email have their place, face-to-face communication can help establish trust and reduce misunderstandings. • Personal Communication • Communication should be an ongoing exchange between people. By listening to the concerns of others, you can learn much about what actions are necessary • Two-Way Communication