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Standardized Test Prep
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Chapter 28
Plant Evolution and
Classification
Table of Contents
Section 1 Overview of Plants
Section 2 Nonvascular Plants
Section 3 Vascular Plants
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Chapter 28
Section 1 Overview of Plants
Objectives
• Name three adaptations plants have made to life on
land.
• Summarize the classification of plants.
• Describe alternation of generations.
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Chapter 28
Section 1 Overview of Plants
Adapting to Land
• Three adaptations have allowed plants to be
successful on land:
– a waxy cuticle to prevent water loss
– haploid spores and diploid seeds to protect
reproductive cells
– special vascular tissues called xylem and
phloem for absorbing and transporting materials
within the plant.
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Chapter 28
Section 1 Overview of Plants
Requirements for Plants to Survive on Land
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Chapter 28
Section 1 Overview of Plants
Classifying Plants
• The 12 phyla of plants are divided into two groups
based on the presence of vascular tissue.
– The three phyla of nonvascular plants have
neither true vascular tissue nor roots, stems, or
leaves.
– Most members of the nine phyla of vascular
plants have vascular tissue and true roots, stems,
and leaves.
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Chapter 28
Section 1 Overview of Plants
Classifying Plants, continued
• Vascular plants can be further divided into two
groups, seedless plants and seed plants.
– Seed plants include four phyla of gymnosperms
and one phylum of angiosperms.
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Chapter 28
Section 1 Overview of Plants
Evolutionary Relationship Between Plants
and Green Algae
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Chapter 28
Section 1 Overview of Plants
Alternating Life Cycles
• All plants have a life cycle known as alternation of
generations.
• In alternation of generations, a haploid gametophyte
produces gametes. Gametes unite and give rise to a
diploid sporophyte.
• Through meiosis, the sporophyte produces haploid
spores, which develop into gametophytes.
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Chapter 28
Section 1 Overview of Plants
Alternation of Generations
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Chapter 28
Section 1 Overview of Plants
Life Cycles of Plants
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Chapter 28
Section 1 Overview of Plants
Alternation of Generations
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Visual Concept
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Chapter 28
Section 2 Nonvascular Plants
Objectives
• Identify the characteristics of bryophytes.
• Describe plants in the phylum Bryophyta.
• Describe plants in the phylum Hepatophyta.
• Describe plants in the phylum Anthocerophyta.
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Chapter 28
Section 2 Nonvascular Plants
Characteristics of Bryophytes
• The three phyla of nonvascular plants are collectively
called bryophytes.
• These plants do not have true roots, stems, or
leaves.
• They are very small and are usually found in moist
areas.
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Chapter 28
Section 2 Nonvascular Plants
Characteristics of Nonvascular Plants
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Visual Concept
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Chapter 28
Section 2 Nonvascular Plants
Phylum Bryophyta
• Bryophytes in the phylum Bryophyta are mosses.
• Mosses are attached to the soil by structures called
rhizoids.
• Peat moss is a moss that has many uses.
– Fuel
– Mulch
– Packing material for plants
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Chapter 28
Section 2 Nonvascular Plants
Phylum Hepatophyta
• Bryophytes in the phylum Hepatophyta are
liverworts.
• Liverworts lie close to the ground, which allows them
to absorb water readily.
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Chapter 28
Section 2 Nonvascular Plants
Phylum Anthocerophyta
• Bryophytes in the phylum Anthocerophyta are
hornworts.
• Hornworts do not have a stem or leaves.
• Hornworts have long, thin, hornlike sporophytes that
grow out of the top of the plant.
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Chapter 28
Section 2 Nonvascular Plants
Types of Nonvascular Plants
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Visual Concept
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Chapter 28
Section 2 Nonvascular Plants
Parts of a Moss
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Visual Concept
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Chapter 28
Section 3 Vascular Plants
Objectives
• Describe the adaptive advantages that plants have over
nonvascular plants.
• Summarize the characteristics of the four phyla of seedless
vascular plants.
• State the major differences between gymnosperms and
angiosperms.
• Determine why angiosperms have been so successful.
• Compare monocots and dicots.
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Chapter 28
Section 3 Vascular Plants
Seedless Vascular Plants
• Vascular plants have several adaptive advantages
over nonvascular plants, including specialized
conducting tissues, the ability to grow large and live
in many environments, and strong stems that allow
them to grow tall and receive more sunlight.
• Seedless vascular plants include the four phyla
Psilophyta, Lycophyta, Sphenophyta, and
Pteridophyta.
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Chapter 28
Section 3 Vascular Plants
Transporting Materials Throughout the Plant
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Visual Concept
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Chapter 28
Section 3 Vascular Plants
Characteristics of Vascular
Plants Without Seeds
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Chapter 28
Section 3 Vascular Plants
Seedless Vascular Plants, continued
• Phylum Psilophyta
– The phylum Psilophyta is represented by whisk
ferns.
– Some are epiphytes that grow on other plants.
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Chapter 28
Section 3 Vascular Plants
Seedless Vascular Plants, continued
• Phylum Lycophyta
– The phylum Lycophyta contains the club mosses.
– Because they look like miniature pine trees, club
mosses are also called ground pines.
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Chapter 28
Section 3 Vascular Plants
Seedless Vascular Plants, continued
• Phylum Sphenophyta
– The phylum Sphenophyta includes horsetails of
the genus Equisetum.
– Horsetails have jointed photosynthetic stems that
contain silica, with scalelike leaves at each joint.
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Chapter 28
Section 3 Vascular Plants
Seedless Vascular Plants, continued
• Phylum Pteridophyta
– Ferns belong to the phylum Pteridophyta and
represent a diverse group.
– Most ferns have an underground stem called a
rhizome.
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Chapter 28
Section 3 Vascular Plants
Parts of a Fern
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Visual Concept
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Chapter 28
Section 3 Vascular Plants
Types of Seedless Vascular Plants
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Visual Concept
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Chapter 28
Section 3 Vascular Plants
Vascular Seed Plants
• There are two main groups of seed-bearing vascular
plants, gymnosperms and angiosperms.
– Gymnosperms are characterized by naked seeds
and no flowers.
– Angiosperms have flowers and seeds enclosed
by a fruit.
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Chapter 28
Section 3 Vascular Plants
Characteristics of Vascular Plants With Seeds
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Visual Concept
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Chapter 28
Section 3 Vascular Plants
Characteristics of Gymnosperms
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Visual Concept
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Chapter 28
Section 3 Vascular Plants
Vascular Seed Plants, continued
• Phylum Cycadophyta
– Cycads are gymnosperms of the phylum
Cycadophyta.
– Although cycads flourished during the age of the
dinosaurs, only about 100 species survive today.
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Chapter 28
Section 3 Vascular Plants
Vascular Seed Plants, continued
• Phylum Ginkgophyta
– Like cycads, ginkgoes flourished during the time of
the dinosaurs.
– The only species existing today is Ginkgo biloba,
which is native to China.
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Chapter 28
Section 3 Vascular Plants
Vascular Seed Plants, continued
• Phylum Coniferophyta
– The conifers, which are gymnosperms of the
phylum Coniferophyta, include pine, cedar,
redwood, fir, spruce, juniper, cypress, and bald
cypress trees.
– They are important sources of wood, paper,
turpentine, ornamental plants, and Christmas
trees.
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Chapter 28
Section 3 Vascular Plants
Vascular Seed Plants, continued
• Phylum Gnetophyta
– Gnetophytes, an odd group of cone-bearing
gymnosperms, have vascular systems that more
closely resemble those of angiosperms.
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Chapter 28
Section 3 Vascular Plants
Needles and Cones
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Visual Concept
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Chapter 28
Section 3 Vascular Plants
Types of Gymnosperms
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Visual Concept
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Chapter 28
Section 3 Vascular Plants
Vascular Seed Plants, continued
• Phylum Anthophyta
– Anthophyta, the largest phylum of plants, includes
over 240,000 species of flowering plants.
– Angiosperms, or the flowering plants, are seed
plants characterized by the presence of a flower
and fruit.
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Chapter 28
Section 3 Vascular Plants
The Evolution of Angiosperms
• Angiosperms have been successful for many
reasons, including the production of fruit that protects
seeds, quick germination, and an efficient vascular
system.
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Chapter 28
Section 3 Vascular Plants
Characteristics of Angiosperms
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Visual Concept
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Chapter 28
Section 3 Vascular Plants
Types of Angiosperms
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Visual Concept
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Chapter 28
Section 3 Vascular Plants
Familiar Families of Angiosperms
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Chapter 28
Section 3 Vascular Plants
Monocots and Dicots
• Dicots are distinguished from monocots on the
basis of several characteristics: cotyledon number,
leaf venation, arrangement of stem vascular tissue,
and number of flower parts.
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Chapter 28
Section 3 Vascular Plants
Characteristics of Monocots and Dicots
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Chapter 28
Section 3 Vascular Plants
Comparing Characteristics of
Monocots and Dicots
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Visual Concept
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Chapter 28
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice
1. Which of the following plants are bryophytes?
A. ferns and cycads
B. conifers and ginkgoes
C. hornworts and liverworts
D. horsetails and club mosses
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Chapter 28
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
1. Which of the following plants are bryophytes?
A. ferns and cycads
B. conifers and ginkgoes
C. hornworts and liverworts
D. horsetails and club mosses
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Chapter 28
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. In which way do mosses help start new biological
communities?
F. forming new soil
G. producing spores
H. detecting air pollution
J. slowing decomposition
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Chapter 28
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. In which way do mosses help start new biological
communities?
F. forming new soil
G. producing spores
H. detecting air pollution
J. slowing decomposition
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Chapter 28
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. True roots, stems, and leaves are characteristics of
which types of plants?
A. all plants
B. all seed plants
C. all angiosperms
D. all vascular plants
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Chapter 28
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. True roots, stems, and leaves are characteristics of
which types of plants?
A. all plants
B. all seed plants
C. all angiosperms
D. all vascular plants
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Chapter 28
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
4. Which of the following is a vascular seed plant?
F. ferns
G. cycads
H. horsetails
J. club mosses
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Chapter 28
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
4. Which of the following is a vascular seed plant?
F. ferns
G. cycads
H. horsetails
J. club mosses
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Multiple Choice, continued
The diagram below snows a plant life cycle. Use the
diagram to answer the question that follows.
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Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
5. Which process occurs at X in this life cycle?
A. mitosis
B. meiosis
C. alternation
D. fertilization
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Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
5. Which process occurs at X in this life cycle?
A. mitosis
B. meiosis
C. alternation
D. fertilization
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Chapter 28
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
6. Which of the following phrases describes monocots?
F. bear seeds in cones
G. have parallel venation
H. do not produce flowers
J. have vascular bundles arranged in a circle
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Chapter 28
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
6. Which of the following phrases describes monocots?
F. bear seeds in cones
G. have parallel venation
H. do not produce flowers
J. have vascular bundles arranged in a circle
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Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
7. bryophyte : spore :: angiosperm :
A. seed
B. cone
C. ovary
D. cuticle
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Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
7. bryophyte : spore :: angiosperm :
A. seed
B. cone
C. ovary
D. cuticle
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Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
The phylogenetic diagram below shows a possible
evolutionary relationship between plants and algae.
Use the diagram to answer the question that follows.
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Chapter 28
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
8. According to this diagram, which plants have evolved
most recently?
F. angiosperms
G. gymnosperms
H. nonvascular plants
J. seedless vascular plants
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Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
8. According to this diagram, which plants have evolved
most recently?
F. angiosperms
G. gymnosperms
H. nonvascular plants
J. seedless vascular plants
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Chapter 28
Standardized Test Prep
Short Response
The plant kingdom is very diverse, from small
nonvascular plants to large flowering vascular
plants.
Explain why some plants have been more
successful on land than other plants have been.
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Standardized Test Prep
Short Response, continued
The plant kingdom is very diverse, from small
nonvascular plants to large flowering vascular
plants.
Explain why some plants have been more successful on
land than other plants have been.
Answer: Successful land plants have developed
vascular systems that transport water and nutrients,
cuticles that reduce water loss, seeds which can
survive where spores cannot, flowers that protect the
developing embryo, and fruits which increase
dispersion.
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Chapter 28
Standardized Test Prep
Extended Response
Base your answers to parts A & B on the information below.
All plants have a life cycle that alternates between haploid and
diploid phases.
Part A Name the two phases of a plant life cycle and describe
how they differ from each other.
Part B Describe the life cycle of one nonvascular plant and
one vascular plant, including the relative sizes of the
different forms and other characteristics.
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Standardized Test Prep
Extended Response, continued
Answer:
Part A The sporophyte phase is diploid and produces spores by
meiosis. The gametophyte phase is haploid and produces
gametes by mitosis.
Part B A moss plant begins life as a zygote, which is attached to
the gametophyte. The zygote divides by mitosis and produces
haploid gametes, which when fertilized grow into a diploid
sporophyte, which stays attached to the gametophyte. The
sporophyte produces spores by meiosis. The spores are
released. Spores germinate, grow by mitosis, and form a
gametophyte. A fern begins life as a zygote, which is attached
to the gametophyte. It grows by mitosis to form a sporophyte.
The sporophyte produces spores by meiosis, and the spores
are released. Spores germinate, grow by mitosis and form a
gametophyte.
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