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Leadership 2
Task
Imagine you are the coach at a gymnastics club.
Most of the time you help children attain skill
awards. How might your style change when you
have to prepare some of the children in the club
for a competition?
Leadership style changes with the situation. When
approaching a competition, the coach will instruct
the performers on their routine but may also give
individual advice.
Fiedler’s contingency model
Linked to trait theory
Looks at the factors that affect the leader’s
choice of leadership style.
Fiedler’s model of leadership states that
the choice of democratic (relationship
orientated) or autocratic (task orientated)
leadership style is determined by the
favourableness of the situation.
Fiedler’s contingency model
Some situations favour certain styles of
leadership.
Favourableness of a situation depends
on…
Quality of leaders relationship with the
group
Leaders position of power and authority
Structure of the task
Fiedler’s contingency model
An autocratic leader is best in both
the most & least favourable
situations & a democratic leader
is best in a moderate situation.
Fiedler’s contingency model
Autocratic
Most favourable
situation
Democratic
Moderately
favourable situation
Autocratic
Least favourable
situation
Warm relations
Poor relations
Clear tasks
Unclear tasks
Strong leader
Weak leader
Element of danger
Fielder’s model cont…
A most favourable situation could be one
in which the group members have been
together for some time.
They know each other’s play & they know
their tactics.
The team captain only has to make one
call & all team members know what to do.
Fielder’s model cont…
A least favourable situation is perhaps
when a group is together for the first time,
playing in a new competition.
Someone is needed to take charge.
A moderately favourable situation could be
when 1 or 2 new players join an
established team & the players discuss the
best position for them to play.
Fielder’s model summary
In order to be effective, coaches and
teachers need to be able to adapt their
style of leadership according to the
situation.
Chelladurai’s multi dimensional
model of leadership related to
sport
Argued that not only did the effectiveness
of a leader depend on characteristics of
the leader and the situation, but also the
demands of the GROUP.
In order to achieve high performance
levels and good group team satisfaction
you needed to be even more dynamic as a
leader.
Factors affecting leadership
style
Chelladurai’s model:
The style adopted by a leader depends on
a number of factors.
According to Chelladurai’s, 3 things affect
the style the leader adopts:
– The situation
– The leader
– The group members
Factors cont…
The situation includes:
– Danger
– Type of task
– Facilities
– Time available
Factors cont…
The leader might be influenced by:
– Personality
– Preference
– Ability
– Characteristics
Factors cont…
The group might be influenced by:
– Group size
– Hostility or friendliness
– Tradition
– Ability/experience
Factors cont…
The more the leader’s actual behaviour
matches the expectations of the group &
the demands of the situation, the greater
will be the group performance &
satisfaction.
Factors cont…
If, for example, a group of beginners is about to
go rock climbing, it might require instruction, &
being told about techniques & the dangerous
nature of the activity would also demand an
authoritarian approach.
If the leader behaves in an authoritarian way,
then a good group performance should result.
Chelladurai’s model
Characteristics
affecting leader
Leader
behaviour
Situation
Behaviour required
Leader
Actual behaviour
Group
members
Preferred behaviour
Consequences
High performance &
member satisfaction
Required Behaviour:- behaviour
appropriate or required by the situation eg
teachers expected to conform to certain
norms and values
Preferred Behaviour:- behaviour preferred
by the group i.e. some fun and enjoyment
others task orientated.
Actual Leader Behaviour:- behaviour
shown by the teacher as a result of group
preferences and situational demands
Nature versus Nurture
Are leader’s born or made?
Task:
– Class is to split in half. We are going to have a
debate. The motion is:
– ‘This class believes that great leaders are
born & not made’
Put your points across to argue your side
of the case.
Nature versus Nurture
They can be born with leadership qualities,
such as motivation & charisma.
One early theory suggested that leaders
are born great & male, with personality
traits & leader instinct.
This theory ignores interaction &
experience & has little current relevance.
Nature versus Nurture
Leaders learn their skills through interaction,
experience & social learning.
Leaders learn from others, & from their
experience in sport, & might become emergent
leaders.
Leaders might be born with characteristics that
they then adapt or that interact with the situation.
This allows them to change their style to suit the
situation.
Summary
Various factors that can influence the
three dimensions of effective leadership.
No style is perfect or guaranteed
Teacher needs to adopted style according
to group and the situation.