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Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology
Fifth edition
Seeley, Stephens and Tate
Chapter 19: Reproductive
System
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 2.1
Mammary Glands
 Present in both sexes, but only function
in females
 Modified sweat glands
 Function to produce milk
 Stimulated to increase in size by sex
hormones (estrogens)
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 16.42
Anatomy of Mammary Glands
 Areola –pigmented area
 Nipple – protruding central area of
areola
 Lobes – internal structures
 Alveoli– clusters of milk producing
glands
 Lactiferous ducts – connect alveolar
glands to nipple
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 16.43
The Mammary Glands
Figure 24.22a, b
Reproductive Physiology: FYI
 Information originally from research by
Alfred Kinsey, 1938
 Research continued by Masters and
Johnson in the 60’s and 70’s
 Includes self reports and physiological
data
 Lots of volunteers!!
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 16.43
Phases of Sexual Response: FYI
Excitement
 Reflex response (parasympathethic!)
Plateau
 Increased response
 “sex flush”
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 16.43
Phases of Sexual Response: FYI
Orgasm
 Wave-like muscle contraction
 Sympathetic N.S.
 0.8 contractions per second
 Resolution
 Return to homeostasis
 Refractory period
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 16.43
Physiologic effects of orgasm: FYI
 Measurable increases in:
heart rate
blood pressure
respiratory rate/volume (!)
vasocongestion
myotonia  cramps
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 16.43
Menstrual (Uterine) Cycle: FYI
 Cyclic changes of the endometrium
 Regulated by cyclic production of
female hormones
 Stages of the menstrual cycle
 Menses: “day 0” of cycle
 Proliferative stage
 Secretory stage
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 16.38
Hormonal Control of the Ovarian and Uterine
Cycles: FYI
Figure 16.12a, b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 16.39a
Hormonal Control of the Ovarian and Uterine
Cycles: FYI
Figure 16.12c, d
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 16.39b
Hormone Production by Ovaries: FYI
 Estrogens
 Produced by follicle cells
 Cause secondary sex characteristics
 Enlargement of accessory organs
 Development of breasts
 Appearance of pubic hair
 Increase in fat beneath the skin
 Widening and lightening of the pelvis
 Onset of menses
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 16.40
Hormone Production by Ovaries: FYI
 Progesterone
 Produced by the corpus luteum
 Production continues until LH diminishes in
the blood (by negative feedback)
 Helps maintain pregnancy
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 16.41
Stages of Pregnancy and
Development: FYI
 Fertilization
 Embryonic development
 Fetal development
 Childbirth
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 16.44
Fertilization: FYI
 The oocyte is viable for 12 to 24 hours
 Sperm are viable for 12 to 48 hours
 Sperm cells must make their way along
uterine tube to find ovum
 “lured” by chemical signals from oocyte
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 16.45
The Zygote: FYI
 First cell of a new individual
 The result of the fusion of DNA from
sperm and egg
 The zygote begins rapid mitotic cell
divisions
 The zygote stage occurs as it moves
toward the uterus in the uterine tube
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 16.47
The Embryo: FYI
 Developmental stage from first mitosis
until the ninth week
 Enters the uterus at the ~64-cell state
 Floats free in the uterus 2-4 days
 Uterine secretions are used for
nourishment
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 16.48
The 100-cell Blastocyst: FYI
 Primary germ layers are eventually
formed
 Ectoderm – outside layer
 Mesoderm – middle layer
 Endoderm – inside layer
 Implants in the wall of the uterus (by
day 14 after conception)
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 16.50
Primary Germ Layers: FYI
Figure 16.16
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 16.54
Development After Implantation: FYI
 Embryonic and maternal cells form
placenta
 The embryo is surrounded by the
amnion (a fluid filled sac)
 An umbilical cord forms to attach the
embryo to the placenta
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 16.53
Development After Implantation: FYI
Figure 16.16
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 16.54
The Fetus (Beginning of the Ninth
Week): FYI
 All organ systems are formed by the
end of the eighth week
 Activities of the fetus are growth and
organ specialization
 A stage of tremendous growth and
change in appearance
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 16.56
Childbirth (Parturition): FYI
 Labor – the series of events that expel
the infant from the uterus
 Initiation of labor
 Estrogen levels rise
 Uterine contractions begin
 Oxytocin is released by the pituitary
 Causes smooth muscle contraction
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 16.60
Stages of Labor: FYI
 Dilation
 Cervix becomes dilated
 Uterine contractions begin and increase
 The amnion ruptures
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 16.62a
Childbirth: FYI
• Parturition –
266 days after
fertilization
• Labor – events
that expel the
infant from the
uterus
Figure 24.27a, b
Stages of Labor: FYI
 Expulsion
 Infant passes through the cervix and vagina
 Normal delivery is head first
 Placental stage
 Delivery of the placenta
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 16.62b
Childbirth: FYI
Figure 24.27c, d
Developmental Aspects of the
Reproductive System: FYI
 Gender is determined at fertilization
 Males have XY sex chromosomes
 Females have XX sex chromosomes
 Gonads do not begin to form until the
eighth week
 The determining factor for gonad
differentiation is testosterone
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 16.64a
Developmental Aspects of the
Reproductive System: FYI
 Reproductive system organs do not
function until puberty
 Puberty usually begins between ages
10 and 15
 The first menses usually occurs about
two years after the start of puberty
 Most women reach peak reproductive
ability in their late 20s
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 16.65
Developmental Aspects of the
Reproductive System: FYI
 Menopause: ovulation and menses
cease
 Ovaries stop functioning
There is a no equivalent of
menopause in males, but there is a
steady decline in testosterone
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 16.66