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Revision Y 11 Control-click on hyperlink! http://www.nobraintoosmall.co.nz/students/science/NCEA_ Level1 Acids & Bases table of ions Balanced symbol equations Swap & drop hydrogen gas + salt formulas carbon dioxide + salt + water + metal + carbonate or + hydrogen carbonate Word – Types/names equations Salts Metal oxides Acids & Bases Base Metal hydroxides Acid Indicators + metal oxide Salt + water Neutralisation Salt + water Ammonia Nitric acid HNO3 Sulfuric acid H2SO4 Hydrochloric acid HCl Carbonic acid H2CO3 table of ions Properties Balanced symbol equations Uses Swap & drop Elements hydrogen Metals + salt formulas Groups Periods Non-metals carbon dioxide + metal Word – + salt + water equations Types/names Salts Metal oxides Periodic table Metal + carbonate or hydroxides Acid Bases Acids & Bases + hydrogen carbonate Indicators Ammonia pH scale Atomic Theory + Base Collision Theory + metal oxide Isotopes Neutralisation Sub-atomic particles Salt + water Mass No & Atomic No Salt + water Compounds Electron configurations Electron shells Ions Bonds Calculations: check input units, state formula, substitute, compute, round to significant figures, add unit, check Gradient or slope Δv a Δt Mass (kg) Area under line = distance Speed vs Time Graph Acceleration Units W P Δd v Δt Gradient or slope Speed Distance vs Time Graph Mechanics Work (J) W=Fxd ms-2 Vector diagrams Fg = m x g Weight Fg (N) Gravitational factor g = 9.81 Nkg-1 Units ms-1 Friction (N) Force Energy (J) Δt Power (W) Δ Ekin = ½ m x v2 Kinetic movement radiant sound heat Potential F m a Units N Pressure (Pa) F P A gravitational chemical elastic ΔEp= m x g x Δh Speed • In a defined direction = velocity v • Units ms-1 or kmh-1 v= d t d v t d=v x t t= d v • d = distance t = time v = velocity/speed in m in s in m s-1 • Calculations: check input units, state formula, check units, substitute, compute, round significant figures, add unit. total distance of journey • Average speed = total time it took Acceleration • The change of speed (in ms-1) per second • Unit: ms-2 Getting these units wrong is the most frequently made mistake! Δv = a x t a= Δv t Δv a t t= Δv a Change in speed = Δv = vf - vi Acceleration = a Time for the change in speed = t • Negative acceleration is slowing down • Acceleration is the effect of an un-balanced force acting on object Force • Force is a push or a pull • Unit: Newton N (the weight force of a big egg) Force (N) = mass (kg) x acceleration (ms-2) F=m x a m= F a F m a a= F a • Special case of forces: Friction – opposing movement Weight force – Fw = m x g Weight is measured in N m = mass in kg g = gravitational constant = 10 Nkg-1 Balanced Forces Road support (reaction force) Opposing arrows are the same size! Air resistance Friction Thrust of motor Weight force If the forces are balanced: The speed stays constant! Balanced Forces Friction The skydiver will descend at a constant velocity! Wind gust http://www.nobraintoosmall.co.nz/stud ents/science/NCEA_Level1/exam_help/ pdfs/Physics_90940_mechanics_forces. pdf#zoom=100 Weight force Force Problems: The wind gust will accelerate him to the left Energy There are 2 types of energy: • potential Ep = stored • kinetic Ek = active or moving • Unit: Joule J • Unit: J (same units as work) • Lifting objects: • When objects move they height = h in m contain Force = weight force Fw in N 1 m x v2 E k= 2 gravitational potential energy m = mass in kg • Ep grav = h x Fw v = velocity in ms-2 Work • “Work done” is the amount of energy converted • Unit: J (same units as energy) W=F x d F= W d W F d d= Work = Force x distance W F • Special case of work done in lifting objects: distance = height in m Force = weight force work = gravitational potential energy Epot= h x Fw • No movement – no work was done! Pressure • Pressure is the measure for amount of force per area that the force is applied to. • Unit: Pa (Pascal) F=Px A Force = Pressure x Area Force Pressure = Area P= F A F P A A= F P • Force is measured in N (Newtons) • Area is measured in m2 (square metres) Kinetic Energy Problems • A ball weighs 20 N. It is rolling • Calculate the kinetic energy at 2 ms-1. How much kinetic of a 90 kg rugby player energy does it have? running with a velocity of 3 ms-1 • When the bike is held at 2.5 m in the air, does it have kinetic or • What has more kinetic potential energy? energy, a bullet of 3 g flying at 900 kmh-1 or a cart with a • Do molecules with a high mass of 6 kg travelling at a temperature or low -1? speed of 4.5 ms temperature have a greater kinetic energy? State why! • http://www.nobraintoosmall.co.nz/students/science/NCEA _Level1/exam_help/pdfs/Physics_90940_mechanics_energ • Kinetic energy is dependent y.pdf#zoom=100 upon which two factors? Work Problems • Work is dependent upon which three factors? • If you were to pick up a bike from the ground to 2.5 m in the air how much of a force would you have to apply? • If you push a 25 kg box over a distance of 7 m with a force of 80 N, how much work have you done? The movement was at a constant speed; how big was the friction? Pressure Problems • Pressure is dependent upon which factors? • What is the pressure on the floor if a cabinet with 4 legs has a mass of 140 kg? Each of the legs is 2.5 cm by 2.5 cm. • http://www.nobraintoo small.co.nz/students/sci ence/NCEA_Level1/exa m_help/pdfs/Physics_9 0940_mechanics_press ure.pdf#zoom=100 Revision Mind-Map Genetics Predict Genotype Meiosis Purpose Draw stages ? Location Mitosis Asexual reproduction Chromosomes Replication Phosphate Sexual Reproduction & sugar DNA XX or XY 22 + 1 pairs Bases Structure A-T + G-C Genetics LadderDouble Helix Variation Triplets Vocabulary Discrete Genetic Applications Diseases Continuous Definitions Mutation Advantages Examples Disadvantages Alleles Genes Pedigree Chart Phenotype Cloning Punnett Square Dominant or recessive Examples Selective Breeding Carrier Genetic Engineering DNA Structure and Cell Division • http://www.nobraintoosm all.co.nz/students/science /NCEA_Level1/pdfs/SCIE NCE_AS90948_revise1.p df#zoom=100 Monohybrid Crosses • http://www.nobraintoosm all.co.nz/students/science /NCEA_Level1/pdfs/9094 8_genprobs.pdf#zoom=1 00