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CUSTOMER_CODE
SMUDE
DIVISION_CODE
SMUDE
EVENT_CODE
Jan2017
ASSESSMENT_CODE MIT106_Jan2017
QUESTION_TYPE
DESCRIPTIVE_QUESTION
QUESTION_ID
494615_1
Write about
i.
Robotics
ii.
quantum computing
QUESTION_TEXT
Robotics: Programming computers to see and hear and react to other
sensory stimuli. Currently, no computers exhibit full artificial intelligence
(that is, are able to simulate human behavior). The greatest advances have
occurred in the field of games playing. The best computer chess programs
are now capable of beating humans. In May,1997, an IBM super-computer
called Deep Blue defeated world chess champion Gary Kasparov in a
chess match. In the area of robotics, computers are now widely used in
assembly plants, but they are capable only of very limited tasks. Robots
have great difficulty identifying objects based on appearance or feel, and
they still move and handle objects clumsily.
SCHEME OF
EVALUATION
Natural-language processing offers the greatest potential rewards because
it would allow people to interact with computers without needing any
specialized knowledge. You could simply walk up to a computer and talk
to it. Unfortunately, programming computers to understand natural
languages has proved to be more difficult than originally thought. Some
rudimentary translation systems that translate from one human language to
another are in existence, but they are not nearly as good as human
translators.
(2.5 marks)
First proposed in the 1970s, quantum computing relies on quantum
physics by taking advantage of certain quantum physics properties of
atoms or nuclei that allow them to work together as quantum bits, or
qubits, to be the computer's processor and memory. By interacting with
each other while being isolated from the external environment, qubits can
perform certain calculations exponentially faster than conventional
computers
Quantum computing is not well suited for tasks such as word processing
and email, but it is ideal for tasks such as cryptography and modeling and
indexing very large databases. Nanotechnology is a field of science whose
goal is to control individual atoms and molecules to create computer chips
and other devices that are thousands of times smaller than current
technologies permit. Current manufacturing processes use lithography to
imprint circuits on semiconductor materials. While lithography has
improved dramatically over the last two decades to the point where some
manufacturing plants can produce circuits smaller than one micron (1,000
nanometers) – it still deals with aggregates of millions of atoms. It is
widely believed that lithography is quickly approaching its physical limits.
To continue reducing the size of semiconductors, new technologies that
juggle individual atoms will be necessary. This is the realm of
nanotechnology
(2.5 marks)
QUESTION_TYPE
DESCRIPTIVE_QUESTION
QUESTION_ID
494616_2
Distinguish between : Network computers and Workstation computers
QUESTION_TEXT
Network computers
SCHEME OF
EVALUATION
Network computers are also version of personal computers having less
processing power, memory and storage. These are specially designed as
terminals for network environment. Some types of network computers
have no storage. The network computers are designed for network,
Internet or Intranet for data entry or to access data on the network. The
network computers depend upon the network’s server for data storage and
to use software. These computers also use the network’s server to perform
some processing tasks.
(2.5 marks)
Workstations
Workstations are special single user computers having the same features
as personal computer but have the processing speed equivalent to
minicomputer or mainframe computer. A workstation computer can be
fitted on a desktop. Scientists, engineers, architects and graphic designers
mostly use these computers.
(2.5 marks)
QUESTION_TYPE DESCRIPTIVE_QUESTION
QUESTION_ID
494617_3
QUESTION_TEXT Illustrate Memory Arrays with example.
SCHEME OF
EVALUATION
Subsequently every memory cell named with a unique address number,
they are named using sequential numbers starting from the number zero.
Thus, the first memory cell has an address number of [0], the second
memory cell has an address number of [1], and so forth until all memory
cells have been given an address number. The memory cells can be listed
vertically down the page as follows:
[0]: 0 [1]: 0 [2]: 0 [3]: 0 [4]: 0 [5]: 0 [6]: 0
[10]:
[11]:
[12]:
[7]: 0 [8]: 0 [9]: 0
0
0
0
The thirteen memory cells above have addresses from [0] to [12]. All
thirteen memory cells contain the number 0. While memory can easily be
listed as shown above, it is not very compact.
(5 Marks)
QUESTION_TYPE
DESCRIPTIVE_QUESTION
QUESTION_ID
494618_4
QUESTION_TEXT
How the operating system helps in File System Management and
Communication process
File System Manipulation
SCHEME OF
EVALUATION
The output of a program may need to be written into new files or input taken
from some files. The operating system provides this service. The user does not
have to worry about secondary storage management. User gives a command for
reading or writing to a file and sees his/her task accomplished. Thus operating
system makes it easier for user programs to achieve their task.
This facility involves secondary storage management. The speed of I/O that
depends on secondary storage management is critical to the speed of many
programs and hence I think it is best relegated to the operating systems to
manage it than giving individual users the control of it. It is not difficult for the
user-level programs to provide these services but for above mentioned reasons
it is best if this service is left with operating system.
(2.5 marks)
Communications Process
There are instances where processes need to communicate with each other
to interchange information. It may be between processes running on the
same computer or running on the different computers. By providing this
service the operating system relieves the user from the worry of passing
messages between processes. In case where the messages need to be
passed to processes on the other computers through a network, it can be
done by the user programs. The user program may be customized to the
specifications of the hardware through which the message transits and
provides the service interface to the operating system
(2.5 marks)
QUESTION_TYPE
DESCRIPTIVE_QUESTION
QUESTION_ID
494619_5
What is data communication? Explain Data and signals.
QUESTION_TEXT
Data communication is the transfer of data or information between a source
and a receiver, the source transmits the data and the receiver receives it. The
distance over which data moves within a computer may vary from a few
thousandths of an inch, as is the case within a single IC chip, to as much as
several feet along the backplane of the main circuit board. Over such small
distances, digital data may be transmitted as direct, two-level electrical signals
over simple copper conductors. Except for the fastest computers, circuit
designers are not very concerned about the shape of the conductor or the
analog characteristics of signal transmission.
SCHEME OF
EVALUATION
Data Communications concerns the transmission of digital messages to devices
external to the message source. "External" devices are generally thought of as
being independently powered circuitry that exists beyond the chassis of a
computer or other digital message source. As a rule, the maximum permissible
transmission rate of a message is directly proportional to signal and inversely
proportional to channel noise. It is the aim of any communications system to
provide the highest possible transmission rate at the lowest possible power and
with the least possible noise.
Basic elements of data communication are discussed below:
Data and signals – A signal is an electric current or electromagnetic field
used to convey data from one place to another. The simplest form of
signal is a direct current (DC) that is switched on and off; this is the
principle by which the early telegraph worked. More complex signals
consist of an alternating-current (AC) or electromagnetic carrier that
contains one or more data streams.
Data is superimposed on a carrier current or wave by means of a process called
modulation. Signal modulation can be done in either of two main ways: analog
and digital. Data can be analog or digital. The term analog data refers to
information that is Continuous; digital data refers to information that has
discrete states. For example, an analog clock that has hour, minute, and second
hands gives information in a continuous form; the movements of the hands are
continuous.
Analog data, such as the sounds made by a human voice, take on
continuous values. When someone speaks, an analog wave is created in
the air. This can be captured by a microphone and converted to an analog
signal or sampled and converted to a digital signal.
Digital data take on discrete values. For example, data are stored in
computer memory in the form of 0s and 1s. They can be converted to a
digital signal or modulated into an analog signal for transmission across a
medium.
QUESTION_TYPE
DESCRIPTIVE_QUESTION
QUESTION_ID
494620_6
Explain in detail about
i.
Analog and digital signals
ii.
Periodic and non-periodic signals
QUESTION_TEXT
SCHEME OF
EVALUATION
Analog and digital signals – Like the data they represent, signals can be
either analog or digital. An analog signal has infinitely many levels of
intensity over a period of time. As the wave moves from value A to value
B, it passes through and includes an infinite number of values along its
path. A digital signal, on the other hand, can have only a limited number
of defined values. Although each value can be any number, it is often as
simple as 1 and 0.
(2.5 marks)
Periodic and non-periodic signals – Both analog and digital signals can
take one of two forms: periodic or non-periodic. A periodic signal
completes a pattern within a measurable time frame, called a period, and
repeats that pattern over subsequent identical periods. The completion of
one full pattern is called a cycle. A non-periodic signal changes without
exhibiting a pattern or cycle that repeats over time.
(2.5 marks)
QUESTION_TYPE
DESCRIPTIVE_QUESTION
QUESTION_ID
494621_7
Discuss about :
QUESTION_TEXT
i.
Microsoft Access
ii.
CorelDraw
iii.
CAD
iv.
Medical Application Software
: It provides advanced and powerful new tools for managing your
databases. Share your database with co-workers over a network, find and
retrieve information quickly, and take advantage of automated, prepackaged wizards and solutions to quickly create databases.
Graphic application software – CorelDraw
SCHEME OF
EVALUATION
This is a class of software used for creating and editing images. They are
mainly used in manipulating images and for creating special graphic
effects used in making banners, vector shapes, calendars, T-shirts etc. A
general name for graphic and text creation and manipulation is Desktop
Publishing.
Engineering application software
This is a class of software used by various specialists in achieving a high
degree of accuracy and precision. They are used for Computer Aided
Design (CAD). Popular software that fall into this category is AutoCAD
and Electronic workbench. AutoCAD is a suite of CAD software products
for 2 and 3-dimensional design and drafting. Modern AutoCAD includes a
full set of basic solid modeling and 3D tools.
Electronic workbench is CAD software used in designing, testing, and
simulating electronic circuits.
Medical Science application software
Medical and Agricultural software are used in the field of medicine and
agricultural science. They help to make work easier in the field in which
the software is applied. For example in the medical field during surgery
the software has been designed to simulate the operation to be carried out
for surgeons and waits for a confirmation from the computer that he or she
is eligible or ready to perform the operation on the patient. Just like we
play our car race games on a play station. Likewise we also have software
programs for agricultural science. The motive behind this software is to
avoid risk that occur during operation in a real life scenario. Also the
software can be used for educative purposes
(2.5 marks each point)
QUESTION_TYPE
DESCRIPTIVE_QUESTION
QUESTION_ID
494622_8
Discuss about:
i.
Software Legal Issues
ii.
Proprietary software
QUESTION_TEXT
Software Legal Issues
SCHEME OF
EVALUATION
Software is viewed as intellectual property. Just like a book or music it
must be respected and treated as such. This means that the permission of
the creator must be required before use or distribution. The ‘terms and
conditions of use’ are usually expressed in a license agreement (End User
License Agreement, EULA) which is a legal document that is binding
between the creator and the user of software. Different licensing schemes
exist for using software.
Proprietary software’s are developed for the purpose of making profit and
are usually very expensive. Open source software that are normally free
but may require a low fee for support services. Freeware are computer
programs given away free of charge. Shareware are computer software
that is distributed free of charge but is usually accompanied by a request
for a small payment from satisfied users to cover costs and registration for
documentation and program updates.
(5 Marks)
proprietary software
Proprietary software has its own limitations on using and copying it,
usually enforced by a proprietor. The term's literal meaning covers
software that has an owner who exercises control over what users can do
with it. The adjective "proprietary" also avoids confusion with the phrase
"commercial software", since free software can also be sold and used for
commercial purposes. The risk involved with proprietary software is that
if for any reason the proprietor ceases, or decides to cease, or limit
production or support for a proprietary software product, previous
licensees can be left at a disadvantage and have no recourse if problems
are found with the software. The proprietor uses a temporary monopoly
with copyright and sometimes software patents that can make the software
more expensive. A dependency on future versions and upgrades can make
the monopoly permanent without the emergence of a competing software
package.
Well known examples of proprietary software include Microsoft
Windows, RealPlayer, Adobe Photoshop, Mac OS, WinZip and some
versions of UNIX. Some free software packages are available under
proprietary terms. Examples include MySQL & Send mail.
Selected proprietary software comes with source code or provides offers
to the source code. Users are free to use and even study and modify the
software in these cases, but are restricted by either licenses or nondisclosure agreements from redistributing modifications or sharing the
software. Shareware, like freeware, is proprietary software available at
zero price, but differs in that it is free only for a trial period, after which
some restriction is imposed for example, it is completely disabled.
(5 Marks)
QUESTION_TYPE
DESCRIPTIVE_QUESTION
QUESTION_ID
494623_9
Explain software application and the categories of Software application.
QUESTION_TEXT
SCHEME OF
Software Applications
EVALUATION
Software may be applied in any situation for which a pre specified set of
procedural steps has been defined. Information content and determinacy
are important factors in determining the nature of a software application.
Content refers to the meaning and form of incoming and outgoing
information. Software that controls an automated machine accepts discrete
data items with limited structure and produces individual machine
commands in rapid succession.
Information determinacy refers to the predictability of the order and
timing of information. An engineering analysis program accepts data that
have a predefined order, executes the analysis algorithm without
interruption and produces resultant data in report or graphical format.
Such applications are determinate.
Software applications can be neatly compartmentalized into different
categories.
System software: System software is a collection of programs written to
service other programs. Some system software processes complex
information structures. Other systems applications process largely
indeterminate data. It is characterized by heavy interaction with hardware,
heavy usage by multiple users, concurrent operation that requires
scheduling, resource sharing, and sophisticated process management,
complex data structures and multiple external interfaces.
Real time software: Software that monitors / analyzes / controls realworld events as they occur is called real time.
Business Software: Business information processing is the largest single
software application area. Discrete systems like payroll, accounts
receivable/payable have evolved into management information systems
(MIS) software that accesses one or more large databases containing
business information. Applications in this area restructure existing data in
a way that facilitates business operations or management decision making.
Engineering and scientific software: Engineering and scientific software
has been characterized by “number crunching” algorithms. Applications
range from astronomy to volcano logy, from automotive stress analysis to
space shuttle orbital dynamics and from molecular biology to automated
manufacturing.
Embedded software: Embedded software resides only in read-only
memory and is used to control products and systems for the consumer and
industrial markets. Embedded software can provide very limited and
esoteric functions or provide significant function and control capability.
Personal computer software: Day to day useful applications like word
processing, spreadsheets, multimedia, database management, personal and
business financial applications are some of the common examples for
personal computer software.
Web-based software: The web pages retrieved by a browser are software
that incorporates executable instructions and data. In essence, the network
becomes a massive computer providing an almost unlimited software
resource that can be accessed by anyone with a modem.
Artificial Intelligence software: Artificial Intelligence software makes
use of non numerical algorithms to solve complex problems that are not
amenable to computation or straightforward analysis. Expert systems, also
called knowledge based systems, pattern recognition, game playing are
representative examples of applications within this category.
Software crisis: The set of problems that are encountered in the
development of computer software is not limited to software that does not
function properly rather the affliction encompasses problems associated
with how we develop software, how we support a growing volume of
existing software, and how we can expect to keep pace with a growing
demand for more software.
(1 mark each point)
QUESTION_TYPE
DESCRIPTIVE_QUESTION
QUESTION_ID
494624_10
Explain the following components of Operating System
i.
Process Management
ii.
Main-Memory Management
QUESTION_TEXT
1. Process Management
SCHEME OF
EVALUATION
The operating system manages many kinds of activities ranging from user
programs to system programs like printer spooler, name servers, file
server etc. Each of these activities is encapsulated in a process. A process
includes the complete execution context (code, data, PC, registers, OS
resources in use etc.).
It is important to note that a process is not a program. A process is only
ONE instant of a program in execution. There are many processes can be
running the same program. The five major activities of an operating
system in regard to process management are
1.
Creation and deletion of user and system processes
2.
Suspension and resumption of processes
3.
A mechanism for process synchronization
4.
A mechanism for process communication
5.
A mechanism for deadlock handling
(5 Marks)
2. Main-Memory Management
Primary-Memory or Main-Memory is a large array of words or bytes.
Each word or byte has its own address. Main-memory provides storage
that can be access directly by the CPU. That is to say for a program to be
executed, it must in the main memory.
The major activities of an operating in regard to memory-management
are:
1.
Keep track of which part of memory is currently being used and by
whom.
2.
Decide which processes are loaded into memory when memory
space becomes available.
3.
Allocate and de-allocate memory space as needed.
(5 Marks)