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Egypt and Sumer Learning Centers Name: Egypt Nile River floods every year natural barriers (desert on both sides, cataracts (rapids) in the Nile River, Mediterranean, Red Sea all protect Egypt from invaders Sumer Geography Tigris and Euphrates Rivers form Mesopotamia (The Land Between Two Rivers) also called the Fertile Crescent Both flood unpredictably, sometimes causing great damage Mesopotamia is flat and the rivers are easy to sail up and down making it easy to invade Wheat, barley Crops Wheat, barley Sumer, Mediterranean, Nubia Trade Mediterranean, Egypt, Indus River Valley Polytheism (many gods) Religion Polytheism (many gods), often unpredictable, Epic of Gigamesh includes story of the Flood similar to that found in Torah, Qur'an and Bible build ziggurats (step pyramids that are flat on top) hieroglyphics Writing Cuneiform (world's first system of writing) Irrigation canals Architecture- build pyramids as burial places for kings and queens advanced math and engineering medicine Technology Irrigation canals (carry water from the Famous Sargon the Great- Akkadian who people or conquered Sumer time periods Hammurabi- Babylonian who wrote the Hatshepsut- first queen ruler of Egypt Queen Ahhotep- drive out the Hyksos invaders Menes- first pharoah to unite Upper and Lower Egypt Old Kingdom- strong central government ruled by the pharoahs, Great Pyramids built Middle Kingdom- canal built, pharoahs as rivers to nearby fields) wheel lunar calendar, number system based on 60 (where we get our minute and hour measurements) laws of Mesopotamia down into the Code of Hammurabi leaders New Kingdom- after Hyksos invasion, cities build, trade increased, long decline afterwards