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Warm-Up
 List the one EON and the three ERAs we included in
our timeline.
 List one fact for each EON/ERA listed.
Systems and Spheres
Learning Target
Earth’s systems, being dynamic and interacting, cause
feedback effects that increase or decrease the original
changes.
• Distinguish between positive and negative feedback
loops.
• Describe differences in Earth’s geosphere, lithosphere,
hydrosphere, atmosphere, biosphere in response to a
change to Earth’s surface.
Earth’s Systems
 Receive inputs and produce outputs
 Example: Gulf of Mexico
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Receives input of freshwater, sediments, nutrients
Gulf outputs a harvest of shrimp and fish
The system output becomes input to the global economic
system and digestive system of people consuming the fish
Feedback loops
 A feedback loop occurs when an event is both an input
and output in the same system
 Can either be negative or positive
 Negative: Stabilizes the system

If the wolf population (predator) decreases, the moose
population (prey) will increase
 Positive: Destabilizes the system

Clearing of plants will erode a stream bed which will increase
water flow and further increase the stream bed
All Systems Interact!!
 Example #1: Albedo Effect and Climate Change
 More Greenhouse gas (Atmosphere change) = Warmer
Temperature
 Polar ice caps melt (Hydrosphere change)
 Darker color of ocean replaces white color of ice
 Less radiation is reflected from Earth’s Surface
 Positive Feedback Loop!!!
Time to Experiment!!
 Design a controlled experiment to show how
the change in albedo will influence global
climate change.
Warm-Up
How do positive and negative
feedback loops differ?
All Systems Interact!!!
 Example #2: Wolves change Rivers
 Describe at least 3 interactions in the
video.
 Draw a picture of a feedback loop in the
video
Warm-Up
Write a one sentence analysis of the graph depicted
below. List one feedback loop created by the trend
observed in the graph.
Let’s Experiment!!
Example #3 and Extension Activity:
How will a warming ocean
influence climate change?
Your research to find out more…
 How does the loss of ground vegetation influence
water runoff and soil erosion? Describe.
 How do dammed rivers influence groundwater
recharge, sediment transport downstream, and coastal
erosion?
 Groundwater recharge: water infiltrates through soil and
builds up aquifer.
 Erosion: movement of sand/soil away
 How does the loss of wetlands cause a decrease in local
humidity that further reduces the wetland extent?
Learning Target
The Geosphere and Lithosphere interact with other
spheres creating feedback effects that alters life on
Earth.
Success Criteria:
 Identify types of rocks and the stages of the rock cycle.
 Describe how rocks form soil.
Earth Spheres
Earth’s Spheres
 Geosphere: “Earth (ground or land)”sphere; made of rock
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at and below the earth’s surface
Lithosphere: “Stone” sphere; Outermost layer of
geosphere; rock at or just below earth’s surface; soil is
eroded rock
Biosphere: “living” sphere; all the planet’s living or once
living things along with the abiotic (non-living) factors
that effect them
Atmosphere: “Air” sphere; Layers of gases surrounding
the planet
Hydrosphere: “water” sphere; All water on Earth’s surface,
underground and in the atmosphere
Geosphere: “Earth” sphere
 Crust, Mantle and Core
 Crust: Thin, cool, rocky
outer “skin”
 Mantle: Very hot and
mostly solid
 Core: Outer core is
molten metal, inner
core is solid metal
The Lithosphere is part of the
Geosphere.
 Outermost shell of the
planet
 Comprised of the crust
and upper mantle
 Tectonic Plates
Rocks
 Naturally occurring solids
made up of minerals and
mineral-like materials
 Three types: igneous,
sedimentary,
metamorphic
 The rock cycle slowly
changes rocks from one
type to another through
heating, melting, cooling,
weathering, and erosion.
Types of Rocks
 Igneous: Form when magma or lava cools and solidifies;
can be intrusive or extrusive
Did You Know? In
general, the more slowly
igneous rock cools, the
larger its crystals.
Types of Rocks Continued….
 Sedimentary: Form when sediments cement
together or when water evaporates and leaves
behind minerals; can be clastic, chemical, or
biochemical
Types of Rocks continued (again)….
 Metamorphic: Form when heat or pressure
changes the crystalline structure of existing rock
Video
Modeling the Rock Cycle Activity
 Create a concept map to compare the three
types of rocks.
 Watch the teacher to find out how.
 Be sure to include the different ways each rock type
is formed, examples of each as well as the following…
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Igneous: intrusive vs. extrusive
Sedimentary: clastic, chemical, biochemical; steps of
formation
Metamorphic: heat and pressure
 On the back of your concept map….
 Label and color a diagram of the rock cycle.
Classify Rocks
 At your lab table you will find two igneous rocks, two
metamorphic rocks and two sedimentary rocks.
 How do you know the difference?
 What characteristics will you use to determine which
is which?
Rocks make Soil!!
• Soil is made up of
minerals (from rock),
organic matter (from
decay), air, and water.
Soil Formation
 Weathering: Physical and
chemical breaking of rocks
and minerals into smaller
pieces
 Erosion and deposition:
Pick-up, transport, and
drop-off of material from one
place to another
 Decomposition: Breakdown
of waste, organisms, and
organic material into simple
molecules
Soil Horizons
 Soil horizons are
distinct layers of
soil.
 A cross-section
of soil horizons is a
soil profile.
Interactions!!!!
 Complete a chart like the one below..
Affected by Spheres…
Effects other spheres by…
Atmosphere:
Atmosphere:
Hydrosphere:
Hydrosphere:
Biosphere:
Biosphere:
Interactions of
Geosphere/Lithosphere
Affected by each sphere…
Effects each sphere by…
 Atmosphere: higher
 Atmosphere: Microbes in soil
greenhouse gas composition
will warm soils and increase
decomposition rate
 Hydrosphere: frost wedging
weathers rock and helps to
form soil
 Biosphere: vegetation helps
to decrease soil erosion and
improve soil fertility
transform atmospheric nitrogen
into nitrates; decomposition of
organic materials in soil
produces carbon dioxide and
methane
 Hydrosphere: runoff of
sediment effects turbidity of
streams and increases nutrient
load
 Biosphere: Increased rate of soil
formation/fertility will increase
the amount of plants which in
turn will increase biodiversity
Learning Target
The Atmosphere interacts with other spheres creating
feedback effects that alters life on Earth.
Success Criteria:
 Identify and describe the layers of the atmosphere.
 Describe how oxygen, greenhouse gases and ozone are
essential gases supporting life on Earth.
 Describe the composition of the atmosphere.
 Describe how temperature varies with respect to altitude
and latitude.
 Describe how temperature and plant life alter relative
humidity.
Layers of
Atmosphere
• Troposphere: 0–11 km;
movement of air, weather
• Stratosphere: 11–50 km;
ozone layer, absorbs and
scatters UV rays
• Mesosphere: 50–80 km;
meteoroids burn up
• Thermosphere: 80+ km;
disturbances produce
aurora borealis
Did You Know?
The stratosphere and
mesosphere are cold, but the
upper thermosphere can be
hotter than 1500°C.
Layers of the Atmosphere
Mini-Lab
 Using the materials around the room, create a density
column to represent the layers of the atmosphere in
the plastic cup.
 When you have successfully completed your density
column, be prepared to state which layer in the
atmosphere each layer in your density column
represents.
Atmosphere
Contains the gases that
organisms need
 Oxygen: needed for
respiration
 Ozone: needed to filter
UV radiation
 Greenhouse gases
(CO2 and Methane):
needed to keep Earth’s
temperature warm
enough to support life
Properties of the
Atmosphere
 Composition: 78%
nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and
1% other gases (greenhouse
gases)
 Temperature: Varies
with location (due to angle
of sun and altitude)
 Pressure: In general,
air pressure decreases
with altitude; can be
measured using a
barometer.
Time to Think!!!!
 Composition: Create a
model to illustrate the
composition of gases in the
atmosphere.
 You will only have 5
minutes!!!!
 Temperature: Create a
visual to show how
temperature varies with
respect to altitude and
latitude. Relate this picture
to the distribution of
Earth’s biomes.
 You only have 5 minutes!!!
 Pressure: Describe one
example that illustrates
how pressure varies with
altitude.
 You guessed it…5 minutes!!
Biome Distribution
Relative Humidity
• The ratio of water vapor in
air to the maximum amount
the same air could contain at
the same temperature
• Is affected by temperature
and location; in general,
warm air holds more water.
• When air cools, water vapor
may condense to liquid or to
ice. Water vapor can only
condense on surfaces, such
as a petal or a dust particle.
Time to think (again)!!!
 Using the 3 beakers and a graduated
cylinder…come up with a demonstration
to show how temperature changes relative
humidity in air.
 Create a visual to show how vegetation
influences humidity.
Interactions!!!!
 Complete a chart like the one below..
 A Video to help you think….How Whales Change
Climate
Affected by Spheres…
Effects other spheres by…
Geosphere/Lithosphere:
Geosphere/Lithosphere:
Hydrosphere:
Hydrosphere:
Biosphere:
Biosphere:
Warm-Up
 How do the gases in the atmosphere
influence weathering of rock?
 How does the creation of new rock
influence the composition of gases in the
atmosphere?
Learning Target
The Hydrosphere interacts with other spheres creating
feedback effects that alters life on Earth.
Success Criteria:
 Describe how water is distributed on Earth.
 Describe how water is cycled on Earth.
 Describe how the water cycle is altered by human
activity.
Hydrosphere
 Consists of Earth’s water
 Most of Earth’s water
(97.5%) is salt water.
 Only 0.5% of Earth’s water
is unfrozen fresh water
usable for drinking or
irrigation.
 Frozen water is called the
cryosphere
 Earth’s available fresh
water includes surface
water and ground water.
(Most is groundwater!)
Activity
 Create a model to show
the distribution of
Earth’s water.
 Water is renewable due
to the water cycle but is
limited due to its
availability and
distribution.
 Usable water must be
liquid and fresh.
Water Cycle
How Humans influence the Water
cycle
Activity
Worksheet!!!!
Warm-Up
Biosphere
 The part of Earth in which living and nonliving things
interact
 Biotic: Living
 Abiotic: Non-living