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Graphical Presentation of data
Delivered by:-Mrs. Babita
Assistant Professor
BAR GRAPH
• A bar graph is a graphical display of data using bars of different
heights.
• The bars can be plotted horizontally or vertically.
• A vertical chart is sometimes called a column bar chart.
Bar Graph
Management
No. of Schools
12
10
Government
4
8
6
Local Body
Private Aided
8
10
4
No. of Schools
2
0
Private Unaided
2
Cont…..
BAR GRAPH
Science
Maths
History
Anita
25
22
20
Raju
19
19
22
Sunil
28
26
21
Rani
20
23
21
80
70
60
50
History
40
Maths
30
Science
20
10
0
Anita
Raju
Sunil
Rani
PIE CHART
• Pie diagrams are popularly used to denote percentage breakdown.
• It is a circular statistical graphic which is divided into slices to
illustrate numerical proportion.
• In a pie chart, The arc length of each slice( consequently its central
angle & area) is proportional to the quantity it represent.
Pie Diagram
Components
Percentage
High achievers
60%
15%
High achievers
middle achievers
25%
Low achievers
60%
middle achievers
25%
Low achievers
15%
HISTOGRAM
• A histogram is a set of rectangles whose areas in proportion to class
frequencies.
• It is a graph in which the frequencies are represented by bars .
• The bars are adjacent to each other not separated.
• It was first introduced by Karl Pearson.
C/I (Scores)
Frequency
96-100 91-95 86-90 81-85 76-80 71-75 66-70
2
2
4
7
5
3
1
FREQUENCY POLYGON
• A polygon is a many angled or many sided closed figure.
• The frequency polygon is a graphical representation of frequency
distribution in which midpoints of the class interval against the
frequencies.
• To close the figure, we will take two extra intervals, one above and
one below the given intervals are taken.
• In comparing two or more distributions by plotting two or more
graphs on the same axis.
Frequency Polygon
Ach. Scores
Gp.A f
Gp. B f
135-139
140-144
145-149
155-159
160-164
165-169
170-174
175-179
180-184
185-189
0
1
2
5
5
8
6
4
3
0
0
3
6
7
3
9
4
2
1
0
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Gp.A f
Gp B f
CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY GRAPH
• In order to draw cumulative frequency graph, we have to obtained cumulative
frequency directly from frequency.
• Cumulative frequencies are obtained by adding successively, starting from the
bottom, the individual frequencies.
• These frequencies tell us the total number of cases lying below a given score or class
interval.
• The last value for the cumulative frequency will always be equal to the total number
of frequencies or size of sample.
C.I
f
Cum-f
30-32
33-35
36-38
39-41
42-44
45-47
48-50
51-53
54-56
0
2
4
4
6
10
8
4
2
0
2
6
10
16
26
34
38
40
Cumulative Frequency Graph
45
40
35
30
25
Cum-f
20
15
10
5
0
30-3233-3536-3839-4142-4445-4748-5051-5354-56
OGIVE
• In order to draw cumulative percentage frequency graph or Ogive, we have to obtain
cumulative percentage frequencies by multiplying cumulative frequency with
100/N, where N is total number of frequencies.
• These frequencies tell us the percentage of cases lying below given score or class
interval.
Cum%f Curve or Ogive
C.I
f
Cum-f
Cum%f
30-32
0
0
0
33-35
2
2
5
36-38
4
6
15
39-41
4
10
25
60
42-44
6
16
40
40
45-47
10
26
65
48-50
8
34
85
51-53
4
38
95
54-56
2
40
100
120
100
80
Cum%f
20
0
PICTOGRAPH
• A pictograph is a way of showing data using images.
• Each image stands for a certain numbers of things e.g., in the given
illustration, one picture of pencil corresponds to 3 pencils.
Name
Number of pencils
John
18
Mike
12
Henry
21
Frank
9
George
15
BOX PLOT
•
•
•
Box plots are graphical tools to visualize key statistical measures, such as median, mean
and quartiles.
A single box plot can be used to represent all the data. It is also possible to visualize
separate statistics for subsets by selecting a column for the X-axis.
The individual box plot is a visual aid to examining key statistical properties of a variable.
The diagram below shows how the shape of a box plot encodes these properties. The
range of the vertical scale is from the minimum to the maximum value of the selected
column, or, to the highest or lowest of the displayed reference points.
THANKS