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Holt McDougal, You and your family are herders, looking after large flocks of sheep. Your grandfather, the leader of your tribe, is very rich, so your life is easy. One day, your grandfather says that your whole family will be moving to a new country. The trip will be very long, and people there may not welcome you. How do you feel about moving to a faraway land?? Holt McDougal, The Early Hebrews The Big Idea Originally desert nomads, the Hebrews established a great kingdom called Israel. Main Ideas • Abraham and Moses led the Hebrews to Canaan and to a new religion. • Strong kings united the Israelites to fight off invaders. • Invaders conquered and ruled the Hebrews after their kingdom broke apart. • Some women in Hebrew society made great contributions to their history. Holt McDougal, Holt McDougal, • The pharaoh of Egypt made the Hebrews slaves to stop them from taking over Egypt. • A leader named Moses demanded that the pharaoh free his people. • He refused, and plagues occurred, frightening the pharaoh. Holt McDougal, • His people were released, so they began their Exodus out of Egypt. • They included worshipping only God and valuing human life. • God then gave Moses the Ten Commandments at Mt. Sinai by which to live. • The Hebrews reached Canaan and settled there in small communities, as the Israelites. Holt McDougal, Holt McDougal, Holt McDougal, Holt McDougal, Holt McDougal, Holt McDougal, Jewish Beliefs and Texts The Big Idea The central ideas and laws of Judaism are contained in sacred texts such as the Torah. Main Ideas • Beliefs in God, education, justice, and obedience anchor Jewish society. • Jewish beliefs are listed in the Torah, the Hebrew Bible, and the Commentaries. • The Dead Sea Scrolls reveal many past Jewish beliefs. • The ideas of Judaism have helped shape later cultures. Holt McDougal, Holt McDougal, Holt McDougal, Holt McDougal, Holt McDougal, Holt McDougal, Holt McDougal, Holt McDougal, Holt McDougal, Holt McDougal, Holt McDougal, Holt McDougal, Holt McDougal, Holt McDougal, Holt McDougal, Holt McDougal, The Torah • This is a collection of five books that make up the most sacred text in Judaism. • Nearly every synagogue has one. The Hebrew Bible • This is made up of the Torah, the Proverbs, and the Book of Psalms. • It is also made up of eight books that describe the messages of the prophets. Holt McDougal, The Commentaries • Because some laws are hard to understand, scholars wrote commentaries to explain them. • They can be found in the Talmud. Holt McDougal, Holt McDougal, Judaism over the Centuries The Big Idea Although they were forced out of Israel by the Romans, shared beliefs and customs helped Jews maintain their religion. Main Ideas • Revolt, defeat, and migration led to great changes in Jewish culture. • Because Jews settled in different parts of the world, two cultural traditions formed. • Jewish traditions and holy days celebrate their history and religion. Holt McDougal, Holt McDougal, Holt McDougal, Holt McDougal, Hanukkah Passover • This holiday honors the rededication of the Second Temple. • This is a time for Jews to remember the Exodus. • It is celebrated by lighting candles in a menorah. • They eat only flat bread and have a ritual meal called the seder. • The eight days represent the amount of time the oil burned during the rededication. Holt McDougal, High Holy Days • The first two days, Rosh Hashanah, celebrate the beginning of the Jewish new year. • On Yom Kippur, the most holy day, they fast all day and ask God for forgiveness of their sins.