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Rise of Totalitarianism Stalin, Tojo, Hitler, Mussolini, and Franco Western Democracies Stumble Britain France United States 1919: 3 Western Democracies -Britain, France and USA ▪ Veterans needed jobs and Europe needed rebuilt ▪ Economic problems led to social unrest and radical ideas became popular Britain: – Political issues between parties – Irish wanted self-rule ▪ Irish Republican Army (IRA) began war vs British ▪ 1922: most of Ireland became a free state, but Protestant counties remained with Britain France: – Political issues between parties – Weren’t receiving reparations from Germany promised by Treaty of Versailles USA – Policy of isolationism: not part of League of Nations and stay out of European affairs – Red Scare: fear of communism led to demands on immigration limitations from Eastern Europe and many “suspects” were deported – Congress passed laws limiting immigration from Europe Post WWI Foreign Policy France ▪ Wanted secure border with Germany – Build Maginot Line: massive fortifications along France/German border – Increased military power and alliances, including with the Soviet Union – Wanted strict enforcement of the Treaty of Versailles and reparations – GOAL: keep Germany’s economy weak ▪ Britain disagreed: believed if Germany became too weak, Soviet Union and France would be too powerful Locarno Treaty & Kellogg-Briand Pact Locarno Treaty: 1925 ▪ Germany and Soviet Union admitted to the League of Nations ▪ Settled German border disputes with France, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, and Poland Kellogg-Briand Pact: 1928 ▪ Proposed by the USA ▪ “renounce war as an instrument of national policy” ▪ Disarmament: reduction of armed forces and weapons – USA, Britain, France and Japan reduced size of navies League of Nations Weakness ▪ No way to enforce ban on war by the KelloggBriand Pact or stop aggression ▪ 1931: condemned Japan in Manchuria, but no military to stop Japanese – Japan left League of Nations Economics of 1920s ▪ Britain and France owed majority of their debt to USA, but needed reparations from Germany to pay loans to USA Overall USA production plummets Britain and France cannot pay debts to USA USA investors have little to no money to invest Europeans cannot afford American goods US investments in Germany decline German reparations to Britain and France fall off Britain: in debt, factories out of date, increased unemployment, low wages, workers strike France: economy recovered rapidly due to reparations and industrial territory taken from Germany, but economy begins to fall due to lack of reparation payments over time and unstable government USA: post WWI, USA economic world power by gaining loans and investements Great Depression ▪ Began in USA then to rest of World – Farmers and unskilled workers struggled after WWI – Overproduction due to new technology led to low prices and less need for workers = increase in unemployment – Stocks increased, investments increased, banks increased interest rates = people quit borrowing and investing – 1929: Stock Market Crash ▪ People sold all stocks at once and economy collapsed ▪ Great Depression: – Global Economic Collapse – People bought less, invested less, businesses closed, banks failed, unemployment climbed to more than 20% Great Depression Spreads ▪ American banks – stopped lending oversea loans – Demanded repayment of foreign loans that those countries didn’t have the money to repay – USA increased tariffs ▪ Backfired because other countries raised their tariffs and wouldn’t buy American products either As the Depression wore on, many lost faith in democracy, which allowed extremists to take over with radical solutions The World Confronts the Crisis *add to notes! ▪ Britain: led by a multiparty government to slowly improve the economy and cut unemployment ▪ France: weak government; laws were passed to help workers, but companies raised prices to cover labor costs, keeping unemployment high ▪ Sweden, Norway, Denmark: government taxed people with jobs to have money to pay benefits to people without jobs; created jobs to build roads and buildings (infrastructure) ▪ USA: FDR created New Deal-government spent money on infrastructure, creating millions of jobs; businesses and farmers also received federal aid. Soviet Union Stalin review Stalin in Soviet Union ▪ Communist State ▪ Five Year Plan ▪ Russification ▪ Great Purge ▪ Allies with France ▪ Member of League of Nations FASCISM ▪ Term coined by Mussolini (Italy), but not founding ideologist like Marx with communism ▪ DEFINITION: – Centralized, authoritarian government that was not communist – Glorify the state over individual – Destructive to human rights – Rooted in extreme nationalism ▪ Action, violence, discipline, blind loyalty to state – Foreign expansion ▪ Survival of fittest – War is noble struggle for survival – Anti-democratic ▪ No equality or liberty ▪ Democracy leads to corruption & weakness ▪ It focuses on the individual, not the state Each country that is fascist has a different definition of fascism ITALY, GERMANY, & RUSSIA all follow same guidelines for totalitarianism 1. single-party dictatorship with blind obedience 2. State-controlled economy 3. Police spies & terror 4. Government controlled media with the use of propaganda 5. Education used to teach children fascist ideology 6. Censor artists, intellectuals and those who disagreed Positives of Fascism ▪ Provided a strong stable government ▪ Powerful leader at a time of despair and disorder ▪ Revival of national pride Fascism vs. Communism/Socialism Both •held power with blind devotion to the state •had charismatic leaders •used terror to maintain control Fascism ▪ Nationalist goals ▪ classes Communism ▪ International goals ▪ Classless society Fascism in Italy Mussolini Italy After WWI ▪ Italy is furious over Treaty of Versailles due to not gaining promised land ▪ Peasants and workers are inspired by Russian Revolution ▪ Veterans faced unemployment ▪ Economy suffered (High Unemployment and High Taxes) ▪ Government was unstable Benito Mussolini ▪ Socialist turned extreme nationalist which led to the creation of the Fascist Party (unity and authority) ▪ Charismatic & passionate – Promised revival of Roman greatness in Mediterranean ▪ Leader of Black Shirts: Mussolini’s Combat Squad – party militants who rejected democracy and used violence, intimidation, and terror – Supported by majority of Italians ▪ Why? Many Italians had lost faith in a Constitutional Government Il Duce “The Leader” March on Rome (1922) ▪ To change the government ▪ King Victor Emmanuel III asked Mussolini to become Prime Minister By 1925, Mussolini known as Il Duce “The Leader” Got rid of rival political parties Censored press Corrupt elections Exile, prison or murder of opponents – Secret police – propaganda – – – – 1929: Vatican City (country) created ▪ Pope recognized Mussolini as leader of Italy if Mussolini made Vatican City is own independent country (within city of Rome) State Over Individual ▪ Economy under state control ▪ Promotion of industry, agriculture and trade ▪ Favored upper class & industrial leaders ▪ Production increased but wages were low Mussolini built 1st totalitarian state: Stalin & Hitler would follow & be more powerful BELIEVE! OBEY! FIGHT! – Propaganda for state of Italy ▪ Speakers and posters in all public places ▪ Men=warriors for Italy ▪ Women=warriors of motherhood – Not allowed to work – Medal from Mussolini if produced > 14 children ▪ Fascist Youth Groups: – Strict military discipline – Taught glories of ancient Rome – Chanted “Mussolini is always right!” Nazi Germany Hitler Part 1 Part 2 Rise & Fall of Weimar ▪ Parliamentary democracy set up by the Treaty of Versailles – Led by Prime Minister called a chancellor – Women were allowed to vote – Included a Bill of Rights Political ▪ Weak political parties ▪ Instability ▪ Wanted and needed strong leader ▪ People blamed Weimar for harsh treatment in Treaty of Versailles – Need scapegoat (someone to blame for their problems): Jews 7 Sections Weimar’s Economic Issues ▪ Germany was behind in reparation payments ▪ France controlled industrial regions like the Ruhr Valley – German workers refused to work in this area when the French occupied it So…. ▪ Government printed money worthless Inflation money became – 1922: Bread cost 100 marks – 1923: Bread cost 944,000 marks USA issued Dawes Plan ▪ France was to move out of the Ruhr Valley ▪ USA loans money to Germany, Germany money to France and Britain, Britain and France money to USA: technically USA was paying itself Otto Dix “Skat Players” BALLOT CANDIDATES FOR CHANCELLOR You are living in Germany in the 1930s. Your country is poor and humiliated after WWI, the Treaty of Versailles, and now the Great Depression. There are seemingly endless social, political, and economic problems in the fragile Weimar Republic. Your great country has become the laughing stock of the world and you want to rebuild glory for Germany. An election is being held for Chancellor of Germany. There are three candidates to choose from. Before you can vote, you must learn as much as possible about each candidate. By yourself, read about each candidate. Check the box next to the candidate you want to vote for. Be sure to include your reasons for voting for your candidate and your reasons for voting against the other two choices. Candidate C Candidate C promises prosperity and hopes to abolish unemployment. He will accomplish this goal by instituting a wide range of public works projects, and by encouraging both youth and adults to work for the German nation. According to Candidate C, Germany’s economic problems are due to the unfair requirements of the Treaty of Versailles as well as the influx of foreigners, such as immigrants and communists, into Germany. He supports private property and supports rural farmers, believing in cheaper credit and lower taxes for everyone. Finally, Candidate C promises to rebuild a strong, decisive, and orderly Germany. Candidate C is very passionate about his love for Germany and will do anything to bring glory and pride back to their country Adolf Hitler Hitler promises to solve the economic crises & restore Germany’s greatness Early Hitler ▪ He developed fanatical, anti-Semitic (hatred of Jewish faith) ▪ 1923: – Army veteran of WWI – Extremist party leader: National Socialist German Workers aka NAZI Party ▪ Despised Weimar Republic ▪ Organized supporters to the Nazi Party into fighting squads- Storm Troopers – Tried to follow Mussolini & staged a coup: The Munich Putsch Mein Kampf (Anticipation Guide) Mein Kampf (My Struggle) ▪ Book of Nazi Goals and Ideology 1. Extreme nationalism 2. Racism – Master Race: Aryans-light skinned Europeans whose greatest enemy is the Jew 3. Anti-Semitic: Christian persecuted Jews in Middle Ages because of different beliefs – – Nationalism in 1800s caused people to identify Jews as outsiders Jew is defined as anyone with a Jewish Grandparent Adolf Hitler ▪ Blamed the Jews, Communists, and business leaders for Germany’s loss in WWI ▪ Germans must unite and expand: Lebensraum (living space) – Slavs need to bow down to Aryans In order to do all of this, need 1 strong leader “Führer” and it should be Hitler! ▪ Depression allowed Nazi Party to grow because Hitler promised to – end reparations – Create jobs – Defy the Treaty of Versailles by rearming Germany ▪ Nazis gain control of the Reichstag (lower house of legislature) in 1933- Hitler was appointed chancellor ▪ By end of 1933: Hitler becomes dictator aka “Führer” – Ends civil rights – Disbands all political parties except NAZI ▪ Like Stalin, executes any one he felt was threat Hitler’s Promises to the German People Hitler was a very charismatic speaker, he would start speaking calmly and work his way into a loud frenzy. Third Reich First Reich: Holy Roman Empire Second Reich: Bismarck’s Unification Third Reich: Hitler ▪ To combat depression, he launched large public works programs to put people back to work (similar to Roosevelt’s New Deal) – Including build up of weapons (Treaty of Versailles violation) ▪ Wants to unite Germany and Austria (Treaty of Versailles violation) Totalitarian State ▪ Control over government, religion and education ▪ SS: black uniformed troops used to enforce Führer’s will ▪ Gestapo: secret police took care of opposition ▪ People followed Hitler and Nazis because he got them out of the Depression and revived Germany’s power (nationalism) The Hitler Youth ▪ Created the Hitler Youth to indoctrinate young people as well ▪ Nazi Party influenced young people with messages of hate and racism ▪ Nazis rewrote textbooks and taught new classes to reflect Nazi values ▪ Women: like in Italy, limited schooling & jobs, rewards for perfect, pure Aryan children – Would work in factories for war effort – Dismissed from upper level jobs Hitler begins attack on Jews… ▪ Nuremberg Laws: 1935-deprived Jews of German citizenship with harsh restrictions. Not able– to marry non-Jews – To attend/teach in German schools or universities – To hold government jobs, practice law or medicine, publish books ▪ Nazis and people beat Jews – Many Jews fled to other countries Kristallnacht “Night of broken glass” ▪ November 9 & 10, 1938 ▪ Young Jew shot & killed German diplomat after parents had been mistreated ▪ Hitler used this to attack Jews in Germany, Austria, & Czechoslovakia ▪ Led to plan of Final Solution: extermination Purification ▪ No modern art due to Jewish influence ▪ No Jazz due to African roots ▪ Christianity is weak and flabby – Single state church of Hitler’s version of Protestantism – No Catholicism! What were the central beliefs of Hitler and the Nazis? • Why did Germany face serious problems after WWI? • How did Hitler explain why Germany lost the war? • According to Hitler, what was Germany’s destiny? • What were Hitler’s plans for the German government of the future? • How did Hitler become known throughout Germany? Spanish Civil War General Francisco Franco Franco’s Rise to Power ▪ 1936: General Francisco Franco led revolt – Fascists, aka Nationalists, backed Franco – Hitler & Mussolini sent troops to support Franco in Civil War – Nazi’s used Spanish Civil War to test new planes to show world destructive power of modern warfare ▪ Eyes of world opened to Nazi power ▪ 1939: Fascists & Franco won – Similar to Mussolini & Hitler’s dictatorships Stage is Set… World now split between democratic and totalitarianism WWII Begins