Download 1-India has two national languages for central administrative purposes

1-India has two national languages for central administrative purposes: Hindi and English.
Hindi is the national, official, and main link language of India. English is an associate official
language. The Indian Constitution also officially approves twenty-two regional languages for
official purposes.
2-Dozens of distinctly different regional languages are spoken in India, which share many
characteristics such as grammatir::al structure and vocabulary. Apart from these languages,
Hindi is used for communication' in India. The homeland of Hindi is mainly in the north of
India, but it is spoken and widely understood in all urban centers of India. In the southern
states of India, where people speak many different languages that are not much related to
Hindi, there is more resistance to Hindi, which has allowed English to remain a lingua franca
to a greater degree.
3-Since the early 1600s, the English language has had a grip on the Indian subcontinent, when
the East India Company established settlements in Chennai, Kolkata, and Mumbai, formerly
Madras, Calcutta, and Bombay respectively. The historical background of India is never far
away from everyday usage of English. India has had a longer exposure to English than any
other country which uses it as a second language, its distinctive words, idioms, grammar and
rhetoric spreading gradually to affect all places, habits and culture.
4-In India, English serves two purposes. First, it provides a linguistic tool for the
administrative cohesiveness ofthe country, causing people who speak different languages to
become united. Secondly, it serves as a language of wider communication, including a large
variety of different people covering a vast area. It overlaps with local languages in certain
spheres of influence and in public domains.
5- Generally, English is used among Indians as a 'link' language and it is the first language
for many well-educated Indians. It is also the second language for many who speak more than
one language in India. The English language is a tie that helps bind the many segments of our
society together. Also, it is a linguistic bridge between the major countries of the world and
India.
6-English has special national status in India. It has a special place in the parliament,
judiciary, broadcasting, journalism, and in the education system. One can see a Hindispeaking teacher giving their students instructions during an educational tour about where to
meet and when their bus would leave, but all in English. It means that the language permeates
daily life. It is unavoidable and is always expected, especially in the cities.
7-The importance of the ability to speak or write English has recently increased significantly
because English has become the de facto standard. Learning English language has become
popular for business, commerce and cultural reasons and especially for internet
communications throughout the world. English is a language that has become a standard not
because it has been approved by any 'standards' organization but because it is widely used by
many information and technology industries and recognized as being standard. The call centre
phenomenon has stimulated a huge expansion of internet -related activity, establishing the
future of India as a cyber-technological super-power. Modem communications, videos,
journals and newspapers on the internet use English and have made 'knowing English'
decline
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Changes in the global climate are
additional stress on hundreds of
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of migratory birds ~nthe United States that are already
environmental factors, according to a new Interior Department report.
by other
The latest version of the department's annual State orthe Birds report shows that nearly a
third of the nation's 800 bird species are
, threatened or suffering from
population
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For the first time, the report adds climate change to other
threatening bird
populations, including destruction of habitat, hunting, pesticides, invasive species and loss of
wetlands.
After three days of turbulent meetings, the Texas Board of Education on Friday ( to
approve)
a social studies curriculum that will put a conservative stamp on
history and economics textbooks, ( stress)
the superiority of American
capitalism, questioning the Founding Fathers' commitment to a (pure)
secular
government and presenting Republican political philosophies in a more positive light. Mary
Helen Berlanga accused fellow members of the Board of Education of "(rewrite)
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history." The vote (to be )
10 to 5 along party lines, with all the
Republicans on the board voting for it. The board, whose members are elected, has influence
beyond Texas because the state is one of the largest buyers of textbooks. In the digital age,
however, that influence (to diminish)
as technological advances have made
it possible for publishers to tailor books to individual states. In recent years, board members
have been locked in an ideological battle between a bloc of conservatives who question
Darwin's theory of evolution and believe the Founding Fathers (to be)
guided by
Christian principles, and a handful of Democrats and moderate Republicans who have fought
to preserve the teaching of Darwinism and the separation of church and state.
The New York Times is an American daily newspaper ( found- find- founded)
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and continuously published in New York City since 1851. (Although- Already- Always)
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it remains both the largest local metropolitan (newspaper- newsnew)
in the United States as well as third largest overall in the US behind The
Wall Street Journal and USA Todav, the weekday ( circulate- circulating -circulation)
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of the paper has nonetheless ( fall- fell-fallen)
precipitously
in recent years to ( more-Iess- till)
than one million copies daily for the first time
(when- since- where)
the 1980s.ill Nicknamed "The Gray Lady" and long
regarded within the industry as a national "newspaper of record," the Times is owned by The
New York Times Company which also publishes eighteen other regional newspapers
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Denomination: The Cannes Film Festival (French: Ie Festival de Cannes;
History: founded in 1946
Known as: one of the \yorld's oldest·and most prestigious film festivals.
Period and place: held annually (usually in May) at the Palais des Festivals et des
Congres, in the resort town of Cannes, in the south of France.
-The 63rd edition: from 12 May to 23 May 2010.
The President of the Jury is to be American film director Tim BWion.
3) Find in the text expressions meaning nearly the same as: (4 marks)
a- interacting with people (paragraph 2)
b) little by little (paragraph 3)
c) goals or reasons (paragraph 4)
d) capability or power (paragraph 7)
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8-The prevailing view seems to be that unless students learn English,.they can only work in
limited jobs. Those who do not have basic knowledge of English cannot obtain good quality
jobs. They cannot communicate efficiently with others, and cannot have the benefit of India's
rich social and cultural life. Men and women who cannot comprehend and interpret
instructions in English, even if educated, are unemployable. They cannot help with their
children's school homework everyday or decide their revenue options of the future.
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22 official languages.
Hindi as the national language.
2 national, official languages.
2 national languages.
Q2 - English's
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status as a lingua franca is helped by
its status in northern India.
the fact that it is widely understood in urban centres.
the fact that people from the south speak languages not much related to Hindi.
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it shares many grammatical similarities with Hindi.
Q3 - In paragraph 3, 'toehold' means that English
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changed the names of some cities in India.
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has had a presence in India .
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has been in India longer than any other language.
Q4 - Hindi-speaking teachers
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might well be heard using English.
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only use English.
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only use English for instructions.
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do not use English.
Q5 - In paragraph eight, it says 'the prevailing view', which suggests that
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the view is correct.
the view is held by the majority.
the view is incorrect.
the view is held by the minority.