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ALCOHOL USE AND SEX RISK OCTOBER 25, 2012 BASIC RESEARCH ON ALCOHOL AND SEX: 1. Sex-related expectancies 2. Drinking and condom use 3. Effects of intoxication on perceptions of others 4. Stereotypes about men and women who drink 1. SEX-RELATED EXPECTANCIES • beliefs and ideas about the + and - effects that alcohol has on a person’s behavior • Stronger expectancies are related to heavier drinking • Sex-related expectancies: (Dermen & Cooper, 1994) • sexual enhancement • disinhibition of sexual behavior • increased sexual risk-taking • drinking triggers sexual behavior (s) IF one holds sexrelated alcohol beliefs about that effect 2. ALCOHOL AND CONDOM USE • Unprotected sex = special case of sexual risk taking • Pregnancy prevention vs. STI prevention • Global assessment studies show correlation between alcohol use & unprotected sex • Event-level studies are less clear -- WHY? • Importance of both person variables and partner variables BROWN & VANABLE (2007) • N = 330 sexually active students (60% sample) • Event-level assessment • Last time they had sex • Was a condom used? • Were they drinking prior to the event? • 40% did not use a condom last time they had sex • 32% drank before the last time they had sex • M = 5 SDs • Drinking more likely with nonsteady/casual partners (55% vs. 22%) • Drinking more likely for those with strong sex-related alcohol expectancies BROWN & VANABLE (2007) N on-Steady Partners (n = 93) 50 50 40 40 % Reporting UV S % Reporting UV S Steady Partners (n = 229) 30 20 10 0 alcoho l no alcohol 30 20 10 0 alcoho l no alcohol • No effect of alcohol on unprotected sex with steady partners (46% vs 39%) • Alcohol use associated with greater probability of unprotected sex with casual partners (47% vs. 17%) GENDER PATTERNS (SCOTT-SHELDON, CAREY, & CAREY, 2010) • Multiple event-level methodology; N = 177 • Gender matters: drinking was associated with unprotected sex for men but not for women • Partner type matters: • participants with exclusively steady sexual partners = unprotected sex 32% of the time • participants reporting only casual sexual partners = unprotected sex 19% of the time • unprotected sex = gender x partner type x drinking • Men + casual partners + drinking • Women + steady partners + drinking 3. EFFECTS OF INTOXICATION ON PERCEPTIONS OF OTHERS • cues used to convey sexual interest can be indirect and ambiguous • friendliness = flirtation ?? • consider this interchange: Man: “Come back to my room for a drink.” Woman: “I guess I could have one drink, but I can’t stay.” ABBEY ET AL. (2000) EXPERIMENT • Dyads consumed alcohol or placebo • Each rated self and the other • Intoxication increased perceptions of one’s own sexuality, and other’s sexual interest • Intoxicated male participants failed to notice cues that showed woman’s lack of interest • Conclusion: intoxication increases the likelihood of seeing sexual meaning in neutral/friendly behavior 4. STEREOTYPES ABOUT MEN AND WOMEN WHO DRINK Richardson & Campbell (1982): participants read a story about a woman raped by a guest while cleaning up after a party • Varied the story according to whether victim or perpetrator was drunk or sober • Both men and women perceived perpetrator as less responsible if he was intoxicated • Both men and women perceived the victim as more responsible when she was intoxicated DOUBLE STANDARD ?? • Men who consume alcohol are seen as less responsible for a variety of offenses, including rape, than men who are sober (Abbey et al., 1996) • Women who drink are perceived by both genders as • More sexually available/ willing to be seduced • More promiscuous (George et al., 1995) • Drinking alcohol is perceived as a“sexual signal” -indicating that a person is interested CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF ALCOHOL-INFLUENCED SEXUAL ASSAULT (ABBEY, 2002) Pre-existing beliefs about alcohols effects on: - sexual behavior - aggression Effects of alcohol during heterosocial interaction: -misperceptions of partner’s motives -impaired communication about intentions -peer influence re: how to act while drinking Effects of alcohol at the point when forced sex is likely: -impaired ability to “fix” misperceptions -reduced verbal and physical ability to resist -justification for aggressive behavior Vol. 33, No. 3, 2010 Alcohol Research & Health Pandrea et al. (2010) Pandrea et al. (2010) Pandrea et al. (2010) TO PONDER FOR NEXT CLASS: How can we use information on alcohol’s effects on the developing brain to inform prevention strategies?