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Introduction to Music Review • • • • • • Classical Symphony Classical Concerto Classical Chamber Music Joseph Haydn Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Ludwig van Beethoven Romantic Music • Time Line • Monroe Doctrine—1823 Romantic Music • Time Line • Monroe Doctrine—1823 • Victor Hugo: Hunchback of Notre Dame—1831 Romantic Music • Time Line • Monroe Doctrine—1823 • Victor Hugo: Hunchback of Notre Dame—1831 • Charles Dickens: Oliver Twist—1837 Romantic Music • Time Line • Monroe Doctrine—1823 • Victor Hugo: Hunchback of Notre Dame—1831 • Charles Dickens: Oliver Twist—1837 • Alexander Dumas: The Three Musketeers—1844 Romantic Music • Edgar Allan Poe: The Raven—1845 Romantic Music • • Edgar Allan Poe: The Raven—1845 Charles Darwin: Origin of Species—1859 Romantic Music • • • Edgar Allan Poe: The Raven—1845 Charles Darwin: Origin of Species—1859 American Civil War—1861–1865 Romantic Music • • • • Edgar Allan Poe: The Raven—1845 Charles Darwin: Origin of Species—1859 American Civil War—1861–1865 Mark Twain: Huckleberry Finn—1884 Romantic Music • • • • • Edgar Allan Poe: The Raven—1845 Charles Darwin: Origin of Species—1859 American Civil War—1861–1865 Mark Twain: Huckleberry Finn—1884 Alexander Graham Bell invents telephone— 1876 Romantic Music • Stressed emotion, imagination and individualism Romantic Music • Stressed emotion, imagination and individualism • Emotional subjectivity basis of arts Romantic Music • Stressed emotion, imagination and individualism • • Emotional subjectivity basis of arts Fantasy and the supernatural Romantic Music • Stressed emotion, imagination and individualism • • • Emotional subjectivity basis of arts Fantasy and the supernatural Middle Ages/concept of chivalry & romance Romantic Music • Stressed emotion, imagination and individualism • • • • Emotional subjectivity basis of arts Fantasy and the supernatural Middle Ages/concept of chivalry & romance Architecture revived Gothic elements Romantic Music • Stressed emotion, imagination and individualism • • • • • Emotional subjectivity basis of arts Fantasy and the supernatural Middle Ages/concept of chivalry & romance Architecture revived Gothic elements Nature: as mirror of the human heart Romantic Music • Stressed emotion, imagination and individualism • • • • • • Emotional subjectivity basis of arts Fantasy and the supernatural Middle Ages/concept of chivalry & romance Architecture revived Gothic elements Nature: as mirror of the human heart Period of the Industrial Revolution resulted in social and economic changes Romantic Music • Many important Romantic composers Robert Schumann Antonin Dvořák Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky Frédéric Chopin Johannes Brahms Franz Liszt Giuseppe Verdi Felix Mendelssohn Giacomo Puccini Hector Berlioz Richard Wagner Franz Schubert Romantic Music • Continued use of Classical period forms Romantic Music • Continued use of Classical period forms • Much individual alteration and adjustment Romantic Music • Continued use of Classical period forms • • Much individual alteration and adjustment Greater range of tone color, dynamics, and pitch than in Classical period Romantic Music • Continued use of Classical period forms • Much individual alteration and adjustment • Greater range of tone color, dynamics, and pitch than in Classical period • Expanded harmony—complex chords Romantic Music Characteristics of Romantic Music • Individuality of Style Romantic Music Characteristics of Romantic Music • Individuality of Style • Composers want uniquely identifiable music Romantic Music Characteristics of Romantic Music • Individuality of Style • • Composers want uniquely identifiable music Expressive Aims and Subjects Romantic Music Characteristics of Romantic Music • Individuality of Style • • Composers want uniquely identifiable music Expressive Aims and Subjects • All approaches were explored: Romantic Music Characteristics of Romantic Music • Individuality of Style • • Composers want uniquely identifiable music Expressive Aims and Subjects • • All approaches were explored: Flamboyance, intimacy, unpredictability, melancholy, rapture, longing… Romantic Music Characteristics of Romantic Music • Romantic love still focus of songs & operas Romantic Music Characteristics of Romantic Music • Romantic love still focus of songs & operas • Lovers frequently depicted as unhappy and facing overwhelming obstacles Romantic Music Characteristics of Romantic Music • Romantic love still focus of songs & operas • • Lovers frequently depicted as unhappy and facing overwhelming obstacles Dark topics draw composers Romantic Music Characteristics of Romantic Music • Nationalism and Exoticism Romantic Music Characteristics of Romantic Music • Nationalism and Exoticism • Nationalism: music with a national identity Romantic Music Characteristics of Romantic Music • Nationalism and Exoticism • Nationalism: music with a national identity • Exoticism: intentionally imply foreign culture Romantic Music Characteristics of Romantic Music • Nationalism and Exoticism • Nationalism: music with a national identity • Exoticism: intentionally imply foreign culture • Frequently in operas with foreign settings Romantic Music Characteristics of Romantic Music • Program Music Romantic Music Characteristics of Romantic Music • Program Music • Association with a story/poem/idea/scene Romantic Music Characteristics of Romantic Music • Program Music • Association with a story/poem/idea/scene • Understanding the music enhanced through reading program or viewing associated work Romantic Music Characteristics of Romantic Music • Program Music • Association with a story/poem/idea/scene • Understanding the music enhanced through reading program or viewing associated work • Colorful Harmony Romantic Music Characteristics of Romantic Music • Program Music • Association with a story/poem/idea/scene • Understanding the music enhanced through reading program or viewing associated work • Colorful Harmony • Chords built w/ notes not in traditional keys Romantic Music Characteristics of Romantic Music • Program Music • Association with a story/poem/idea/scene • Understanding the music enhanced through reading program or viewing associated work • Colorful Harmony • Chords built w/ notes not in traditional keys • Harmonic instability consciously used device Romantic Music Characteristics of Romantic Music • Expressive Tone Color Romantic Music Characteristics of Romantic Music • Expressive Tone Color • Composers tried to create unique sounds Romantic Music Characteristics of Romantic Music • Expressive Tone Color • Composers tried to create unique sounds • Blending of existing instruments Romantic Music Characteristics of Romantic Music • Expressive Tone Color • Composers tried to create unique sounds • Blending of existing instruments • Addition of new instruments Romantic Music Characteristics of Romantic Music • Expressive Tone Color • Composers tried to create unique sounds • Blending of existing instruments • Addition of new instruments • Tone color important to emotional content Romantic Music Characteristics of Romantic Music • Expanded Range of Dynamics, Pitch & Tempo Romantic Music Characteristics of Romantic Music • Expanded Range of Dynamics, Pitch & Tempo • Dynamics ƒ, π expanded to Ï & ∏ Romantic Music Characteristics of Romantic Music • Expanded Range of Dynamics, Pitch & Tempo • Dynamics ƒ, π expanded to Ï & ∏ • Extremely high and low pitches were added Romantic Music Characteristics of Romantic Music • Expanded Range of Dynamics, Pitch & Tempo • Dynamics ƒ, π expanded to Ï & ∏ • Extremely high and low pitches were added • Changes in mood frequently underlined by (sometimes subtle) shifts in tempo Romantic Music Characteristics of Romantic Music • Forms: Miniature and Monumental Romantic Music Characteristics of Romantic Music • Forms: Miniature and Monumental • Some composers went on for hours Romantic Music Characteristics of Romantic Music • Forms: Miniature and Monumental • Some composers went on for hours • Required hundreds of performers Romantic Music Characteristics of Romantic Music • Forms: Miniature and Monumental • Some composers went on for hours • Required hundreds of performers • Others music lasted only a few minutes Romantic Music Characteristics of Romantic Music • Forms: Miniature and Monumental • Some composers went on for hours • Required hundreds of performers • Others music lasted only a few minutes • Written for a single instrument Romantic Music Romantic Composers and Their Public • Demise of the patronage system Romantic Music Romantic Composers and Their Public • Demise of the patronage system • Composers regarded themselves as “free spirits” Romantic Music Romantic Composers and Their Public • Demise of the patronage system • Composers regarded themselves as “free spirits” • Decline in aristocratic fortune—Napoleonic wars Romantic Music Romantic Composers and Their Public • Demise of the patronage system • Composers regarded themselves as “free spirits” • Decline in aristocratic fortune—Napoleonic wars • New urban classes/new musical topics Romantic Music Romantic Composers and Their Public • Public was entranced by virtuosity Romantic Music Romantic Composers and Their Public • Public was entranced by virtuosity • Piano became a fixture in most homes Romantic Music Romantic Composers and Their Public • Public was entranced by virtuosity • Piano became a fixture in most homes • Composers/audience were of the same social class Romantic Music Romantic Composers and Their Public • Public was entranced by virtuosity • Piano became a fixture in most homes • Composers/audience were of the same social class • Few composers were financially successful Romantic Music Art Song • Composition for solo voice and piano Romantic Music Art Song • Composition for solo voice and piano • Accompaniment integral part of the song Romantic Music Art Song • Composition for solo voice and piano • Accompaniment integral part of the song • Linked to vast amount of poetry in this period Romantic Music Art Song • Composition for solo voice and piano • Accompaniment integral part of the song • Linked to vast amount of poetry in this period • Composers interpreted poems, translating mood, atmosphere and imagery into music Romantic Music Art Song • Composition for solo voice and piano • Accompaniment integral part of the song • Linked to vast amount of poetry in this period • Composers interpreted poems, translating mood, atmosphere and imagery into music • Mood summed up at end with piano postlude Romantic Music Art Song • Strophic and Through-Composed Form Romantic Music Art Song • Strophic and Through-Composed Form • Strophic form repeats music for each verse Romantic Music Art Song • Strophic and Through-Composed Form • Strophic form repeats music for each verse • Through-composed—new music each verse Romantic Music Art Song • Strophic and Through-Composed Form • Strophic form repeats music for each verse • Through-composed—new music each verse • Sometimes modified strophic form used Romantic Music Art Song • Group of songs unified in some manner Romantic Music Art Song • Group of songs unified in some manner • Storyline or musical idea may link the songs Romantic Music Franz Schubert • Born in Vienna (1797–1828) • Early Romantic composer • Prodigious output • When 18 years old wrote 143 songs • At 19 years wrote 179 works Romantic Music Franz Schubert • Wrote more than 600 songs Romantic Music Franz Schubert • Wrote more than 600 songs • Also symphonies, string quartets, other chamber music, sonatas, masses, operas, & piano works Romantic Music Franz Schubert • Wrote more than 600 songs • Also symphonies, string quartets, other chamber music, sonatas, masses, operas, & piano works • The Unfinished Symphony: only two movements, not four Romantic Music Franz Schubert: Erlkönig (The Erlking), 1815 • Based upon narrative ballad with supernatural topic by Goethe Romantic Music Franz Schubert: Erlkönig (The Erlking), 1815 • Based upon narrative ballad with supernatural topic by Goethe • Through-composed form Romantic Music Franz Schubert: Erlkönig (The Erlking), 1815 • Based upon narrative ballad with supernatural topic by Goethe • Through-composed form • Piano portrays galloping horse Romantic Music Franz Schubert: Erlkönig (The Erlking), 1815 • Based upon narrative ballad with supernatural topic by Goethe • Through-composed form • Piano portrays galloping horse • One singer sounds like several characters (use of different registers) Romantic Music Franz Schubert: Erlkönig (The Erlking), 1815 • Based upon narrative ballad with supernatural topic by Goethe • Through-composed form • Piano portrays galloping horse • One singer sounds like several characters (use of different registers) • Dramatic ending Romantic Music Franz Schubert: Erlkönig (The Erlking), 1815 Romantic Music Franz Schubert: Erlkönig (The Erlking), 1815 Romantic Music Robert Schumann • German, early to midRomantic (1810-1856) Romantic Music Robert Schumann • German, early to midRomantic (1810-1856) • Wanted to be piano virtuoso, but injured hand & ruined career Romantic Music Robert Schumann • German, early to midRomantic (1810-1856) • Wanted to be piano virtuoso, but injured hand & ruined career • Married his piano teacher’s daughter Romantic Music Robert Schumann • Temperamentally unsuited for some of the musical positions he attempted Romantic Music Robert Schumann • Temperamentally unsuited for some of the musical positions he attempted • Committed to asylum where he died Romantic Music Schumann’s Music • Wrote piano pieces, art songs, and later symphonies • Piano pieces and art songs frequently in cycles Romantic Music Schumann: from Carnaval, “Estrella,” for his first fiancée • Ternary form, note syncopation in B section Romantic Music Schumann: from Carnaval, “Reconnaissance (Reunion)” • Ternary form, note B section shift from homophonic to polyphonic texture Romantic Music Clara Wieck Schumann • German (1819–1896) Romantic Music Clara Wieck Schumann • German (1819–1896) • Leading concert pianist Romantic Music Clara Wieck Schumann • German (1819–1896) • Leading concert pianist • One of first wellknown women composers Romantic Music Clara Wieck Schumann • Married Robert Schumann and stopped composing after his death Romantic Music Clara Wieck Schumann • Married Robert Schumann and stopped composing after his death • Focused on performing his works Romantic Music Clara Wieck Schumann • Married Robert Schumann and stopped composing after his death • Focused on performing his works • Friends (or perhaps lovers) with Johannes Brahms Romantic Music Clara Schumann: Romance in E Flat Minor for Piano Romantic Music Clara Schumann: Romance in E Flat Minor for Piano Looking Ahead • • • • • Frédéric Chopin Franz Liszt Felix Mendelssohn Program Music Hector Berlioz
