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• Abductive Reasoning
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Scientific method
1
Charles Sanders Peirce, borrowing a page
from Aristotle (Prior Analytics, 2.25)
described the incipient stages of inquiry,
instigated by the "irritation of doubt" to
venture a plausible guess, as abductive
reasoning
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Empiricism - Pragmatism
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To this, Peirce added the
concept of abductive
reasoning
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Logic programming - Abductive logic programming
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It has also been used to interpret Negation as
Failure as a form of abductive reasoning.
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Charles Sanders Peirce -
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Influences radiate from points on parallel lines of
inquiry in Aristotle's work, in such loci as: the basic
terminology of psychology in On the Soul; the
founding description of sign relations in On
Interpretation; and the differentiation of inference
into three modes that are commonly translated
into English as Abductive reasoning|abduction,
Deductive reasoning|deduction, and Inductive
reasoning|induction, in the Prior Analytics, as well
as inference by analogy (called paradeigma by
Aristotle), which Peirce regarded as involving the
other three modes.
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Charles Sanders Peirce - Modes of inference
Borrowing a brace of concepts from
Aristotle, Peirce examined three basic
modes of inference — abductive
reasoning|abduction, deductive
reasoning|deduction, and Inductive
reasoning|induction — in his critique of
arguments or logic proper
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Abductive reasoning
Therefore, by abductive reasoning, the
possibility that it rained last night is
reasonable (but note that Peirce did not
remain convinced that a single logical form
covers all abduction).A Letter to J
1
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Abductive reasoning
Peirce argues that good abductive
reasoning from P to Q involves not simply
a determination that, e.g., Q is sufficient
for P, but also that Q is among the
Occam's razor|most economical
explanations for P. Simplification and
economy both call for that leap of
abduction.Peirce, C.S. (1902), application
to the Carnegie Institution, see MS
L75.329-330, from of Memoir 27:
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Abductive reasoning
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In abductive reasoning, unlike in deductive
reasoning, the premises do not guarantee
the conclusion. One can understand
abductive reasoning as inference to the
best explanation.Sober, Elliot. Core
Questions in Philosophy,5th edition.
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Abductive reasoning - Deduction, induction, and abduction
Deductive reasoning and abductive
reasoning thus differ in the direction in
which a rule like a entailment|entails b is
used for inference
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Abductive reasoning - Abductive validation
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Abductive validation is the process of validating a
given hypothesis through abductive reasoning
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Abductive reasoning - Probabilistic abduction
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Probabilistic abductive reasoning is a form
of abductive validation, and is used
extensively in areas where conclusions
about possible hypotheses need to be
derived, such as for making diagnoses
from medical tests
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Formal reasoning -
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Abductive reasoning, or argument to the
best explanation, is a form of inductive
reasoning, since the conclusion in an
abductive argument does not follow with
certainty from its premises and concerns
something unobserved
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Psychology of reasoning - Different sorts of reasoning
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Psychologically, what are the relationships
between inductive reasoning|induction,
deductive reasoning|deduction, abductive
reasoning|abduction, and analogy?
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List of thought processes
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* Abductive reasoning
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Models of scientific inquiry - Classical model
The classical model of scientific inquiry
derives from Aristotle, who distinguished
the forms of approximate and exact
reasoning, set out the threefold scheme of
abductive reasoning|abductive, deductive
reasoning|deductive, and inductive
reasoning|inductive inference, and also
treated the compound forms such as
reasoning by analogy.
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Inquiry - Abduction
The locus classicus for the study of
abductive reasoning is found in Aristotle's
Prior Analytics, Book 2, Chapt. 25. It
begins this way:
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Inquiry - Abduction
We have Reduction
(απαγωγη, abductive
reasoning|abduction):
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Inquiry - Abduction
Aristotle's latter variety of abductive
reasoning, though it will take some
explaining in the sequel, is well worth our
contemplation, since it hints already at
streams of inquiry that course well beyond
the syllogistic source from which they
spring, and into regions that Peirce will
explore more broadly and deeply.
1
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Inquiry - Inquiry in the pragmatic paradigm
Borrowing a brace of concepts from
Aristotle, Peirce examined three
fundamental modes of reasoning that play
a role in inquiry, commonly known as
abductive reasoning|abductive, deductive
reasoning|deductive, and inductive
reasoning|inductive inference.
1
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Inquiry - Inquiry in the pragmatic paradigm
In rough terms, abductive
reasoning|abduction is what we use to
generate a likely hypothesis or an initial
diagnosis in response to a phenomenon of
interest or a problem of concern, while
deductive reasoning|deduction is used to
clarify, to derive, and to explicate the relevant
consequences of the selected hypothesis,
and inductive reasoning|induction is used to
test the sum of the predictions against the
sum of the data
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Semiotics - Some important semioticians
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He regarded formal semiotic as logic per
se and part of philosophy; as also
encompassing study of arguments
(Abductive reasoning|hypothetical,
Deductive reasoning|deductive, and
Inductive reasoning|inductive) and
inquiry's methods including pragmatism;
and as allied to but distinct from logic's
pure mathematics
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Logic
Logic is often divided into three parts;
inductive reasoning, abductive reasoning,
and deductive reasoning.
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Inference - Nonmonotonic logic
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Various kinds of defeasible but remarkably
successful inference have traditionally
captured the attention of philosophers
(theories of induction, Peirce's theory of
abductive reasoning|abduction, inference
to the best explanation, etc.)
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Defeasible reasoning
Other kinds of non-demonstrative
reasoning are probabilistic reasoning,
inductive reasoning, statistical reasoning,
abductive reasoning, and paraconsistent
reasoning
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Defeasible reasoning
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* abductive reasoning|Abductive (from
data and theory): p and q are correlated,
and q is sufficient for p; hence, if p then
(abducibly) q as cause
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Automatic reasoning
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The most developed subareas of automated
reasoning are automated theorem proving
(and the less automated but more pragmatic
subfield of interactive theorem proving) and
automated proof checking (viewed as
guaranteed correct reasoning under fixed
assumptions). Extensive work has also been
done in reasoning by analogy Induction
(philosophy)|induction and Abductive
reasoning|abduction.
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Diagnosis (artificial intelligence) - Model-based diagnosis
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Model-based diagnosis is an example of
abductive reasoning using a model
(abstract)|model of the system. In
general, it works as follows:
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Diagnosis (artificial intelligence) - Model-based diagnosis
The semantics of these formulae is the
following: if the behaviour of the system is not
abnormal (i.e. if it is normal), then the internal
(unobservable) behaviour will be Int1\, and
the observable behaviour Obs1\,. Otherwise,
the internal behaviour will be Int2\, and the
observable behaviour Obs2\,. Given the
observations Obs\,, the problem is to
determine whether the system behaviour is
normal or not (\neg Ab(S)\, or Ab(S)\,). This
is an example of abductive reasoning.
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Analogies
In a narrower sense, analogy is an
inference or an Logical
argument|argument from one particular to
another particular, as opposed to
deductive reasoning|deduction, inductive
reasoning|induction, and abductive
reasoning|abduction, where at least one of
the premises or the conclusion is general
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Analysis of competing hypotheses
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Abductive reasoning is an
earlier concept with
similarities to ACH.
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Analysis of competing hypotheses - Weaknesses
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Since deception often is the result of a
cognitive trap, Elsaesser and Stech use
state-based hierarchical plan recognition
(see abductive reasoning) to generate
causal explanations of observations
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Gregory Bateson - Other terms used by Bateson
*'Abductive
reasoning|Abduction'
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List of statistics articles - A
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*Abductive reasoning
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Grounded theory - Strauss Corbin's approach
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The research principle behind grounded
theory method is neither inductive
reasoning|inductive nor deductive
reasoning|deductive, but combines both in
a way of abductive reasoning (coming
from the works of Charles Sanders Peirce)
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Semiotic - Some important semioticians
1
He regarded formal semiotic as logic per
se and part of philosophy; as also
encompassing study of arguments
(Abductive reasoning|hypothetical,
Deductive reasoning|deductive, and
Inductive reasoning|inductive) and
inquiry's methods including pragmatism;
and as allied to but distinct from logic's
pure mathematics
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Outline of human intelligence - Capacities of intelligence
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*** Abductive reasoning
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Nursing process
Some authors refer to a mind map or
Abductive|abductive reasoning as a potential
alternative strategy for organizing
care.Bradshaw, J Lowenstein (2010)
Innovative Teaching Strategies in Nursing
and Related Health Professions. Intuition
(knowledge)|Intuition plays a part for
experienced nurses.Funnell, R., Koutoukidis,
G. Lawrence, K. (2009) Tabbner's Nursing
Care (5th Edition), page 222, Elsevier Pub,
Australia.
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Logical
Logic is often divided into three parts:
inductive reasoning, abductive reasoning,
and deductive reasoning.
1
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Scientific realism - Arguments for and against scientific realism
Arguments for scientific realism often
appeal to abductive reasoning or inference
to the best explanation (Lipton, 2004).
Scientific realists point to the success of
scientific theories in predicting and
explaining a variety of phenomena, and
argue that from this we can infer that our
scientific theories (or at least the best
ones) provide true descriptions of the
world, or approximately so.
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Outline of epistemology - Justification
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** Abductive Reasoning or Inference to the
Best Explanation ndash; kind of logical
inference described by Charles Sanders
Peirce as the process of arriving at an
explanatory hypothesis
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Abduction (logic)
'Abductive reasoning' (also called
'abduction',* Magnani, L. Abduction,
Reason, and Science: Processes of
Discovery and Explanation. Kluwer
Academic Plenum Publishers, New York,
2001. xvii þ 205 pages. Hard cover, ISBN
0-306-46514-0.
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Abduction (logic)
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One can understand abductive reasoning as
inference to the best explanation.Sober, Elliot
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Abduction (logic) - History
Therefore, by abductive reasoning, the
possibility that it rained last night is
reasonable (but note that Peirce did not
remain convinced that a single logical form
covers all abduction).A Letter to J
1
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Abduction (logic) - History
1
Peirce argues that good abductive reasoning
from P to Q involves not simply a
determination that Q is sufficient for P, but
also that Q is among the Occam's razor|most
economical explanations for P. Simplification
and economy both call for that leap of
abduction.Peirce, C.S. (1902), application to
the Carnegie Institution, see MS L75.329330, from
[http://www.cspeirce.com/menu/library/bycsp/l
75/ver1/l75v1-08.htm#m27 Draft D] of
Memoir 27:
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Index of epistemology articles - A
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– Abductive reasoning
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Sherlock Holmes - Holmesian deduction
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Holmes's primary intellectual
detection method is abductive
reasoning
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Alfred Gell - Thought
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In this way for Gell works of art, in all
cultures, are able to create shared
common sense, especially through
reasoning with abductive
reasoning|abduction, which already in
Aristotle is a less strong inference than
'inductive reasoning|induction and
deductive reasoning|deduction, more
intuitive and concise
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Gnosiology - Eastern Orthodox theology
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memory (abstract knowledge derived from
experimentation being episteme or
teachable knowledge), experience
Inductive reasoning|induction (or
empiricism), Deductive
reasoning|deduction (or rationalism),
scientific abductive reasoning,
contemplation (theoria),
Metaphysics|metaphysical and instinctual
or Intuition (knowledge)|intuitive
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History of scientific method - Charles Sanders Peirce
1
Peirce examined and articulated the three
fundamental modes of reasoning that play
a role in scientific inquiry today, the
processes that are currently known as
abductive reasoning|abductive, deductive
reasoning|deductive, and inductive
reasoning|inductive inference
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Working hypothesis - History
1
Charles Sanders Peirce came to hold that
an explanatory hypothesis is not only
justifiable as a Abductive
reasoning|tentative conclusion by its
plausibility (by which he meant its
naturalness and economy of
explanation),Peirce, C
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Logic of relatives - Scientific method
1
# Active, Abductive reasoning|abductive genesis of
theory, with no prior assurance of truth;
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Theoretical and experimental justification for the Schrödinger equation - Nature of light
1
Abductive reasoning was performed to
obtain the dynamics of massive (particles
with mass) objects such as electrons
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Joe Theismann - Injury
1
As Theismann lay on the field, a horrified
Taylor frantically screamed and waved for
emergency medical technicians. Initially,
however, many Redskins personnel thought
Taylor's screaming and pointing directed at
their sidelines was a taunt over the fact that
he had successfully stopped their play. The
Monday Night Football announcer team
(composed of Frank Gifford, O. J. Simpson
and Joe Namath) Abductive
reasoning|inferred from the start that Taylor
was calling for help.
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Likelihood function - Historical remarks
In English, likelihood appears in many
writings by Charles Sanders Peirce, where
Statistical model|model-based inference
(usually abductive reasoning|abduction but
sometimes including inductive
reasoning|induction) is distinguished from
statistical procedures based on Objectivity
(philosophy)|objective randomization
1
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Empiricist - Pragmatism
1
To this, Peirce added the
concept of abductive
reasoning
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Empiricist - Pragmatism
1
Hence, if theories are theory-laden then
so are the senses, and perception itself
can be seen as a species of abductive
reasoning|abductive inference, its
difference being that it is beyond control
and hence beyond critique – in a word,
incorrigible
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Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding - 11. Of a particular providence and of a
future state
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His friend argues that, though it is possible
to abductive reasoning|trace a cause from
an effect, it is not possible to infer unseen
effects from a cause thus traced
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Pragmaticism - The clarification of ideas in inquiry
Peirce called his pragmatism the logic of
Abductive reasoning|abduction,Peirce, C.S.
(1903), Pragmatism — The Logic of
Abduction, CP v. 5, paragraphs 195-205,
especially paragraph 196.
[http://www.textlog.de/7663.html Eprint]. that
is, the logic of inference to explanatory
hypotheses. As a method conducive to
hypotheses as well as predictions and
testing, pragmatism leads beyond the usual
duo of foundational alternatives, namely:
1
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Non-monotonic logic
A monotonic logic cannot handle various
reasoning tasks such as Default
logic|reasoning by default (consequences
may be derived only because of lack of
evidence of the contrary), abductive
reasoning (consequences are only deduced
as most likely explanations), some important
approaches to reasoning about knowledge
(the ignorance of a consequence must be
retracted when the consequence becomes
known), and similarly, belief revision (new
knowledge may contradict old beliefs).
1
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Non-monotonic logic - Abductive reasoning
1
Abductive reasoning is the process of deriving the
most likely explanations of the known facts
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Hyle - Substance
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The existence of change is hard to deny,
and if we have to postulate something
unobserved in order to explain what is
observed, that is a valid indirect
demonstration (by abductive reasoning)
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Abductive logic programming
1
It has also been used to interpret Negation as failure
as a form of abductive reasoning.
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Doug Walton - Books
1
* Character Evidence: An Abductive
reasoning|Abductive Theory
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Logical reasoning
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* 'Abductive reasoning', aka inference to the
best explanation, selects a cogent set of
preconditions. Given a true conclusion and a
rule, it attempts to select some possible
premises that, if true also, can support the
conclusion, though not uniquely. Example:
When it rains, the grass gets wet. The grass
is outside and nothing outside is dry,
therefore: maybe it rained. Diagnosticians
and detectives are commonly associated with
this type of reasoning.
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Lorenzo Magnani
1
Currently he is studying the processes of
conceptual innovation and change in
science also in the perspective of
abductive reasoning
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Norwood Russell Hanson - Work
1
He used Charles Sanders Peirce's notion
of abductive reasoning|abduction for
this.Schwendtner, Tibor and Ropolyi,
László and Kiss, Olga (eds.):
Hermeneutika és a természettudományok
(Meaning of the title: Hermeneutics and
the natural sciences)
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Philosopher of science - Justifying science
1
Some argue that what scientists do is not
inductive reasoning at all but rather
abductive reasoning, or inference to the
best explanation
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Philosopher of science - Pre-modern
who distinguished the forms of
approximate and exact reasoning, set out
the threefold scheme of abductive
reasoning|abductive, deductive
reasoning|deductive, and inductive
reasoning|inductive inference, and also
analyzed reasoning by analogy
1
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Abduction (disambiguation) - Sciences
* Abductive reasoning, a
method of reasoning in logic
1
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Semiotician - Some important semioticians
1
He regarded formal semiotic as logic per
se and part of philosophy; as also
encompassing study of arguments
(Abductive reasoning|hypothetical,
Deductive reasoning|deductive, and
Inductive reasoning|inductive) and
inquiry's methods including pragmatism;
and as allied to, but distinct from logic's
pure mathematics
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Gregory House - Character history
1
Due to this abuse, House never believed
John House was his biological father; at
the age of 12, he Abductive
reasoning|inferred a friend of his family
with the same birthmark was his real
father
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C. Auguste Dupin - Dupin's method
1
While discussing Dupin's method in the
light of Charles Sanders Peirce's logic of
making good guesses or abductive
reasoning, Nancy Harrowitz first quotes
Poe's definition of analysis and then
shows how Poe the semiotician is running
the gamut of possibilities here—
inferences, reasoning backwards, visual,
sensual and aural signs, reading faces.
Playing cards with the man would have
been an interesting experience.
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Sherlock Holmes (character) - Holmesian deduction
Holmes's primary
intellectual detection
method is abductive
reasoning
1
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List of perception-related topics - Reasoning
1
** Abductive reasoning ndash; from data
and theory: p and q are correlated, and q
is sufficient for p; hence, if p then
(abducibly) q as cause
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Inductivism
By 1880, C S Peirce had clarified the
basis of deductive inference and, although
recognizing induction, proposed a third
type of inference that Peirce called
abductive reasoning|abduction, now
otherwise termed inference to the best
explanation (IBE).
1
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Inductivism - Peirce
Originator of pragmatism—or, since 1905,
pragmaticism, distinguished from more recent
appropriations of Peirce's original term—the
American Peirce recognized induction, too, but
continuously insisted on a third type of inference
that Pierce variously termed abductive
reasoning|abduction or retroduction or hypothesis
or presumption.Torretti, Philosophy of Physics
(Cambridge U P, 1999), pp
[http://books.google.com/books?id=vg_wxiLRvvY
Cpg=PA226dq=Peirce+abduction+deduction+indu
ction 226],
[http://books.google.com/books?id=vg_wxiLRvvY
Cpg=PA228dq=Peirce+abduction 228–29]
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Inductivism - A myth?
1
C S Peirce describes a form of inference
called 'abductive reasoning|abduction' or
'inference to the best explanation'
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Representation (arts) - Semiotics and logic
1
He sees Charles Sanders Peirce#Modes
of inference|three main modes: Abductive
reasoning|abductive inference (guessing,
inference to a hypothetical explanation);
Deductive reasoning|deduction; and
Inductive reasoning|induction
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Critical method - Hypothesis development
1
Charles Sanders Peirce, borrowing a page
from Aristotle (Prior Analytics,
Inquiry#Abduction|2.25) described the
incipient stages of inquiry, instigated by
the irritation of doubt to venture a plausible
guess, as Inquiry#Abduction|abductive
reasoning
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Critical method - Pragmatic model
1
'Abductive reasoning|Abduction' (or
retroduction)
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Critical method - History
1
Peirce examined and articulated the three
fundamental modes of reasoning that, as
discussed above in this article, play a role
in inquiry today, the processes that are
currently known as abductive
reasoning|abductive, deductive
reasoning|deductive, and inductive
reasoning|inductive inference
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King Saul - Classical rabbinical views
One is based on the abductive
reasoning|reverse logic that punishment is
a proof of guilt, and therefore seeks to rob
Saul of any halo which might surround
him; typically this view is similar to the
republican source
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Integrative thinking - Influences
1
Integrative Thinking is influenced by and
connected to a number of intellectual
traditions. Most notably, it is influenced by
the pragmatism of Charles Sanders Peirce
and his notion of abductive reasoning, the
falsificationism of Karl Popper and the
management theories of Chris Argyris and
James March.
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