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YEAR 10 PRACTICE EXAMINATION 2008 MODEL ANSWERS Question Answer Section ONE Q1.a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. a i. b j. k. l. Acids and Bases HCl, NaCl, NaOH, H2SO4 i. sour ii. red iii. hydrogen iv. blue vinegar (ethanoic acid) – acid – used for flavour (sour), used for preserving (low pH) baking soda (NaHCO3) – base – decomposes on heating to produce CO2 used for making baking rise pH is a scale used to tell us how many hydrogen ions are present in a solution (ie: how acidic or how basic a substance is) 1 – red 3 – orange 5 – yellow 7 – green 9 – blue 11 – indigo 13 - violet acetic acid 3 - 4 lemon juice 2 - 3 water 7 salt 7 baking soda 8 sodium hydroxide 13 - 14 Observations: Bubbles of colourless gas (effervescence) Zinc metal disappears Test tube gets warmer zinc + hydrochloric acid → zinc chloride + hydrogen Limewater can be used (will go cloudy if CO2 is present) Two test tubes – one with reacts in it and a second with lime water - connected with a delivery tube. Bubbles of CO2 will go into limewater Indicator An acidic substance (anything with a pH of less than 7 eg: HCl) could be added to the solution to get it to turn red / purple A alkaline substance (anything with a pH of more than 7 eg: NaOH) could be added to the solution to get it to turn green / yellow Method: Get 3 test tubes. Add 1 mL of each solution to each test tube. Add a 2 drops of universal indicator to each test tube solution Results: Table salt will turn Universal Indicator green (neutral) Citric acid will turn Universal Indicator orange – a weak acid – pH of 2 – 3 HCl will turn Universal Indicator red – a strong acid – pH of 1 Question ATOMIC STRUCTURE TWo a. Proton, relative mass of 1, found in the nucleus Neutron, no charge Electron, relative mass is negligible, relative charge -1, found orbiting outside of the nucleus b. i Y and Z are the same atoms b. ii The number of protons defines an element (atom). Both Y and Z have 6 protons c. Fluorine, F, 2,7 Sodium, Na, atomic number 11, 12 neutrons, 11 electrons, Calcium, mass number 40, 20 protons, 20 electrons, 2,8,8,2 d. NaCl sodium and chlorine, 1 Na and 1 Cl, total of 2 atoms NH4NO3 nitrogen and hydrogen and oxygen, 2 N, 4 H, 3 O, total of 9 atoms Fe(OH)2 iron and oxygen and hydrogen, 1 Fe, 2 O, 2 H, total of 5 atoms e. Magnesium oxide, Copper sulfate, Calcium hydroxide Potassium chloride Calcium carbonate Section TWO 1.a. b. c. d. FOOD AND DIGESTION Glucose – add Benedict’s solution - turns solution brick red / orange Starch – add iodine – turns blue/black Protein – Biurets – turns solution purple Vitamins and minerals – fruits and vegetables – brain development and learning, enzyme formation Carbohydrates – potatoes, rice, cereals, fruit – energy Proteins – meat, fish, chicken, nuts, eggs – growth and repair of body cells Fats and oils – nuts, butter, milk – energy / storage- e Lentils, eggs, milk, nuts, pulses Food, broken, smaller, bloodstream, e. Question 2 a. b. c. d. i d. iii d. iii d. iv mouth, teeth / chewing, saliva oesophagus, stomach hydrochloric acid, enzymes bile bloodstream , large intestine / colon, water rectum, sphincter, anus Clockwise from left to right Anus Large intestine Liver Mouth Oesophagus Stomach Pancreas Small intestine Rectum GENETICS Two foot length / height range, second, discontinuous widow’s peak, eye-colour Chromosome number in daughter cells same as in parent cell, produces 2 new cells with exact copies of the original chromosomes, for the growth, repair and replacement of body cells Fertilisation, zygote cell formed – a new cell with full number of chromosomes Halves chromosome number - produces 4 new cells (sex cells – gametes), have half the number of chromosomes in each cell Chromosomes – long pieces of DNA wound up. Contains instructions called genes Homozygous – 2 of the same copies of an allele: 2 blue eyed allele) Allele – different form of a gene Gene – long piece of DNA that codes for a characteristic Mutation – change in the DNA sequence of a gene Brian bb blue eyes, Laki bb blue eyes Erana Bb or bb brown or blue eyes Moana – Bb Laki – bb Brian – bb Bb Bb bb bb 50 % d. v d. vi Section THREE Q 1a. i a. ii a. iii a. iv a. v a. vi a. vii a. viii Question TWO I ii. a ii. b Iii Each child is produced from an individual event and they are not related (eg: tossing a coin). Punnett squares tell you what the possible chances each time a child is conceived not what the actual outcome will be. Phenotype is the physical outcome. In the case of eyes it is the colour of the eyes. If a parent is homozygous (ie: the genes are the same BB) then when they have children they must pass on a brown eyed gene. This gene will always be expressed as it is a dominant gene to blue eyes. All children produced from a homozygous brown eyed parent will have brown eyes as they will either be homozygous for brown eyes BB or heterozygous for brown eyes Bb. MOTION 0 – 8 mins – accelerating 8 – 16 mins – constant speed 30 minutes At 10 minutes Yacht A - 1200 metres Yacht B - 1000 metres Distance between yachts is 200 metres Correctly completing graph Yacht A 60 minutes Yacht A – it accelerated faster away from the start mark – as can be seen from the steeper gradient of the line Speed = distance / time Speed = (1000 – 400) / (30 - 15) Speed = 600 / 15 40 metres minute-1 FORCES In a clockwise direction from the left Forward thrust (drive force), support, friction (drag), gravity (weight force) Continues to move at constant speed acceleration In space mass = 58 kg On the Moon mass = 58 kg On Earth weight = 580 N iv. v. Question Three a. b. c. d. e. f. g. Work = force x distance Work = 25 x 400 Work = 10000 Joules Kinetic energy → heat energy ELECTRICITY All correct symbol Name symbol name Lamp Battery Single cell Voltmeter Variable resistor Fuse Correctly drawn following the rules All lines are drawn straight (using a ruler) Use of correct symbols All angles are 90o No components are drawn in the corners of the circuit No gaps in the circuit Series Each bulb gets the same amount of energy (ie: none are brighter than any other) If one bulb fails then all the rest will continue to work Pure water is an insulator, but tap water from contains ions such as Fluoride and Calcium etc. Ions are charged particles and are free to move in solution. As a result the charge can complete the circuit and the person will be electrocuted. Circuit correctly drawn following rules in b. above The circuit will include the following components: Power supply, resistance wire, ammeter Correctly drawn graph Voltage against Current Voltage (V) 15 10 5 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 Current (A) h. Section Current at 8 V is 0.6 Amps Voltage at 2.0 A is 1.2 Volts EARTH SCIENCE 0.8 1 1.2 FOUR Q1a. i a. ii a. iii a. iv b.i b. ii b. iii b. iv c. d. e. f. Q 2.a b. c. d. Inner core Outer core Mantle Crust Inner core – solid interior due to intense heat and pressure, made of Nickel and Iron – Outer core – liquid material Mantle – liquid material which flows with convection current Crust - solid outside rock. Varies in depth in continental and crustal areas Heat → rising convection current → semi molten rock spreads out carrying plates with it → cools and sinks down Subduction – where one plate subducts (moves) underneath another plate Subduction occurs in the central North Island where the Pacific Plate is subducting underneath the Indo Australian Plate This process that causes volcanism in the central North Island area. Eg: Mt Ruapehu and Mt Tongararo Volcanic labels – from bottom left to right Parasitic cone Lava bomb Ash cloud Pyroclastics flow Crater Lava flow Magma chamber Mt Eden, Mt Albert, Mt Roskill, Three Kings, Mt St John, Mt Hobson, Rangitoto, Pupuke,etc Wellington and Wairarapa – two plates moving past each other (transform plate boundary) Erosion and Sedimentation , Heat and Pressure, Melting