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GLOSSARY A Aerobic ‘with oxygen’; when exercise is moderate and steady, the heart can supply all the oxygen the working muscles need Agility the ability to change the position of the body quickly and to control the movement of the whole body easily Altitude training training at a place situated high above sea level Amateur a sportsperson usually parttime who competes without receiving payment Anaerobic ‘without oxygen’, when exercising in short, fast bursts, the heart cannot supply blood and oxygen to the muscles as fast as the cells can use them, so energy is released without oxygen present Anorexia eating disorder marked by insufficient intake of food Aorta the main artery of the body, blood vessel transporting oxygenated blood to the body tissues Atrophy decline in effectiveness; when muscles atrophy they weaken and lose their strength and size B Balance the ability to retain the centre of mass (gravity) of the body above the base of support with reference to static (stationary) or dynamic (changing) conditions of movement, shape and orientation Balanced diet daily intake of food containing right amounts and types of nutrients Blood doping method of increasing the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood, by increasing haemoglobin levels and red blood cell count C Calcium an essential element for strong healthy bones; dairy products provide a good source of calcium Carbohydrate loading eating large amounts of carbohydrate-rich foods to build up glycogen levels in the body to use in endurance events Cardiac muscle only found in the heart, never tires Cardiac output the amount of blood pumped by the heart in one minute Cardiovascular relating to the heart and blood vessels GLOSSARY Cardiovascular fitness the ability to exercise the entire body for long periods of time; this is dependent on the fitness of the heart, blood and blood vessels Circuit training a series of exercises completed in order and for a certain time limit Circulatory system transports blood, using the heart, through all parts of the body Closed skills skills performed in an unchanging environment Compound/open fracture break of the bone that pierces the skin, causing a risk of infection Concussion injury to the brain, caused by a blow to the head, may cause a person temporarily to lose consciousness Continuous training aerobic exercising, at a moderate to high level, with no rests lasting for a sustained period of time Cool down exercises after the main activity gradually bringing the body systems back to near resting state Co-ordination the ability to perform complex moves using two or more body parts together D Dehydration extreme lack of water in the body, usually as a result of exercising in hot conditions or heavy sweating Dislocate disturb the usual arrangement of bones so that they move out of their usual joint arrangement DRABC Danger (to casualty or first aider?) Response (different levels of casualty response – alert/unresponsive; presence or absence of voice/pain?) Airway (is there a blockage of the airway?) Breathing (is casualty breathing?) Circulation (is the blood circulating?) Drugs substances (other than food) that, when taken into the body, cause a change; socially unacceptable drugs are drugs that are illegal to possess Dual provision an agreement where by sports facilities are used by one or more types of users such as schools and the public Dual use see dual provision Dynamometer a device used to measure strength E Ectomorph body type with little fat or muscle and a narrow shape Emergency procedures series of actions to be followed in a crisis Endomorph body type that is apple or pear shaped with a large amount of fat Endurance the ability to keep working over a period of time without tiring or losing skill Etiquette a code of polite behaviour Expiration breathing out, exhalation Extra Curricular Activity an activity which takes place at a school outside of time-tabled GLOSSARY F Heat exhaustion fatigue brought on by the body temperature rising Fartlek training ‘speed play’: changing speed, distances and times of exercise, with rests in the same session Hypertrophy when muscle increases in size due to regular exercise Fatigue extreme tiredness and physical exhaustion Feedback information a performer receives about their performance Fitness a variety of factors which combine to give a sportsperson an efficient body, able to cope with a high degree of physical demand FITT frequency, intensity, time and type Hypothermia condition of the body when its core temperature falls below 35° I Inspiration the drawing in of breath, inhalation Interval training mixing periods of hard exercise with rest periods J Flexibility joints’ ability to move to their full range L G Glycogen the form in which, carbohydrates are stored on the muscle and liver Governing body a group responsible for rules, procedures and fixtures of a particular game or event Lactic acid produced in the muscle tissues during strenuous exercise, as a result of insufficient oxygen availability M Maximum heart rate calculated as 220 minus age Mesomorph body that is characterised by being muscular H Haemoglobin found in red blood cells; transports oxygen to body tissue Health a state of complete social, mental and physical well-being Heart rate the number of times the heart beats per minute Metabolic rate the speed at which energy is used up Minimum level of fitness (for health) the resulting fitness level when over a period of weeks three to five exercise sessions of 20 minutes, raising the heart rate to 60%-80% of its maximum, are completed GLOSSARY Muscle definition muscle shape Muscle endurance the ability to use voluntary muscles, over long periods of time without getting tired Muscular fatigue the state of a muscle when it can no longer contract Muscle tone muscles in a state of very slight tension, ready and waiting to be used Muscular strength the amount of force a muscle can exert against a resistance in one attempt N P Performance-enhancing drugs substances that artificially improve personal characteristics and performance Posture the way the muscles hold the body when still or in motion Power the ability to complete strength performances quickly; power = strength x speed Principles of training ideas effects of training SPORT. behind Professional a full time sportsperson who gets paid for competing O Progression starting slowly and gradually increasing the amount of exercise completed Obese a term used to describe people who are very overfat Pulse rate the rate per minute at which the heart beats Open Skills skills which exist in a situation that is constantly changing R Overload following the principle that the body can only be improved through training more and harder than normal Reaction time the time between the presentation of a stimulus and the onset of a movement Recovery rate the time it takes for the heart and metabolism to return to resting after exercise Overuse injury this can be caused by using a part of the body too much or by too much repetitive training Oxygen debt the amount of oxygen consumed during recovery above that which would have been consumed in the same time at rest, this results in a shortfall in the oxygen available Rehabilitate recovery from injury Resting heart rate number of heart beats per minute when the body is at rest Reversibility any adaption that takes place as a consequence of training will be reversed when a person stops training RICE rest, ice, compression, elevation; order of treatment for a minor soft tissue injury GLOSSARY S Tidal volume amount of air breathed in or out at rest Self-esteem a feeling of being pleased with, proud or confident of oneself Training a planned programme which uses scientific principles to improve performance, skill, game ability and motor and physical fitness Simple/closed fracture break of the bone when the skin is not broken Skill-related fitness physical motor abilities of the body adapted to specific sports A B C P R T. Somatotype particular body type and shape of an individual. There are three types: ectomorph, endomorph and mesomorph Specificity concentrating on specific kinds of activity or exercise to build specific body parts Speed the differential rate at which an individual is able to perform a movement or cover a distance in a period of time Station a place or area which is part of a circuit used in circuit training Stress a state of mental or emotional strain leading to anxiety and nervous tension Stress-related illnesses illnesses such as heart attack, ulcer, high blood pressure Stoke volume the amount of blood pumped out of the heart by each ventricle during one contraction T Technique the manner someone performs a skill in which U Unconsciousness state of unawareness, and unwakening sleep V VO2 max maximum amount of oxygen the body can take in W Warm down a period of gentle exercise after taking part in physical activity to allow the body to recover safely and return to its normal state Warm-up exercises gradually putting stresses on the body systems in preparation for the main activity Weight training progressively lifting heavier weights to improve strength or lifting weights more often to improve stamina