Download Systematic Review Protocol

Systematic Review Protocol
Review Title
Measurement Accuracy of Non-invasively obtained Central Systolic Blood
Pressure and Central Pulse Pressure- A Systematic Review
Reviewers
Primary Reviewer
Hao-min Cheng, M.D. and MSc Clinical Science Candidate. Department of
Medical Research and Education Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei,
Taiwan; Department of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan;
The Joanna Briggs Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of
Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005. Contact: [email protected]
Secondary Reviewer
Dora Lang RN, BSN, Adv Dip Nsg (Oncology) and MSc Clinical Science
Candidate. Singapore National University Hospital Centre for Evidence Based
Nursing, a collaborating centre of the Joanna Briggs Institute; the Joanna Briggs
Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA
5005. Contact: [email protected]
Supervisors
Prof Alan Pearson AM RN, MSc, PhD, FRCNA, FCN, FAAG, FRCN Joanna
Briggs Institute, University of Adelaide, South Australia. Contact:
[email protected]
Professor Stephen Grant Worthley, M.B., B.S., Ph.D., F.R.A.C.P., F.A.C.C.,
F.C.S.A.N.Z. Helpman Chair of Cardiovascular Medicine, Discipline of Medicine,
The University of Adelaide. Director, Cardiac Catheterization Laboratories; Royal
Adelaide Hospital. Director, Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Royal
Adelaide Hospital Contact: [email protected]
Catalin Tufanaru. MD, MPH. Research Associate. Synthesis Science Unit
(SSU). The Joanna Briggs Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences. The University of
Adelaide. Contact: [email protected]
Review Objective
To synthesise the best available research evidence on the accuracy of current
non-invasive measurement methods for central systolic blood pressure and
central pulse pressure.
Review Question
What is the accuracy of current non-invasive measurement methods for
central systolic blood pressure and central pulse pressure, compared with
invasion measurement techniques?
Background
Concept of Central Blood Pressure and Pulse Pressure Amplification
Blood pressure (BP) measurement has been used extensively in daily clinical
practice to characterise the circulatory system as well as to diagnose and
manage patients with cardiovascular disease. An arterial pulse can be briefly
described by Systolic blood pressure (SBP), which is the peak of an arterial pulse
wave and Diastolic blood pressure (DBP), which is the trough of a arterial pulse
wave. Pulse pressure (PP) is the difference between SBP and DBP. However,
BP determined at different sites can have considerable different values.
Generally, from the central aorta to the beginnings of the peripheral artery, such
as the brachial and radial arteries, the lack of significant resistance of large
conduit arteries keeps mean and diastolic pressures at nearly the same
values.1In contrast, peripheral systolic blood pressure (SBP) and pulse pressure
(PP) are usually higher than their corresponding values in central arteries.2-4 This
“pressure amplification” phenomenon of SBP and PP from the central arteries to
the peripheral brachial arteries results from decreased vascular compliance of
peripheral arteries as well as distal wave reflections, which distort the
propagating arterial pressure wave.4-6 The aorta-brachial PP amplification
becomes less obvious with advancing age and the disproportional stiffening of
the central elastic versus peripheral muscular arteries, which leads to early return
of the prominent reflected waves from the lower body, causing augmentation of
the aortic SBP and PP. 5, 7 However, large inter- and intra-individual disparities
between the peripheral and central blood pressures in the elderly still exist.7,8,9,10
Recognition of the differences between peripheral and central aortic blood
pressures is important because the latter may be more relevant than the former in
predicting cardiovascular risk.11-13 Moreover, recent studies suggest that the PP
amplification may not be just a mathematical expression but carry additional
pathophysiologic and prognostic value beyond that of central and peripheral PP
alone.14, 15
Prognostic Importance of Central Blood Pressure
Blood pressure in central arteries, such as the ascending aorta and common
carotid arteries are directly related to the loads imposed on the heart. The
branching structure and mechanical properties of the arterial system cause blood
pressure in peripheral arteries to be amplified and thus peripheral pressure does
not necessarily accurately reflect the central pressure.16 Since central blood
pressure can be estimated non-invasively,17, 18 it is reasonable to presume and
has been shown in population-based studies11, 12, 19 and in hypertension trials,20
that the non-invasively measured central blood pressure has incremental values
in predicting cardiovascular outcomes beyond standard brachial blood pressure
measurements in various populations. There has been a systematic review
investigating the prognostic importance of central SBP and PP demonstrated by
these studies.21 However, this recent meta-analysis of longitudinal studies
suggested that elevated SBP was not significantly associated with higher relative
risk of clinical events as compared to elevated brachial SBP.21 This may cast
doubt on the accuracy of the non-invasively estimated central SBP.22,23
Measurements of Central Blood Pressure (illustration of methods in figure 1)
Measurement accuracy is the agreement between parameters (continuous
variables) measured by a tested method and a reference gold standard method.
For the purposes of this review, the gold standard will be the invasive central
aortic SBP and PP.
Current common methods for the non-invasive estimation of central blood
pressure require the acquisition of an arterial pressure waveform by applanation
tonometry. Professionals can obtain carotid arterial pressure waveforms directly,
which has been shown to be a robust surrogate for central aortic pressure
waveforms.12,17,24,25 To measure central SBP or PP, more popularly, the acquired
peripheral arterial pressure waveforms can be subsequently transformed into a
central aortic pressure waveform using a generalised transfer function26,27.
Alternatively, the peripheral waveforms can be directly analysed to identify the
late systolic shoulder (SBP2) on them.4 Late systolic shoulder of a peripheral
pressure waveform has been shown to approximate the central SBP in previous
primary research studies. 4, 9, 28-31
A. Carotid
tonometry
CSBPc
B. Radial
tonometry
Transfer function
CSBPa
C. Radial
tonometry
Radial SBP2
Figure 1. Illustrations of different methodologies for estimating central
systolic blood pressure (CSBP). Panel A: Use carotid artery applanation
tonometry to obtain calibrated carotid pulse waveform and corresponding
CSBP (CSBPc); Panel B: Use radial arterial applanation tonometry and a
transfer function to reconstruct aortic pulse waveform and calculate
corresponding CSBP (CSBPa); Panel C: Identify late systolic shoulder of
radial pulse waveform (radial SBP2) to approximate CSBP;
Applanation tonometry
To obtain faithful pressure waveforms non-invasively, applanation
tonometry, which uses an externally applied micromanometer-tipped probe to
continuously record peripheral pulse waveforms, is the current most
commonly used and accepted technique.24, 32 The arterial pulse is recorded by
the tip of the probe with optimal pressure which makes the
corresponding arterial wall become completely flattened (applanated).
Therefore, the intra-arterial pressure is equal to the contact pressure.33, 34The
optimal state is easily achieved for an exposed vessel, but it is sometimes not
the case if there is substantial soft tissue between the external probe tip and
the artery in situ, such as a carotid artery. Hence, it always requires a trained
professional to obtain reliable and reproducible registration of arterial pressure
waveforms.
Cuff Blood Pressure (BP) measurements
The non-invasively acquired arterial waveforms are voltage signals initially
and have to be converted to pressure unit by calibrating to the measured
blood pressures from sphygmomanometers (cuff blood pressure). Using the
concept of constant mean blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure along
the arterial tree, the non-invasive waveforms can be calibrated and regarded
as the surrogate of intra-arterial pressure waveforms.34
A. Transfer function
Transfer function is a mathematical relationship between two physical
properties. In this proposed review, it indicates the mathematic relations
between pressure waveforms of central and peripheral arteries. The most
common method of measuring central BP utilises applanation tonometry of the
radial artery to obtain its pressure waveforms Details of the measurement
concept and procedures can be found in research performed with a commercial
apparatus (SphygmoCor System; AtCor Medical, Sydney)3, 11, 20, 26, 35-37 It has
been the most popular central BP measurement device to date. In brief, with a
universal or generalized relationship between radial and central aortic pressure
waveforms, we can obtain a central aortic pressure waveform by applying this
constant relationship to a non-invasively acquired radial pressure waveform.
B. Identification of Peripheral SBP2
SBP2 is late systolic should of a pressure waveform, which is resulted from
distal pressure wave reflections. Utilisation of generalised transfer function for
measuring central BP has been questioned.38 Another approach has been
proposed to bypass the generalised transfer function approach based on the
finding that the second radial pressure peak or late SBP2 directly identified
from a peripheral pressure waveform agrees well with the peak (SBP) of
central aortic pressure waveforms.28,29, 30,31, 9 The commercially available
product using this concept for estimation of central blood pressure is
OmronHEM-9000AI.
C. Carotid Pulse wave obtained by carotid artery tonometry
Pressure waveform of carotid artery is a good surrogate for central aortic
pressure waveform. 17, 24, 25 Therefore, the central systolic blood pressure
refers to SBP of the central aorta or carotid arteries, and central pulse
pressure refers to PP of the central aorta or carotid arteries. It requires higher
level techniques to perform applanation tonometry on a carotid artery because
of the surrounding loose soft tissue. 34. All device equipped with tonometer are
capable of acquisition of pressure waveforms of carotid arteries, from which
central BP can be measured.
Reference standard
The real goal standard of the non-invasively obtained central aortic blood
pressure for reference should be the invasively obtained counterpart. According
to the statement by Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation
(AAMI), the intra-arterial pressure can be measured with a saline-filled (fluid-filled)
catheter and an external pressure transducer with tip in situ. The characteristics
of the pressure system, such as damping coefficients and/or resonant frequency
of the invasive blood pressure monitoring equipment, should be provided in the
validation process.39
Rationale of Systematic Review
The 2007 ESH/ESC Hypertension Guidelines18 addressed the differences
between aortic systolic and pulse pressure and the conventionally measured
brachial pressure, as well as their dissimilar responses to different
antihypertensive drugs. In addition, it also stated that aortic blood pressure may
be estimated non-invasively.18 Although the accuracy of these methods have
been examined in many previous primary studies, 8,40,38, 41,23, 31,42,30,43,44,22, they
have neither been systematically reviewed for their study quality nor metaanalysed for combined accuracy. The warranty of the statement endorsed by the
Guideline requires re-evaluation. The present review aims to examine the quality
of these studies and to assess the accuracy of these methods in estimating
central SBP and PP in participants of different characteristics.
An initial search of the Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews, JBI Library of
Systematic Reviews, CRD database, and Medline was performed and no existing
systematic review (completed or in progress) nor existing systematic review
protocol on this topic was identified.
Two existing systematic reviews examined the accuracy of devices utilising
different methods for measuring body temperatures in children and young people.
45, 46
In these reviews, a critical appraisal checklist modified from the one used to
assess diagnostic studies was used.47 The present review will adapt the
methodology proposed in these studies to compare different methods for
measuring central SBP and PP presented in previous individual studies.
Inclusion criteria
Types of Participants
This review will consider all studies of adult patients (18+ years old)
regardless of clinical diagnosis, co-morbidities, treatments received who have
been receiving measurement(s) of central SBP and/or central PP both invasively
and non-invasively on the same subjects.
Types of Interventions/Phenomena of Interest
Studies will be considered for inclusion if the focus of the study is an
examination of the accuracy of non-invasive measurement methods using
applanation tonometry for central systolic blood pressure and central pulse
pressure non-invasive measurement of central BP. Studies will be considered if
the non-invasive central SBP and PP measurements have been compared with
reference to invasive obtained values.
Types of Comparator
Invasive central aortic BP Measurement by a fluid-filled system and/or
external pressure transducer.39
Types of Outcome Measures
This review will consider studies that include the following types of outcome
measures: means of differences between the paired measurements of a noninvasive and invasive technique, standard deviation of differences between
paired measurements of a non-invasive and invasive technique, correlation
coefficients of the paired measurements of a non-invasive and invasive technique,
and any other measures for measurement agreement.
Types of Studies
This review will consider any primary research study using method
comparison design examining the agreement between measurements using noninvasive central BP measuring techniques and invasive measurement methods
as a reference.
Exclusion criteria
Studies will be excluded if the non-invasive central BP measurements
1. have been compared to another non-invasive method
2. have not been performed with applanation tonometry, which is a faithful
and widely accepted technique
Search Strategy
The search will be limited to English and Chinese language studies from 1970
to 2011. Research on central blood pressure can date back to 1980, therefore a
start date for the search of 1970 was chosen to ensure all relevant publications
are identified.
The search strategy aims to find both published and unpublished studies. A
three-step search strategy will be utilised in this review. An initial limited search of
MEDLINE and PUBMED will be undertaken followed by analysis of the text words
contained in the title and abstract, and of the index terms used to describe article.
A second search using all identified keywords and index terms will then be
undertaken across all included databases. Thirdly, the reference list of all
identified reports and articles will be searched for additional studies.
 The following databases will be searched:
PubMed
CINAHL
Cochrane Library (including Cochrane DSR, DARE and CCTR)
Chinese Periodicals Index
EMBASE
Reference lists of identified studies will also be searched for further studies for
inclusion.

The search for unpublished studies will include the following sources:
Any unpublished studies presented in proceedings of conferences will be
searched from MEDNAR and websites of meetings held by professional
associations such as American Heart Association, European Heart Association,
American College of Cardiology, American society of hypertension, and
International Society of Hypertension.
Grey Literature Report (via New York Academy of Medicine)
 The initial search terms:
Central blood pressure, aortic blood pressure, carotid blood pressure, SBP2,
late systolic shoulder, late systolic peak, late upstroke, transfer function,
SphygmoCor , method comparison, Bland-Altman analysis, agreement, accuracy,
applanation tonometry, arterial tonometry
Assessment of Methodological Quality/ Critical Appraisal
Research papers selected for retrieval will be assessed by two independent
reviewers for methodological validity prior to inclusion in the review using an
original specific critical appraisal tool designed for the review. The critical
appraisal tool (Appendix I) was developed by consensus of reviewers and
supervisors based on the critical appraisal criteria used by Craig et al 200045 and
Craig et al 2002.46 These two systematic reviews investigated the measurement
accuracy of different body temperature measuring methods. Body temperature
was the tested continuous variables and the agreement between new and
reference standard methods were examined. The appraisal tool for measurement
accuracy studies used in these two systematic reviews was based on the
recommendation for critical appraisal of diagnostic studies. 47
Any disagreements that arise between the reviewers will be resolved through
discussion, or with a third reviewer.
Data Extraction
Data will be extracted from papers included in the review using an original
data extraction form designed for this review (Appendix II). The data extraction
tool (Appendix II) was developed by consensus of reviewers and supervisors
based on the previous systematic reviews for measurement accuracy.
45, 46
The data extracted will include specific details about the methods for
measurements of central SBP and PP, population characteristics and the actual
results of measurements.
Data Synthesis
Quantitative papers will, where possible be pooled in statistical meta-analysis
using the Joanna Briggs Institute Meta Analysis of Statistics Assessment and
Review Instrument (JBI-MAStARI). An alternative meta-analysis (MetaAnalyst48)
software will be used if MAStARI is not appropriate for the analysis of specific
measurement accuracy data. Where statistical pooling is not possible the
findings will be presented in narrative form. Subgroup analysis will be performed
if preliminary results suggest any group characteristics might interfere in outcome
interpretation.
Conflicts of interests
None
Acknowledgements
This work will contribute to a Masters in Clinical Sciences for the primary
reviewer and therefore a secondary reviewer will be used for critical appraisal
and data extraction only.
Appendices
Appendix I: Critical Appraisal Instrument(S)45, 46, 49
Reviewer
Date
Authors
Year
Record
Number
Criteria and Rationale for Assessing Methodological Quality of Method
Yes No
Comparison Studies*
．Were cuff BP measurements performed using validated BP
monitors over arms?﹟50, 51 BP monitors are very popular and
unvalidated BP monitors produce unreliable and invalid results
．Were all measurements carried out concurrently or immediately
sequentially?﹟
Where there is a delay between the two
readings, any difference in results could potentially be attributed to a
change in actual blood pressure.
．Were acquisition of waveforms performed by trained
professionals?
Where there is a
statement that the waveform acquisition was performed by
professionals who have received training and were experienced in
these procedures.
．Were acquired waveforms examined for its reliability?
Where there is statement reporting the reproducibility of
measurements
．Were the reference standard results interpreted without
knowledge of the results of the index test? Were the index test
results interpreted without knowledge of the results of the
reference standard? Independently refers to the fact that operators
performing test and reference standard should not be aware of the
results from each other
．Did patients receive the same reference standard
regardless of the index test result? (differential verification)
．Was the second reading taken before any interventions were
given?
Avoid treatment paradox
．Were statistical method appropriately performed?
*Criteria was graded as yes, no, or not stated
﹟
Criteria modified specifically for blood pressure
No
Stated
Appendix II: Data Extraction Instrument
Reviewer
Date
Authors
Year
Record Number
Study Method (Design)
Setting
Center
Participants
Recruitment
Sampling
Flow Chart
Country of Study
Measurement Method
Data collection
Inclusion Criteria
exclusion Criteria
□ Based on presenting symptoms or other test results
□ Others
□ Consecutive enrolled based on defined criteria
□ Others methods for futher selection:
□ No._____ of participants satisfying the criteria for inclusion
but not undergoing the study and stated the reason______
□ Prospective
Trained Professionals
executing the
□
noninvasive
measurements
□ Retrospective
Trained Professionals
□ executing the invasive
measurements
Number of trained
professionals
Study Duration
□ Methods for calculating reproducibility
Year
to
Month
□ Central BP Measured by Transfer
function
□ Sphygmocor
Other
□ methods using
TF
□ Central BP Measured by Carotid
tonometry
□ Central BP Measured by SBP2
□ Central BP Measured by NPMA
method
to
Tested Device Procedures
Type of cuff BP monitor
Site of cuff BP measured
Calibration method
Number of participants
Any interval and treatment
between invasive and noninvasive tests
Reference Invasive Standard
Procedures
□ Cuff BP measured over arms
□ Cuff BP measured over wrists
□ Arm
□ SBP/DBP
□
□ Yes
□ External Pressure
name
Catheter
□ Fluid filled pressure damping
transducer system
coefficient
resonant
frequency
□ Radial artery
approach
□ femoral artery
approach
Outcome
Population description
Number of total participants
age range of participants
mean age of participants
BMI
Arm circumferences
Proportions (%) of male
among participants
Proportions (%) HTN
Proportions (%) CAD
Proportions (%) Type 2
Diabetes Mellitus
Proportions (%)
Dyslipidemia
Proportions (%) Chronic
renal failure
Proportions (%) Smoking
Proportions (%) Calcium
channel blocker
MBP/DBP
□
SD
SD
SD
Other
□ No
□ Wrist
Other
Proportions (%)
Angiotensin converting
enzyme blockade
Proportions (%) Diuretics
Proportions (%) Betablocker
Proportions (%) alpha
blockade
Proportions (%)
Angiotensin-II receptor
blockade
Proportions (%) Statin
Proportions (%) antiplatelet
agents
Outcome (Agreement)
description 1
Means of differences
95% CI
SD of differences
Pearson r of correlations
Outcome (Agreement)
description 2
Means of differences
95% CI
SD of differences
Pearson r of correlations
Outcome (Agreement)
description 3
Means of differences
95% CI
SD of differences
Pearson r of correlations
Outcome (Agreement)
description 4
Means of differences
95% CI
SD of differences
Pearson r of correlations
Outcome (Agreement)
description 5
Tested Device
Means of measurement
SD of measurement
95% CI of measurement
Reference Standard
Means of measurement
SD of measurement
95% CI of measurement
Outcome (Agreement)
description 6
Tested Device
Means of measurement
SD of measurement
95% CI of measurement
Reference Standard
Means of measurement
SD of measurement
95% CI of measurement
Adverse events
Subgroup analysis
performed for variability
Author
Conclusion(discussion for
clinical applicability)
Comments
□ yes
□ no
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