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Meteorology
th
4
Grade Science
EQ:
What is meteorology?
What are the 5 layers of the
atmosphere?
Meteorology K-W-L
Know
Want to Know
Learned
What is meteorology?
• Root and suffix
– meteor means “things high
in the air, atmosphere”
– ology means “the study of”
Meteorology is the study of the atmosphere and
weather.
Layers of the Atmosphere
Key Terms
atmosphere- the mass of air surrounding Earth
mesosphere- the middle layer of the atmosphere where
meteors burn up
stratosphere- a low layer in the atmosphere where the
ozone layer is found, in addition to weather balloons.
troposphere- the lowest portion of Earth’s atmosphere
where most weather occurs and temperature
decreases with height
thermosphere- a very thin, hot layer of the atmosphere
where the space shuttle and International Space
Station orbit, Aurora Borealis
exosphere- the outer-most layer of the atmosphere
where you “exit” Earth’s atmosphere.
Who Am I?
• (1731-1806)
• Published a Farmer’s Almanac from
1792-1802
• Reproduced from memory, in two
days, a complete layout of the
streets, parks, and major buildings
for Washington, DC
• Polymath- farmer, engineer,
surveyor, city planner, astronomer,
mathematician, inventor, author, and
social critic”
EQ:
What is weather?
What tools are used to measure
weather?
Layers of the Atmosphere
Key Terms
atmosphere- the mass of air surrounding Earth
mesosphere- the middle layer of the atmosphere where
meteors burn up
stratosphere- a low layer in the atmosphere where the
ozone layer is found, in addition to weather balloons.
troposphere- the lowest portion of Earth’s atmosphere
where most weather occurs and temperature
decreases with height
thermosphere- a very thin, hot layer of the atmosphere
where the space shuttle and International Space
Station orbit, Aurora Borealis
exosphere- the outer-most layer of the atmosphere
where you “exit” Earth’s atmosphere.
Weather Key Terms
air pressure- the force of the atmosphere on its surroundings
anemometer- a tool for measuring wind speed and direction
barometer- a tool for measuring air pressure
prevailing wind- air that moves in a consistent direction over time
temperature- the degree of heat in an environment
thermometer- a tool for measuring heat
weather map- a map showing the principal weather conditions in a
region at a given time
weather- state of the atmosphere at a given time and place, caused by
temperature, humidity, and wind velocity
weather satellite- observes the conditions of earth and
atmosphere, including cloud cover, from space
EQ:
What influences changes in the
weather?
Weather Fronts Key Terms
air mass- a large body of air that has similar horizontal temperature
and moisture characteristics
cold front- the boundary between an advancing cold air mass and a
retreating warm air mass
high pressure system- location where the force of the air is greater
than the surrounding atmosphere; usually air spirals outward in a
clockwise direction- generally results in cool, fair weather
low pressure system- location where the force of the air is less than
the surrounding atmosphere; usually air spirals inward in a
counterclockwise direction- generally associated with precipitation
prevailing wind- air that moves in a consistent direction over time
warm front- the boundary between an advancing and rising warm
air mass and a retreating cold air mass
High and Low Pressure? Huh?
H
L
Weather Map Symbols
H
Cold Front
High Pressure
Warm Front
L
Low Pressure
Stationary
Front
Sunny
Partly Sunny
Cloudy
Thunderstorm
Rain
Snow
What is the difference between
weather and climate?
EQ:
What are the 5 basic parts of the
water cycle?
Water Cycle Key Terms
condensation- the process in which gas turns into a
liquid
evaporation- the process in which liquid changes to a
gas
percolation- the process in which water seeps through
the layers of soil down to the bedrock.
precipitation- water droplets and ice crystals in clouds
that become too large to remain suspended in the
atmosphere and so fall to earth; ex: rain, snow
radiation- energy directed outward from a source in the
form of waves or particles
run-off- the process in which water follows the force of
gravity to lower points, usually in the form of a stream
or river.
transpiration- water released into atmosphere from
plants in the form of vapor
The Water Cycle -Hydrologic Cycle
Solar
radiation
Condensation
The Hydrologic Cycle
EQ:
Name 3 basic cloud types.
Types of Clouds Key Terms
cirrus cloud- a kind of cloud that has a feathery or wispy
appearance and is found at high levels in the
atmosphere
cumulus cloud- a kind of cloud that has a flattened base
but a puffed appearance with rounded tops and can be
found at all altitudes
stratus cloud- a relatively uniform thin, flat sheet of cloud
that occurs in the atmosphere’s lower levels
thunderhead- the swollen upper part of a thundercloud
cumulonimbus- a kind of cloud that has a flat bottom, but
a swollen upper part shaped like an anvil. It is
associated with thunderstorms.
Water Cycle Processes
evaporation- liquid changes to a gas
condensation- vapor changes to a liquid
precipitation- water falls back to the earth as
rain, snow, sleet, or hail
What is a cloud?
A collection of tiny water drops or ice crystals
in the atmosphere
• 3 basic types
– Cirrus
– Cumulus
– Stratus
Cirrus
• Thin, wispy
• Look like feathers,
horsetails
• Made of ice
• Form high in the sky
Cumulus
•
•
•
•
•
Puffy, white
Look like cotton
Flat bottom
Form at middle level
“cumulus” means pile
in Latin
Stratus
• Flat layers
• Look like sheets or
blankets
• Cover most of the sky
• Gray or white
• Often lowest clouds
What kind of weather?
• cirrus-fair weather near future, storm is on the way
• cumulus-white and fluffy no rain, gray rain is coming
• stratus-increase means rain, drizzle, or snow is on the
way. If they lift quickly in the morning, signals a
fair day.
Bill Nye “Science Guy”
Atmosphere
23 min
EQ:
How is a hurricane and a tornado
similar?
How is a hurricane and a tornado
different?
What is a blizzard?
Severe Weather Key Terms
blizzard- long-lasting snowstorm with very strong winds
and intense snowfall
hurricane- a large tropical storm with winds greater than
74 miles per hour
lightning- an ionized stream of particles flowing between
two oppositely charged areas (either between two clouds
or between the clouds and Earth)
thunder- sound produced by the rapid heating and
expanding of air in the path of a lightning discharge
tornado- a very fast spiraling wind caused by an extreme
drop in pressure and rising air, often associated with
funnel-shaped cloud with a diameter of only a few
hundred yards/meters
Hurricanes
•
•
Develop over warm water
Spin
– N. Hemisphere counterclockwise
– S. Hemisphere clockwise
•
•
•
•
Formed from thunderstorms
Rain
Powerful storm
Summer-Fall
•
•
•
•
•
•
Winds > 74 mph
Can be 500 miles across
Also called cyclones/typhoons
Hurricane Hunters
Tracked by satellite
Storm Surge
Tornadoes
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Formed from super-cell
thunderstorms
Rain
Powerful storm
Summer-Fall
Winds can be 300 mph
Last 20 seconds to 1 hour
Storm Chasers
Tracked by satellite
Most occur in the United States
May 8, 2003
Hurricane
Tornado
Channel 13 News
L
L
L
H
H
“Raining cats and dogs”
• England
• Australia
Benjamin Bannekar
• (1731-1806)
• 1792-1802 published a
Farmer’s Almanac
• Reproduced from memory, in
two days, a complete layout of
the streets, parks, and major
buildings for Washington, DC
• Polymath- farmer, engineer,
surveyor, city planner,
astronomer, mathematician,
inventor, author, and social
critic”
Wet All Over!