Download vertebrate body systems -

Outline for Vertebrate Body Systems
Honors version
biology page | links to all classes | alien life form project | homework
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Bodyquest - exploration of anatomy
Interactive anatomy - knees, brain, nerves, thoracic cavity (lungs, etc)
animated human organs (focus is on circulation/immune system organs; zoom in to
magnified microscope images)
bone structure and function
anatomy atlases -- lots of links to anatomy sites
human anatomy online - animations of the body systems
visible human project - scans of human anatomy
dream anatomy - the history of anatomical illustrations
NOTE - page numbers for chap 20-26 have not been updated for text version 6
I. Homeostasis: vertebrate bodies are organized into various organs and systems which help the
body maintain a stable internal environment. (see p. 425-426, fig. 20.12B and 20.13)
II. Circulatory system (click for animation)
A. role: provide oxygen for cells (respiration); carry away carbon dioxide, urea,
and other waste products; transport sugar (food) to cells; and transport of
hormones.
B. 2, 3, and 4 chambered hearts, with single or double-loop (see fig. 22.10A, p.
460)
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anatomy of the heart
compare hearts and circulation of various vertebrates
C. closed circulatory systems (fig. 23.2C, p. 467)
D. blood cells
1. red blood cells carry oxygen (protein carrier is hemoglobin – p.
461 fig. 22.11)
2. types of blood cells – p. 477
E. blood vessels – arteries, veins, and capillaries (fig. 23.5, p. 470)
III. Respiration, digestion and excretion
A. getting oxygen to blood and carbon dioxide out
1. terrestrial animals - lungs (fig. 22.6; inhalation – fig. 22.8A)
2. fish - gills - counter-current system
B. breakdown of food (click for a virtual tour)
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Digestive system anatomy
1. pathway: mouth, stomach, small intestine, blood (fig. 21.8 and
21.10)
2. stages of digestion – p. 431
3. enzymes involved – p. 438
4. ruminants have adaptations for cellulose/fiber (p. 441)
5. liver function – p. 514, fig. 25.13
C. processing of waste and controlling water loss: kidneys (click for animation to
see how it works) - p. 509-513
1. fish – salt vs. fresh water modifications (p. 507, fig. 25.5B)
2. types of waste – fig. 25.8
3. functional unit of the kidney is the nephron (see fig. 25.9, 25.10,
25.11)
D. temperature control – p. 504-506
IV. Nervous system
A. central nervous system (CNS) - brain and spinal chord (p. 573, fig. 28.11A)
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interactive brain atlas
B. peripheral nervous system (PNS) - p. 574, fig. 28.12A. Includes sensory and
motor neurons.
C. Motor neurons include somatic (conscious - control muscles/movement) and
autonomic (unconscious - breathing, heartbeat, etc.)
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interactive knee atlas (nerves, muscles, bones)
D. autonomic system includes sympathetic vs. parasympathetic, which have
opposite effects (see fig. 28.13, p. 575)
E. how a nerve impulse is generated - see see p. 566-569 | check out this
animation of a neuron
V. Immune system - see notes on viruses and bacteria
A. non-specific defences - skin, etc.
B. specific defenses - B cells, antibodies, and T cells.
VI. Endocrine system (hormones)
A. hormones are molecules that are produced at one location (a gland) and effect
the action of another part of the body. They are circulated in the blood.
B. steroid vs. protein hormones
C. examples of glands - fig. 26.3, p. 520
D. examples of hormones and their effects - table pg. 521
1. master gland – pituitary (p. 522-523)
2. negative feedback – calcium levels – p. 525, fig. 26.6
3. glucose levels – fig. 26.7, p. 526
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diabetes – p. 527
4. adrenal gland – “fight or flight” response – fig. 26.9, p. 528
5. sex hormones – p. 529
E. pheromones - hormones released outside the body, affecting another
individual. Can be for communication or related to mating.
VII. Reproduction
A. Basic "strategies"
1. r vs. K selected populations
2. asexual vs. sexual
3. internal vs. external fertilization
4. hermaphroditism
B. Human male anatomy - fig. 27.3
1. hormonal control of testes/sperm production - fig. 27.3D
C. Human female anatomy - fig. 27.2 p. 536-537
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developmental stages of male and female genital anatomy - with evident
homologies
D. Gamete formation differs in males and females and involves meiosis (fig. 27.4A and B)
E. The ovarian and menstrual cycles - fig. 27.5 and 27.6
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physiological effects of oxytocin
F. STDs and contraception (p. 544-545)
G. Fertilization - fig. 27.9
H. Stages of development | check animations and images of the developmental pathway
1. Initial cell divisions (cleavage) lead to a blastula (fig. 27.10)
2. Gastrulation produces a three-layer embryo
3. organ formation begins with the neural tube, while developmental layers produce
other tissues and the coelom
I. Human developmental stages
1. implantation - fig. 27.15
2. extraembryonic membranes and placenta - p. 555
3. development is divided into trimesters
4. birth is hormonally induced - fig 27.17
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