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Maps and
Images for
World History
Chapter 2
Emergence of
Human Communities
Akhenaton and Aton
Akhenaton and Aton
The Pharaoh Amenhotep sought to
replace traditional polytheism with the
worship of Aton, a single god who was
represented with the sun disk.
Amenhotep took the name Akhenaton
("It is well with Aton"). This relief
shows the king and his wife Nefertiti
worshipping Aton. (Egyptian Museum,
Cairo)
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Akkadian Bronze of Sargon
Akkadian Bronze of Sargon
This stern-faced, life-size cast-bronze
head, with its stylized ringleted beard
and carefully arranged hair, shows
Mesopotamian craftsmanship at its
finest. It is thought to be either Sargon
(2371-2316 B.C.E.) or Naram-sin (ca.
2250-2220 B.C.E.). (Claus Hansmann)
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Bronze Statue from Indus Valley
Bronze Statue from Indus Valley
This small bronze statue from the Indus
Valley was found in a house in Mohenjodaro. It represents a young woman
whose only apparel is a necklace and an
armful of bracelets. Appearing relaxed
and confident, she has been identified by
some scholars as a dancer. (National
Museum, New Delhi)
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Egyptian Book of the Dead
Egyptian Book of the Dead
Containing litanies, hymns, and other religious texts, the Book of the Dead was written to guide
the deceased person safely between this world and the afterlife. The texts are intimately aligned
with the cult of Osiris and also contain references to a Day of Judgment. This scene shows a
dead person's appearance before a divine court of judgment. His heart is being weighed in the
balance to determine his fate in the afterlife. (Courtesy of the Trustees of the British Museum)
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Figurine from Mohenjo-daro
Figurine from Mohenjo-daro
This small stone figure from Mohenjodaro is thought to depict a priest-king.
The man's beard is carefully trimmed
and his upper lip shaved. The headband
and armband have circular ornaments,
probably once filled with colored paste.
His robe with its trefoil designs was
probably also filled with colors to
suggest the fabric more vividly.
(National Museum, Karachi)
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Gilgamesh (detail of soundbox)
Gilgamesh (detail of soundbox)
In the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh,
Gilgamesh--king of Uruk and considered
a hero-king and god--and his friend
Endiku set out to attain immortality and
join the ranks of gods. They attempt
wondrous feats against fearsome agents
of the gods. This top section of the front
panel of this soundbox from a Sumerian
harp, found in the tomb of the queen of
Ur, depicts Gilgamesh with two manfaced bulls. (University of Pennsylvania
Museum)
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Gudea
Gudea
King Gudea was one of the powerful
kings responsible for the creation of
public works and temples created in
honor of Sumerian deities in the
Sumerian city-state of Lagash. This
statue bears an inscription that describes
a temple dedicated to the goddess
Geshtin-anna. (Reunion des Musees
Nationaux/Art Resource, NY)
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Harappan Jewelery
Harappan Jewelery
Among the small objects found in the Indus Valley are these pieces of jewelry--made
of gold and precious stones--which give some insight into the daily life of the time.
(J.M. Kenoyer/Courtesy Department of Archaeology and Museums, Government of
Pakistan)
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Harappan Seal
Harappan Seal
The Bronze Age urban culture of the Indus
Valley is known today, alternatively, as the
Harappan civilization, from the modern name
of a major city. Archaeologists have
discovered some three hundred Harappan
cities in both Pakistan and India. It was a
literate civilization, but no one has been able
to decipher the more than four hundred
symbols inscribed on stone seals and copper
tablets. The Indus civilization extended over
nearly 500,000 square miles in the Indus
Valley, making it more than twice as large as
the territories of the ancient Egyptian and
Sumerian civilizations. This molded tablet,
discovered among the many small objects at
Harappan sites, depicts a female deity battling
two tigers. It provides a glimpse of early
Indian religious imagination and daily life.
(J.M. Kenoyer/Courtesy Department of
Archaeology and Museums, Government of
Pakistan)
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Law Code of Hammurabi
Law Code of Hammurabi
The principal collection of laws in
ancient Mesopotamia was the code of
Hammurabi, the Babylonian ruler.
Unearthed by French archaeologists in
1901-1902, this stele contained the code,
which Hammurabi claimed rested on the
authority of the gods. (Hirmer Verlag
Munich)
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Mohenjo Daro
Mohenjo Daro
Mohenjo-daro, in southern Pakistan, was one of the best-known cities of the Harappan--or
Indus--civilization. It was a planned city, built of fired mud bricks. Its streets were straight, and
covered drainpipes were installed to carry away waste. From sites like this we know that the
early Indian political elite had the power and technical expertise to organize large, coordinated
building projects. (Josephine Powell)
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Overview of Ur
Overview of Ur
This photograph gives a good idea of the size and complexity of Ur, one of the most
powerful cities in Mesopotamia (present Iraq). In the lower right-hand corner stands
the massive ziggurat of Umammu. (Georg Gerster/Photo Researchers, Inc.)
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Pyramids
Pyramids
The best-known pyramids of the Old Kingdom are those built for Khufu, Khafre, and
Menkure, better known by their Greek names, Cheops, Chephren, amd Myerinus.
Cheops's pyramid is 480 feet high; Chephren's is 470 feet high, and Myerinus's is
203 feet high. (John Ross)
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Tomb Model of Cattle Presentation
Tomb Model of Cattle Presentation
This series of small wooden figures comes from the tomb of Meket Ra at Deir el
Bahari (Thebes, ca. 2000 B.C.E.). Scenes of this type were intended to show how
rich the occupant of the tomb was and how his wealth procured him offerings even
after his death. (Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY)
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Two sides of Narmer Palette
Two sides of Narmer Palette
This palette comes from Hierakonpolis,
the sacred city of the prehistoric
kingdom of Upper Egypt. It records the
victory (over Delta) of King Narmer,
who is shown on one side wearing the
crown of Upper Egypt and on the other
that of Lower Egypt. This monument
commemorates the union of the two
halves of Egypt. (Jean Vertut)
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Two sides of Narmer Palette
Two sides of Narmer Palette
This palette comes from Hierakonpolis,
the sacred city of the prehistoric
kingdom of Upper Egypt. It records the
victory (over Delta) of King Narmer,
who is shown on one side wearing the
crown of Upper Egypt and on the other
that of Lower Egypt. This monument
commemorates the union of the two
halves of Egypt. (Jean Vertut)
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Ancient Egypt
Ancient Egypt
Geography and natural resources provided Egypt with centuries of peace and
abundance.
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River-Valley Civilizations, 3500-1500 B.C.E.
River-Valley Civilizations, 3500-1500 B.C.E.
The earliest complex societies arose in the flood plains of large rivers: in the fourth
millennium B.C.E. in the valley of the Indus River in Pakistan, and in the second
millennium B.C.E. in the valley of the Yellow River in China.
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Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia
In order to organize labor resources to create and maintain an irrigation network in the TigrisEuphrates Valley, a land of little rain, the Sumerians of southern Mesopotamia developed new
technologies, complex political and social institutions, and distinctive cultural practices
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