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BOTANY - Session 3
I.
Basic Plant Anatomy and Morphology
a. Anatomy ______________________________________________
b. Morphology ____________________________________________
II.
_________________________________
a. Non woody growth - ___________________
i. Results from the _________________________________________
ii. Meristem - small group of actively dividing and undifferentiated cells
III.
Plant Organs
a. Leaves
i. Main Functions
1. _________________________________________
2. _________________________________________
3. _________________________________________
4. _________________________________________
ii.
iii.
Morphology
Anatomy
Top of Leaf
Bottom of Leaf
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1. _________ - waxy substance that covers the epidermis, prevents
evaporation
2. _______________ - undifferentiated cells, can have
chloroplasts, can function in storage
3. ___________ - Opening for gas exchange
4. ________________________ - controls the opening of stoma
5. _____________________ - has xylem and phloem
a. Xylem - transports water and minerals
b. Phloem - transports nutrients
b. Stems (shoots)
i. Stem Main Functions
1. ___________________________________
2. ___________________________________
3. ___________________________________
4. ___________________________________
ii.
Morphology
1. _______________________ is a region of actively dividing cells
2. ________________________ - yields new stems or flowers
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iii.
Anatomy
1. _____________ transports water and minerals
2. _____________ transports photosynthate, amino acids and
other nutrients
c. Roots
i. Root Functions:
1. _________________________________________
2. _________________________________________
3. _________________________________________
4. _________________________________________
ii.
Morphology
1. Root hairs - found on tips of young roots - site of mineral and
water absorption
2. Root Apical meristem - actively dividing cells that function in
elongating root
3. Root Cap - protects tip of roots (especially meristem)
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iii.
Anatomy
1. Endodermis - Single cell thick layer on innermost region of cortex
a. Helps regulate the flow of water and dissolves substances
II.
_____________________________
a. _________________________________
i. As opposed to primary growth which is an increase in length
1. ____________________ gives rise to primary growth
b. ___________________________ gives rise to secondary growth
i.
Also called ___________________________
1. Situated in a single cell thick ring
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ii.
Gives rise to secondary xylem and secondary phloem
1. When a cell in the vascular cambium divides we get two
daughter cells
2. One cell will remain a meristomatic cell and one will differentiate
3. The cell that differentiates can become phloem or xylem
iii.
________ has a tough secondary wall so it maintains a linear pattern
iv.
v.
vi.
________ cells become crushed in secondary expansion
Youngest cells are nearest to the vascular cambium
Rays (parenchyma cells) mixed with phloem and xylem provide support
c. _______________________________
i. Differential size in xylem due to _____________________________
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
In the spring there is ________ water so the xylem cells are _______
In the summer, fall and winter xylem cell size decreases and then
increases when spring returns
The transition between small and large xylem cells produces the
appearance of a ring
Largely a temporal phenomenon
1. ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
vi.
In trees:
1. Xylem = ________________
2. All outside tissue = _____________
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