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x6-Physics Insert SINGLE PGS 3/21/01 3:24 AM Page 2
TABLE OF INFORMATION FOR 2002
CONSTANTS AND CONVERSION FACTORS
1 unified atomic mass unit,
1u
UNITS
= 1.66 ™ 10 -27 kg
Name
Symbol
= 931 MeV/c 2
meter
Proton mass,
m p = 1.67 × 10 −27 kg
kilogram
Neutron mass,
mn = 1.67 × 10 −27 kg
second
Electron mass,
Magnitude of the electron charge,
PREFIXES
me = 9.11 × 10
−31
kg
Prefix
m
10 9
giga
G
kg
10 6
mega
M
s
10 3
kilo
k
centi
c
milli
m
ampere
e = 1.60 × 10 −19 C
Symbol
Factor
A
kelvin
K
10
10
−2
−3
Avogadro’s number,
N0 = 6.02 × 10 23 mol −1
R = 8.31 J / ( mol ¼ K )
mole
mol
10 −6
micro
µ
Universal gas constant,
Boltzmann’s constant,
k B = 1.38 × 10 −23 J / K
hertz
Hz
10 −9
nano
n
Speed of light,
c = 3.00 × 10 8 m / s
newton
N
pico
p
Planck’s constant,
h = 6.63 × 10 −34 J ⋅ s
pascal
Pa
= 4.14 × 10
−15
eV ⋅ s
hc = 1.99 × 10 −25 J ⋅ m
= 1.24 × 10 3 eV ⋅ nm
Vacuum permittivity,
Coulomb’s law constant,
Vacuum permeability,
Magnetic constant,
Universal gravitational constant,
Acceleration due to gravity
at the Earth’s surface,
1 atmosphere pressure,
⑀ 0 = 8.85 × 10
−12
C / N⋅m
k = 1 / 4π ⑀ 0 = 9.0 × 10 N ⋅ m / C
9
2
2
2
µ 0 = 4π × 10 −7 (T ⋅ m ) / A
k = µ 0 / 4π = 10 (T ⋅ m ) / A
−7
G
= 6.67 ™ 10 -11 m 3 / kg ¼ s 2
g = 9.8 m / s
2
1 atm = 1.0 × 10 5 N / m 2
= 1.0 × 10 5 Pa
1 electron volt,
2
1 eV = 1.60 × 10 −19 J
10
−12
VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
FOR COMMON ANGLES
joule
J
watt
W
θ
coulomb
C
0
volt
V
ohm
Ω
henry
H
farad
F
tesla
T
45o
o
sin θ
cos θ
tan θ
0
1
0
3 /2
3 /3
30o
1/2
37o
3/5
degree
Celsius
o
C
53o
electronvolt
eV
60o
90o
2 /2
4/5
4/5
2 /2
3/4
1
3/5
4/3
3 /2
1/2
3
1
0
∞
The following conventions are used in this examination.
I. Unless otherwise stated, the frame of reference of any problem is assumed to be inertial.
II. The direction of any electric current is the direction of flow of positive charge (conventional current).
III. For any isolated electric charge, the electric potential is defined as zero at an infinite distance from the charge.
*IV. For mechanics and thermodynamics equations, W represents the work done on a system.
*Not on the Table of Information for Physics C, since Thermodynamics is not a Physics C topic.
x6-Physics Insert SINGLE PGS 3/21/01 3:24 AM Page 3
ADVANCED PLACEMENT PHYSICS B EQUATIONS FOR 2002
NEWTONIAN MECHANICS
u = u 0 + at
1 2
at
2
x = x0 + u0 t +
0
u 2 = u 0 2 + 2a x - x 0
5
Ê F = Fnet = ma
F fric ˆ mN
ac =
u2
r
t = rF sin q
p = mv
J = FDt =
K =
Dp
1
mu 2
2
DUg = mgh
W = F ⴢ Dr = FDr cos q
Pavg =
W
Dt
P = F ⴢ v = Fu cos q
Fs = - k x
1 2
kx
2
Us =
Ts = 2 p
m
k
Tp = 2 p
l
g
T =
1
f
a =
F =
f =
h =
J =
K =
k =
l =
m=
N =
P =
p =
r =
r =
T =
t =
U=
u =
W=
x =
m=
q =
t =
acceleration
force
frequency
height
impulse
kinetic energy
spring constant
length
mass
normal force
power
momentum
radius or distance
position vector
period
time
potential energy
velocity or speed
work done on a system
position
coefficient of friction
angle
torque
ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM
F=
1 q1 q 2
4 p⑀ 0 r 2
E=
F
q
UE = qV =
E avg = −
V=
Gm1m2
UG = -
Gm1m2
r
r2
1 q1 q 2
4 p⑀ 0 r
V
d
∑r
qi
1
4 p⑀ 0
i
i
Q
V
⑀0 A
C=
d
1
1
Uc = QV = CV 2
2
2
C=
I avg =
DQ
Dt
ρl
A
V = IR
P = IV
R=
C p = ∑ Ci
i
1
1
=∑
Cs
i Ci
Rs = ∑ Ri
i
1
1
=∑
Rp
i Ri
FB = qu B sin θ
FB = BIl sin θ
B=
FG = -
A
B
C
d
E
m0 I
2p r
fm = B • A = BA cos θ
eavg = −
e = Blu
Dfm
Dt
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
area
magnetic field
capacitance
distance
electric field
e emf
F
force
I
current
l
length
P
power
Q charge
q
point charge
R
resistance
r
distance
t
time
U potential (stored) energy
V
electric potential or
potential difference
u = velocity or speed
r = resistivity
fm = magnetic flux
x6-Physics Insert SINGLE PGS 3/21/01 3:24 AM Page 4
ADVANCED PLACEMENT PHYSICS B EQUATIONS FOR 2002
FLUID MECHANICS AND
WAVES AND OPTICS
THERMAL PHYSICS
p = p0 + rgh
Fbuoy = rVg
A1u1 = A2 u 2
1
p + rgy + ru 2 = const.
2
D l = a l 0 DT
Q = mL
Q = mcDT
p =
F
A
pV = nRT
3
k T
2 B
K avg =
3 RT
=
M
u rms =
W = - pDV
Q = ncDT
DU = Q + W
DU = ncV DT
e =
ec =
W
QH
3k B T
m
A = area
c = specific heat or molar
specific heat
e = efficiency
F = force
h = depth
Kavg = average molecular
kinetic energy
L = heat of transformation
l = length
M= molecular mass
m = mass of sample
n = number of moles
p = pressure
Q = heat transferred to a system
T = temperature
U = internal energy
V = volume
u = velocity or speed
urms = root-mean-square
velocity
W = work done on a system
y = height
a = coefficient of linear
expansion
µ = mass of molecule
r = density
TH - TC
TH
ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS
E = hf = pc
Kmax = hf − f
l =
h
p
DE = ( Dm) c 2
E
f
K
m
p
l
f
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
energy
frequency
kinetic energy
mass
momentum
wavelength
work function
u = fl
c
n =
u
n 1 sin q1 = n 2 sin q 2
sin q c =
n2
n1
1
1
1
+
=
si
s0
f
M =
hi
s
= - i
s0
h0
R
2
d sin q = ml
f =
xm ⬇
d = separation
f = frequency or focal
length
h = height
L = distance
M= magnification
m = an integer
n = index of refraction
R = radius of curvature
s = distance
u = speed
x = position
l = wavelength
q = angle
ml L
d
GEOMETRY AND TRIGONOMETRY
Rectangle
A = bh
Triangle
1
A = bh
2
Circle
A = pr 2
C = 2 pr
Parallelepiped
V = lwh
Cylinder
V = pr 2 l
S = 2 pr l + 2 pr 2
Sphere
4
V = pr 3
3
S = 4 pr 2
Right Triangle
a 2 + b2 = c2
a
sin q =
c
b
cos q = c
a
tan q = b
A=
C=
V=
S =
b =
h =
l =
w=
r =
area
circumference
volume
surface area
base
height
length
width
radius
c
q
a
90
b
x6-Physics Insert SINGLE PGS 3/21/01 3:24 AM Page 5
ADVANCED PLACEMENT PHYSICS C EQUATIONS FOR 2002
MECHANICS
u = u 0 + at
1 2
at
2
u 2 = u 0 2 + 2a x - x 0
Ê F = Fnet = ma
dp
F =
dt
J = F dt = Dp
p = mv
F fric ˆ mN
x = x0 + u 0 t +
0
I
IF
W =
œ
dr
1
mu 2
2
dW
dt
Fⴢv
= mgh
K =
P =
P =
DU g
ac =
u 2 = w2r
r
t=r™F
Ê t = t net = Ia
I
I = r 2 dm = Ê mr 2
rcm = Ê mr Ê m
u = rw
L = r ™ p = Iw
1
K = Iw 2
2
w = w0 + at
q = q 0 + w0 t + 1 at 2
2
Fs = - kx
1
Us = kx 2
2
2p
1
T =
=
f
w
m
Ts = 2 p
k
l
Tp = 2 p
g
Gm1m2
FG = r$
r2
Gm1m2
UG = r
5
a =
F =
f =
h =
I =
J =
K =
k =
l =
L =
m=
N =
P =
p =
r =
r =
T =
t =
U=
u =
W=
x =
m=
q =
t =
w=
a =
acceleration
force
frequency
height
rotational inertia
impulse
kinetic energy
spring constant
length
angular momentum
mass
normal force
power
momentum
radius or distance
position vector
period
time
potential energy
velocity or speed
work done on a system
position
coefficient of friction
angle
torque
angular speed
angular acceleration
ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM
F=
1 q1 q 2
4 p⑀ 0 r 2
E=
F
q
e
Q
⑀0
养 E • dA =
dV
dr
1
V=
4 p⑀ 0
A
B
C
d
E
E=−
∑r
UE = qV =
qi
i
i
1 q1 q 2
4 p⑀ 0 r
Q
V
k⑀ A
C= 0
d
C p = ∑ Ci
C=
i
1
1
=∑
Cs
i Ci
dQ
dt
1
1
Uc = QV = CV 2
2
2
rl
R=
A
V = IR
I=
Rs = ∑ Ri
i
1
1
=∑
Rp
i Ri
P = IV
FM = qv × B
养 B • d ø = m0 I
I
F = I dø × B
Bs = m0 nI
I
fm = B • dA
dfm
dt
dI
e = −L
dt
1 2
U L = LI
2
e=−
F
I
L
l
n
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
P =
Q=
q =
R =
r =
t =
U=
V =
u =
r =
fm =
k =
area
magnetic field
capacitance
distance
electric field
emf
force
current
inductance
length
number of loops of wire per
unit length
power
charge
point charge
resistance
distance
time
potential or stored energy
electric potential
velocity or speed
resistivity
magnetic flux
dielectric constant
x6-Physics Insert SINGLE PGS 3/21/01 3:24 AM Page 6
ADVANCED PLACEMENT PHYSICS C EQUATIONS FOR 2002
GEOMETRY AND TRIGONOMETRY
Rectangle
A = bh
Triangle
1
A = bh
2
Circle
A = pr 2
C = 2 pr
Parallelepiped
V = lwh
Cylinder
V = pr 2 l
S = 2 prl + 2 pr 2
Sphere
4
V = pr 3
3
S = 4 pr 2
Right Triangle
a 2 + b2 = c2
a
sin q =
c
b
cos q =
c
tan q =
a
b
CALCULUS
df
d f du
=
dx
du dx
2 7
2 7
d n
n -1
x = nx
dx
d x
e = ex
dx
d
1
(1n x) =
dx
x
d
(sin x) = cos x
dx
d
(cos x) = - sin x
dx
1 n +1
xn dx =
x
, n ž -1
n +1
e x dx = e x
I
I
I
dx
= 1n x
x
cos x dx = sin x
I
I sin x dx = - cos x
A=
C=
V=
S =
b =
h =
l=
w=
r =
area
circumference
volume
surface area
base
height
length
width
radius
c
q
a
90
b