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45 This section provides tables of the physical and physicochemical properties of the elements. Emphasis is given to properties of the elements in the condensed state. The tables are structured according to the Periodic Table of the elements. Most of the tables deal with the properties of elements of one particular group (column) of the Periodic Table. Only the elements of the first period (hydrogen and helium), the lanthanides, and the actinides are arranged according to the periods (rows) of the Periodic Table. This synoptic representation is intended to provide an immediate overview of the trends in the data for chemically related elements. 2.1.1 Introduction ...................................... 2.1.1.1 How to Use This Section ........... 45 45 2.1.2 Description of Properties Tabulated ..... 2.1.2.1 Parts A of the Tables ................ 2.1.2.2 Parts B of the Tables ................ 2.1.2.3 Parts C of the Tables ................ 2.1.2.4 Parts D of the Tables ................ 46 46 46 48 49 2.1.3 Sources .............................................. 49 2.1.4 Tables of the Elements in Different Orders.............................. 49 2.1.5 Data .................................................. 54 2.1.5.1 Elements of the First Period...... 54 2.1.5.2 Elements of the Main Groups and Subgroup I to IV ................ 59 2.1.5.3 Elements of the Main Groups and Subgroup V to VIII ............. 98 2.1.5.4 Elements of the Lanthanides Period ................................... 142 2.1.5.5 Elements of the Actinides Period 151 References .................................................. 158 2.1.1 Introduction 2.1.1.1 How to Use This Section To find properties of a specific element or group of elements, start from one of Tables 2.1-1 – 2.1-5 and proceed in one of the following ways: 1. If you know the name of the element, refer to Table 2.1-1, where an alphabetical list of the elements is given, together with the numbers of the pages where the properties of these elements will be found. 2. If you know the chemical symbol of the element, refer to Table 2.1-2, where an alphabetical list of element symbols is given, together with the numbers of the pages where the properties of the corresponding elements will be found. 3. If you know the atomic number Z of the element, refer to Table 2.1-3, where a list of the elements in order of atomic number is given, together with the numbers of the pages where the properties of these elements will be found. 4. If you know the group of the Periodic Table that contains the element of interest, refer to Table 2.1-4, which gives the numbers of the pages where the properties of the elements of each group will be found. 5. If you wish to look up the element in the Periodic Table, refer to Table 2.1-5, where the element symbol and the atomic number will be found. Then use Table 2.1-2 or Table 2.1-3 to find the numbers of the pages where the properties of the element of interest are tabulated. 6. Alternatively you can also find the name and the chemical symbol of the element you are looking for in the alphabetic index at the end of the volume. The index again will give you the first number of those pages on which Part 2 1 The Elements 2.1. The Elements 46 Part 2 The Elements Part 2 1.2 you can find the properties of the element described. The data-tables corresponding to the Periodes and Groups of the Periodic Table are subdivided in the following way: A. Atomic, ionic, and molecular properties. B. Materials data: (a) Crystallographic properties. (b) Mechanical properties. (c) Thermal and thermodynamic properties. (d) Electronic, electromagnetic, and optical properties. C. Allotropic and high-pressure modifications. D. Ionic radii. 2.1.2 Description of Properties Tabulated 2.1.2.1 Parts A of the Tables The properties tabulated in parts A of the tables concern the atomic, ionic, and molecular properties of the elements: • • • • • • • • • • • • The relative atomic mass, or atomic weight, A. The abundance in the lithosphere and in the sea. The atomic radius: the radius rcov for single covalent bonding (after Pauling), the radius rmet for metallic bonding with a coordination number of 12 (after Pauling), the radius rvdW for van der Waals bonding (after Bondi), and, for some elements, the radius ros of the outer-shell orbital are given. The completely and partially occupied electron shells in the atom. The symbol for the electronic ground state. The electronic configuration. The oxidation states. The electron affinity. The electronegativity X A (after Allred and Rochow). The first, second, third, and fourth ionization energies and the standard electrode potential E 0 . The internuclear distance in the molecule. The dissociation energy of the molecule. 2.1.2.2 Parts B of the Tables Parts B of the tables contain data on the macroscopic properties of the elements. Most of the data concern the condensed phases. If not indicated otherwise, the data in this section apply to the standard state of the element, that is, they are valid at standard temperature and pressure (STP, i. e. T = 298.15 K and p = 100 kPa = 1 bar). For those elements which are stable in the gas phase at STP, data are given for the macroscopic properties in the gas phase. The quantities describing the physical and physicochemical properties of materials can be divided into two classes. The first class contains all those quantities which are not directly connected with external (generalized) forces, these quantities have well-defined values even in the absence of external forces. Some examples are the electronic ground-state configuration of the atom, the coordination number in the crystallized state and the surface tension in the liquid state. The second class contains those quantities which describe the response of the material to externally applied (generalized) forces F. Such a force might be a mechanical stress field, an electric or magnetic field, a field gradient, or a temperature gradient. The response of the material to the external force might be observed via a suitable observable O, such as a mechanical strain, an electric current density, a dielectric polarization, a magnetization, or a heat current density. Assuming homogeneous conditions, the dependence of the observable O on the force F can be used to define material-specific parameters χ, which are also called physical properties of the material. Some examples are the elastic moduli or compliance constants, the electrical conductivity, the dielectric constant, the magnetic susceptibility, and the thermal conductivity. In the linear-response regime, that is, under weak external forces F, these parameters χ are considered as being independent of the strength of the forces. The dependence of an observable O on a force F is then the simple proportionality O = χF . (1.1) For strong external fields, the dependence of the response on the strength of the forces can be expressed by a power expansion in the forces, which then – in addition to the linear parameters χ – defines nonlinear field-dependent materials properties χ (nl) (F ), where χ (nl) (F ) = χ + χ (1) F + . . . . (1.2) In general, the class of materials properties that describe the response to externally applied forces have tensor character. The rank of the property tensor χ de- The Elements Subdivisions B(a) of the Tables These parts deal with the crystallographic properties. Here you will find the crystal system and the Bravais lattice in which the element is stable in its standard state; the structure type in which the element crystallizes; the lattice constants a, b, c, α, β, γ (symmetry reduces the number of independent lattice constants); the space group; the Schoenflies symbol; the Strukturbericht type; the Pearson symbol; the number A of atoms per cell; the coordination number; and the shortest interatomic distance between atoms in the solid state and in the liquid state. Basic concepts of crystallography are explained in Chapt. 1.3. Subdivisions B(b) of the Tables These parts cover the mechanical properties. At the top of the table, you will find the density of the material in the solid state (s ) and in the liquid state (l ), and the molar volume Vmol in the solid state. Here, one mole is the amount of substance which contains as many elementary particles (atoms or molecules) as there are atoms in 0.012 kg of the carbon isotope with a relative atomic mass of 12. This number of particles is called Avogadro’s number and is approximately equal to 6.022 × 1023 . The next three rows present the viscosity η, the surface tension, and its temperature dependence, in the liquid state. The next properties are the coefficient of linear thermal expansion α and the sound velocity, both in the solid and in the liquid state. A number of quantities are tabulated for the presentation of the elastic properties. For isotropic materials, we list the volume compressibility κ = −(1/V )( dV/ dP), and in some cases also its reciprocal value, the bulk modulus (or compression modulus); the elastic modulus (or Young’s modulus) E; the shear modulus G; and the Poisson number (or Poisson’s ratio) µ. Hooke’s law, which expresses the linear relation between the strain ε and the stress σ in terms of Young’s modulus, reads σ = Eε. For monocrystalline materials, the components of the elastic compliance tensor s and the components of the elastic stiffness tensor c are given. The elastic compliance tensor s and the elastic stiffness tensor c are both defined by the generalized forms of Hooke’s law, σ = cε and ε = sσ. At the end of the list, the tensile strength, the Vickers hardness, and the Mohs hardness are given for some elements. Subdivisions B(c) of the Tables The thermal and thermodynamic properties are tabulated in these subdivisions of the tables. The properties tabulated are: • • • • • • • • • The thermal conductivity λ. The molar heat capacity at constant pressure, c p . The standard entropy S0 , that is, the molar entropy of the element at 298.15 K and 100 kPa. The enthalpy difference H298 − H0 , that is, the difference between the molar enthalpies of the element at 298.15 K and at 0 K. The melting temperature Tm . The molar enthalpy change ∆Hm and molar entropy change ∆Sm at the melting temperature. The relative volume change ∆Vm = (Vl − Vs )/Vl on melting. The boiling temperature Tb . The molar enthalpy change ∆Hb of boiling, and, for some elements, the molar enthalpy of sublimation. In addition, the critical temperature Tc , the critical pressure pc , the critical density c , the triple-point temperature Ttr , and the triple-point pressure ptr are given for some elements. For the element helium, the table also contains data for the λ point, at which liquid helium passes from the normal-fluid phase helium I (above the λ point) to the superfluid phase helium II (below the λ point), for 4 He and 3 He. 47 Part 2 1.2 pends on the rank of the external force F and that of the observable O considered. In the case of Ohm’s law, j = σ E, in which the current density j and the electric field strength E are vectors, the conductivity tensor σ is of rank 2; in the case of the generalized Hooke’s law, ε = sσ, the strain tensor ε and the stress tensor σ both are of rank 2, so that the elastic compliance tensor s is of rank 4. A vector can be considered as a tensor of rank 1, and a scalar, correspondingly, as a tensor of rank 0. A second-rank tensor, such as the electrical conductivity σ, in general has nine components in threedimensional space; a tensor of rank n in general has 3n components in three-dimensional space. Symmetry, however, of both the underlying crystal lattice and the physical phenomenon (for example, action = reaction), may reduce the number of independent nonvanishing components in the tensor. The tensor components reflect the crystal symmetry by being invariant under those orthogonal transformations which are elements of the point group of the crystal. In cubic crystals, for example, physical properties described by tensors of rank 2 are characterized by only one nonvanishing tensor component. Therefore cubic crystals are isotropic with respect to their electrical conductivity, their heat conductivity, and their dielectric properties. 1.2 Description of Properties Tabulated 48 Part 2 The Elements Part 2 1.2 Throughout Sect. 2.1, temperature is measured in units of kelvin (K), the unit of thermodynamic temperature. 1 K is defined as the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water. To convert data given in kelvin into degrees Celsius (◦ C), the following equation can be used: T(◦ C) = (T(K) − 273.15 K)(◦ C/K) . This can be expressed in words as follows: the Celsius scale is shifted towards higher temperatures by 273.15 K relative to the kelvin scale, such that the temperature 273.15 K becomes 0 ◦ C and the temperature 0 K becomes − 273.15 ◦ C. To convert data given in kelvin into degrees Fahrenheit (◦ F), the following equation can be used: T(◦ F) = (9/5)(T(K) − 273.15 K)(◦ F/K) + 32 ◦ F . This can be expressed approximately in words as follows: the Fahrenheit scale is shifted relative to the kelvin scale and also differs by a scaling so that its degrees are smaller than those of the kelvin scale by nearly a factor of 2. Subdivisions B(d) of the Tables These subdivisions of the tables present data on the electronic, electromagnetic, and optical properties of the elements. Data are given for the following: • • • • • • • • • • • • • The electrical resistivity ρs in the solid state, and its temperature and pressure dependence. The electrical resistivity ρl in the liquid state, and the resistivity ratio ρl /ρs at the melting temperature. The critical temperature Tcr and critical field strength Hcr for superconductivity. The electronic band gap ∆E. The Hall coefficient R, together with the range of magnetic field strength B over which it was measured. The thermoelectric coefficient. The electronic work function. The thermal work function. The intrinsic charge carrier concentration. The electron and hole mobilities. The static dielectric constant ε of the element in the solid state, and in some cases also in the liquid state. The molar magnetic susceptibility χmol and the mass magnetic susceptibility χmass of the element in the solid state, and in some cases also in the liquid state. The susceptibilities are given in the definitions of both the SI system and the cgs system (see below). The refractive index n in the solid and liquid states. The magnetic susceptibility is the parameter that describes the response of the material to an externally applied magnetic field H, as measured by the observable magnetization M, in the linear regime, via M = χH. Three different forms of the term “magnetization” are in use, depending on the specific application: first, the volume magnetization Mvol , equal to the magnetic dipole moment divided by the volume of the sample; second, the molar magnetization, or magnetization related to the number of particles, Mmol , equal to the magnetic dipole moment divided by the number of particles measures in moles; and third, the mass magnetization Mmass , equal to the magnetic dipole moment divided by the mass of the sample. Correspondingly, there are three different magnetic susceptibilities. The volume susceptibility χvol is a dimensionless number because in this case M and H are both measured in the same units, namely A/m in the SI system and gauss in the cgs system. The dimensionless character of χvol might be the reason why, in physics textbooks, mostly only this susceptibility is mentioned. The other two susceptibilities, the molar susceptibility χmol and the mass susceptibility χmass , are more useful for practical applications. In both the SI system and the cgs system, the molar susceptibility is measured in units of cm3 /mol, and the mass susceptibility is measured in units of cm3 /g. In this Handbook, data are given for the molar and mass susceptibilities. Although susceptibilities have the same dimensions in the SI and cgs systems, the numerical values in the cgs system are smaller than those in the SI system by a factor of 4π. This is due to the different definitions of the quantities dipole moment and magnetization in the two systems. The difference can be seen most clearly in the general relations between the magnetization M and the field strengths B and H in the two systems. In the SI system, this relation reads B = µ0 (H + M), whereas in the cgs system, it reads B = H + 4πM. Because of this difference, the magnetic-susceptibility data in Sect. 2.1.5 are given for both the SI and the cgs definitions. 2.1.2.3 Parts C of the Tables Parts C of the tables present crystallographic data for allotropic and high-pressure modifications of the elements. The left-hand columns contain data for allotropic modifications that are stable at a pressure of 100 kPa over the temperature ranges indicated, and the right-hand columns contain data for modifications stable at higher pressures as indicated. The modifications stable at 100 kPa are denoted by Greek letters The Elements 2.1.2.4 Parts D of the Tables Parts D of the tables contain data on ionic radii determined from crystal structures. The first row lists the elements, and the second row lists the positive and negative ions for which data are given. The remaining rows give the ionic radii of these ions for the most common coordination numbers. 2.1.3 Sources Most of the data presented here have been taken from Landolt–Börnstein [1.1]. Additional data have been taken from the D’Ans-Lax series [1.2] and the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics [1.3]. 2.1.4 Tables of the Elements in Different Orders Table 2.1-1 The elements ordered by their names Element Symbol Actinium Aluminium Americium Antimony Argon Arsenic Astatine Barium Berkelium Beryllium Bismuth Bohrium Boron Bromine Cadmium Calcium Californium Carbon Cerium Cesium Chlorine Chromium Cobalt Copper Curium Darmstadtium Dubnium Dysprosium Einsteinium Erbium Europium Ac Al Am Sb Ar As At Ba Bk Be Bi Bh B Br Cd Ca Cf C Ce Cs Cl Cr Co Cu Cm Ds Db Dy Es Er Eu Atomic Number Page 89 13 95 51 18 33 85 56 97 4 83 107 5 35 48 20 98 6 58 55 17 24 27 29 96 110 105 66 99 68 63 84 78 151 98 128 98 118 68 151 68 98 124 78 118 73 68 151 88 142 59 118 114 135 65 151 139 105 142 151 142 142 Element Symbol Gold Hafnium Hassium Helium Holmium Hydrogen Indium Iodine Iridium Iron Krypton Lanthanum Lawrencium Lead Lithium Lutetium Magnesium Manganese Meitnerium Mendelevium Mercury Molybdenum Neodymium Neon Neptunium Nickel Niobium Nitrogen Nobelium Osmium Oxygen Au Hf Hs He Ho H In I Ir Fe Kr La Lr Pb Li Lu Mg Mn Mt Md Hg Mo Nd Ne Np Ni Nb N No Os O Atomic Number Page 79 72 108 2 67 1 49 53 77 26 36 57 103 82 3 71 12 25 109 101 80 42 60 10 93 28 41 7 102 76 8 65 94 131 54 142 54 78 118 135 131 128 84 151 88 59 142 68 124 135 151 73 114 142 128 151 139 105 98 151 131 108 Element Symbol Praseodymium Promethium Protactinium Radium Radon Rhenium Rhodium Roentgenium Rubidium Ruthenium Rutherfordium Samarium Scandium Seaborgium Selenium Silicon Silver Sodium Strontium Sulfur Tantalum Technetium Tellurium Terbium Thallium Thorium Thulium Tin Titanium Tungsten Uranium Pr Pm Pa Ra Rn Re Rh Rg Rb Ru Rf Sm Sc Sg Se Si Ag Na Sr S Ta Tc Te Tb Tl Th Tm Sn Ti W U 49 Part 2 1.4 in front of the chemical symbol of the element (normally starting with α for the modification stable over the lowest temperature range), and the high-pressure modifications are denoted by Roman numerals after the chemical symbol. In these parts of the tables, “RT” stands for “room temperature”, and “RTP” stands for “room temperature and standard pressure”, i. e. 100 kPa. 1.4 Tables of the Elements in Different Orders Atomic Number Page 59 61 91 88 86 75 45 111 37 44 104 62 21 106 34 14 47 11 38 16 73 43 52 65 81 90 69 50 22 74 92 142 142 151 68 128 124 135 59 131 94 142 84 114 108 88 65 59 68 108 105 124 108 142 78 151 142 88 94 114 151 50 Part 2 The Elements Part 2 1.4 Table 2.1-1 The elements ordered by their names, cont. Element Symbol Fermium Fluorine Francium Gadolinium Gallium Germanium Fm F Fr Gd Ga Ge a Atomic Number Page 100 9 87 64 31 32 151 118 59 142 78 88 Element Symbol Palladium Phosphorus Platinum Plutonium Polonium Potassium Pd P Pt Pu Po K Atomic Number Page 46 15 78 94 84 19 139 98 139 151 108 59 Atomic Number 64 32 1 2 80 72 67 108 53 49 77 19 36 57 3 103 71 101 12 25 42 109 7 11 41 60 10 28 102 93 8 76 15 91 82 46 61 Page Element Symbol Vanadium Xenon Ytterbium Yttrium Zinc Zirconium V Xe Yb Y Zn Zr Element Symbol Po Pr Pt Pu Ra Rb Re Rf Rg Rh Rn Ru S Sb Sc Se Sg Si Sm Sn Sr Ta Tb Tc Te Th Ti Tl Tm U V W Xe Y Yb Zn Zr Atomic Number Page 23 54 70 39 30 40 105 128 142 84 73 94 Atomic Number 84 59 78 94 88 37 75 104 111 45 86 44 16 51 21 34 106 14 62 50 38 73 65 43 52 90 22 81 69 92 23 74 54 39 70 30 40 Page See Tungsten. Table 2.1-2 The elements ordered by their chemical symbols Element Actinium Silver Aluminium Americium Argon Arsenic Astatine Gold Boron Barium Beryllium Bohrium Bismuth Berkelium Bromine Carbon Calcium Cadmium Cerium Californium Chlorine Curium Cobalt Chromium Cesium Copper Dubnium Darmstadtium Dysprosium Erbium Einsteinium Europium Fluorine Iron Fermium Francium Gallium Symbol Ac Ag Al Am Ar As At Au B Ba Be Bh Bi Bk Br C Ca Cd Ce Cf Cl Cm Co Cr Cs Cu Db Ds Dy Er Es Eu F Fe Fm Fr Ga Atomic Number 89 47 13 95 18 33 85 79 5 56 4 107 83 97 35 6 20 48 58 98 17 96 27 24 55 29 105 110 66 68 99 63 9 26 100 87 31 Page 84 65 78 151 128 98 118 65 78 68 68 124 98 151 118 88 68 73 142 151 118 151 135 114 59 65 105 139 142 142 151 142 118 131 151 59 78 Element Gadolinium Germanium Hydrogen Helium Mercury Hafnium Holmium Hassium Iodine Indium Iridium Potassium Krypton Lanthanum Lithium Lawrencium Lutetium Mendelevium Magnesium Manganese Molybdenum Meitnerium Nitrogen Sodium Niobium Neodymium Neon Nickel Nobelium Neptunium Oxygen Osmium Phosphorus Protactinium Lead Palladium Promethium Symbol Gd Ge H He Hg Hf Ho Hs I In Ir K Kr La Li Lr Lu Md Mg Mn Mo Mt N Na Nb Nd Ne Ni No Np O Os P Pa Pb Pd Pm 142 88 54 54 73 94 142 131 118 78 135 59 128 84 59 151 142 151 68 124 114 135 98 59 105 142 128 139 151 151 108 131 98 151 88 139 142 Polonium Praseodymium Platinum Plutonium Radium Rubidium Rhenium Rutherfordium Roentgenium Rhodium Radon Ruthenium Sulfur Antimony Scandium Selenium Seaborgium Silicon Samarium Tin Strontium Tantalum Terbium Technetium Tellurium Thorium Titanium Thallium Thulium Uranium Vanadium Tungsten Xenon Yttrium Ytterbium Zinc Zirconium 108 142 139 151 68 59 124 94 135 128 131 108 98 84 108 114 88 142 88 68 105 142 124 108 151 94 78 142 151 105 114 128 84 142 73 94 The Elements 1.4 Tables of the Elements in Different Orders Element Symbol Atomic Number Page Element Symbol Hydrogen Helium H 1 He 2 Lithium Li Beryllium Boron Atomic Number Page Element Symbol 54 Strontium 54 Yttrium 3 59 Zirconium Be 4 68 B 5 78 Atomic Number Page Sr 38 68 Rhenium Y 39 84 Osmium Re 75 124 Os 76 Zr 40 94 131 Iridium Ir 77 135 Niobium Nb 41 Molybdenum Mo 42 105 Platinum Pt 78 139 114 Gold Au 79 65 Carbon C 6 88 Technetium Tc 43 124 Mercury Hg 80 73 Nitrogen N 7 98 Ruthenium Ru 44 131 Thallium Tl 81 78 Oxygen O 8 108 Rhodium Rh 45 135 Lead Pb 82 88 Fluorine F 9 118 Palladium Pd 46 139 Bismuth Bi 83 98 Neon Ne 10 128 Silver Ag 47 65 Polonium Po 84 108 Sodium Na 11 59 Cadmium Cd 48 73 Astatine At 85 118 Magnesium Mg 12 68 Indium In 49 78 Radon Rn 86 128 Aluminium Al 13 78 Tin Sn 50 88 Francium Fr 87 59 Silicon Si 14 88 Antimony Sb 51 98 Radium Ra 88 68 Phosphorus P 15 98 Tellurium Te 52 108 Actinium Ac 89 84 Sulfur S 16 108 Iodine I 53 118 Thorium Th 90 151 Chlorine Cl 17 118 Xenon Xe 54 128 Protactinium Pa 91 151 Argon Ar 18 128 Cesium Cs 55 59 Uranium U 92 151 Potassium K 19 59 Barium Ba 56 68 Neptunium Np 93 151 Calcium Ca 20 68 Lanthanum La 57 84 Plutonium Pu 94 151 Scandium Sc 21 84 Cerium Ce 58 142 Americium Am 95 151 Titanium Ti 22 94 Praseodymium Pr 59 142 Curium Cm 96 151 Vanadium V 23 105 Neodymium Nd 60 142 Berkelium Bk 97 151 Chromium Cr 24 114 Promethium Pm 61 142 Californium Cf 98 151 Manganese Mn 25 124 Samarium Sm 62 142 Einsteinium Es 99 151 Iron Fe 26 131 Europium Eu 63 142 Fermium Fm 100 151 Cobalt Co 27 135 Gadolinium Gd 64 142 Mendelevium Md 101 151 Nickel Ni 28 139 Terbium Tb 65 142 Nobelium No 102 151 Copper Cu 29 65 Dysprosium Dy 66 142 Lawrencium Lr 103 151 Zinc Zn 30 73 Holmium Ho 67 142 Rutherfordium Rf 104 94 Gallium Ga 31 78 Erbium Er 68 142 Dubnium Db 105 105 Germanium Ge 32 88 Thulium Tm 69 142 Seaborgium Sg 106 114 Arsenic As 33 98 Ytterbium Yb 70 142 Bohrium Bh 107 124 Selenium Se 34 108 Lutetium Lu 71 142 Hassium Hs 108 131 Bromine Br 35 118 Hafnium Hf 72 94 Meitnerium Mt 109 135 139 Krypton Kr 36 128 Tantalum Ta 73 105 Darmstadtium Ds 110 Rubidium Rb 37 59 Tungsten W 74 114 Roentgenium Rg 111 Part 2 1.4 Table 2.1-3 The elements ordered by their atomic numbers 51 52 Part 2 The Elements Part 2 1.4 Table 2.1-4 The elements ordered according to the Periodic Table Page Elements of the first period 1 Hydrogen 1 Deuterium 54 1 Tritium 2 Helium-4 2 Helium-3 19 Potassium 37 Rubidium 55 Cesium 79 Gold 111 Roentgenium 20 Calcium 38 Strontium Elements of Group IA 3 Lithium 11 Sodium 59 87 Francium Elements of Group IB 29 Copper 47 Silver 65 Elements of Group IIA 4 Beryllium 12 Magnesium 68 56 Barium 88 Radium Elements of Group IIB 30 Zinc 48 Cadmium 73 80 Mercury Elements of Group IIIA 5 Boron 13 Aluminium 78 31 Gallium 49 Indium 57 Lanthanum 89 Actinium 32 Germanium 50 Tin 72 Hafnium 104 Rutherfordium 33 Arsenic 51 Antimony 73 Tantalum 105 Dubnium 34 Selenium 52 Tellurium 74 Tungsten 106 Seaborgium 35 Bromine 53 Iodine 75 Rhenium 107 Bohrium 36 Krypton 54 Xenon 76 Osmium 108 Hassium 77 Iridium 109 Meitnerium 78 Platinum 110 Darmstadtium 81 Thallium Elements of Group IIIB 21 Scandium 39 Yttrium 84 Elements of Group IVA 6 Carbon 14 Silicon 88 82 Lead Elements of Group IVB 22 Titanium 40 Zirconium 94 Elements of Group VA 7 Nitrogen 15 Phosphorus 98 83 Bismuth Elements of Group VB 23 Vanadium 41 Niobium 105 Elements of Group VIA 8 Oxygen 16 Sulfur 108 84 Polonium Elements of Group VIB 24 Chromium 42 Molybdenum 114 Elements of Group VIIA 9 Fluorine 17 Chlorine 118 85 Astatine Elements of Group VIIB 25 Manganese 43 Technetium 124 Elements of Group VIIIA 10 Neon 18 Argon 128 86 Radon Elements of Group VIII(1) 26 Iron 44 Ruthenium 131 Elements of Group VIII(2) 27 Cobalt 45 Rhodium 135 Elements of Group VIII(3) 28 Nickel 46 Palladium 139 Lanthanides 142 58 Cerium 59 Praseodymium 60 Neodymium 61 Promethium 62 Samarium 63 Europium 64 Gadolinium 65 Terbium 66 Dysprosium 67 Holmium 68 Erbium 69 Thulium 70 Ytterbium 71 Lutetium 90 Thorium 91 Protactinium 92 Uranium 93 Neptunium 94 Plutonium 95 Americium 96 Curium 97 Berkelium 98 Californium 99 Einsteinium 100 Fermium 101 Mendelevium 102 Nobelium 103 Lawrencium Actinides 151 The Elements 1.4 Tables of the Elements in Different Orders Part 2 1.4 Table 2.1-5 Periodic Table of the elements Periodic Table of the Elements IUPAC Notation CAS Notation Atomic Number Element Symbol 18 VIIIA 2 He Unstable Nuclei Main Groups 1 IA 1 2 IIA 13 IIIA 14 IVA 15 VA 16 VIA 17 VIIA 2 H 3 4 Li 11 19 37 55 87 12 Na 38 Rb 56 Cs 88 Fr 13 Mg 20 K 5 Be 31 Ca 49 Sr 14 Al 32 Ga 50 In 81 Ba 6 B 82 Tl 7 C 15 Si 51 Sn 83 Pb 84 Bi 35 Se 52 Sb 17 S 34 As 9 O 16 P 33 Ge 8 N 53 Te 85 Po 10 F 18 VIIIA Shells He K Ne K–L Ar K–L–M Kr –L–M–N Xe –M–N–O Rn –N–O–P 18 Cl 36 Br 54 I 86 At –O–P–Q Ra Subgroups 3 IIIB 21 39 57 89 4 IVB 22 Sc 40 Y 72 La 5 VB 23 Ti 41 Zr 73 Hf 104 Ac V Nb Ta 105 Rf Db 6 VIB 24 Cr 42 Mo 74 W 106 Sg 7 VIIB 8 VIII (1) 25 26 Mn 43 75 44 Tc 76 Re 107 27 Fe 45 Ru Co Rh 77 Os 108 Bh 9 VIII (2) Ir 109 Hs Mt 10 VIII (3) 28 46 Ni Pd 78 Pt 110 Ds 11 IB 29 47 79 30 Cu 48 Ag 80 Au 111 12 IIB Shells Zn –L–M–N Cd –M–N–O Hg –N–O–P 112 Rg –O–P–Q Lanthanides (Shells –N–O–P) 58 Ce 59 Pr 60 Nd 61 Pm 62 Sm 63 Eu 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Actinides (Shells –O–P–Q) 90 Th 91 Pa 92 U 93 Np 94 Pu 95 Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md 53 No Lr 54 Part 2 The Elements Part 2 1.5 2.1.5 Data 2.1.5.1 Elements of the First Period Table 2.1-6A Elements of the first period (hydrogen and helium). Atomic, ionic, and molecular properties Element name Hydrogen Special name Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Hydrogen H 1 Helium Deuterium Tritium 2 H or D 3 H or T 1 1 Helium 4 Helium 3 4 He 3 He 2 2 Units Remarks Characteristics Radioactive Half-life 12.32 Relative atomic mass A (atomic weight) 1.00794(7) 2.01408 Abundance in lithosphere 1400 × 10−6 1.4 × 10−4 Abundance in sea 110 × 10−3 Atomic radius rcov 30 3.01605 y 4.002602(2) 4.2 × 10−7 Mass ratio Mass ratio Atomic radius rmet pm Covalent radius 140 pm Metallic radius, CN a = 12 140 pm van der Waals radius Atomic radius rvdW 140 Electron shells K K K K K Electronic ground state 2S 1/2 1s1 2S 1/2 Electronic configuration 1s1 2S 1/2 1s1 1S 0 1s2 1S 0 1s2 Oxidation states 1−, 1+ Electron affinity 0.754 0.19 Electronegativity χA 2.20 3.20 1st ionization energy 13.59844 24.58741 eV 54.41778 eV 2nd ionization energy Standard electrode potential E 0 0.00000 eV Allred and Rochow V Reaction 2H+ + 2e− = H2 Molecular form in gaseous state H2 Internuclear distance in molecule 74.166 pm Dissociation energy 4.475 eV a Coordination number. Extrapolated to T = 0 K The Elements 1.5 Data high-pressure modifications, see Table 2.1-6C) Element name Hydrogen Helium Special name Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Hydrogen H 1 State H2 at 4.2 K At 1.5 K Crystal system, Bravais lattice hex hex Structure type Mg Mg Lattice constant a 377.1 357.7 Lattice constant c 615.6 584.2 Deuterium or D 1 2H Tritium or T 1 3H Helium 4 4 He 2 Helium 3 3 He 2 Units Space group P63 /mmc P63 /mmc Schoenflies symbol 4 D6h 4 D6h Strukturbericht type A3 AQ3 Pearson symbol hP2 hP2 Number A of atoms per cell 2 2 Coordination number 12 12 Shortest interatomic distance, solid 357 pm pm Remarks Part 2 1.5 Table 2.1-6B(a) Elements of the first period (hydrogen and helium). Crystallographic properties (for allotropic and 55 56 Part 2 The Elements Part 2 1.5 Table 2.1-6B(b) Elements of the fist period (hydrogen and helium). Mechanical properties Element name Hydrogen Special name Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Hydrogen H 1 2H State H2 D2 Density , liquid Density , gas 0.0899 × 10−3 Helium Deuterium or D 1 Tritium or T 1 3H 0.162 0.260 0.0032 a 0.0031 a Molar volume Vmol , gas 13.26 Viscosity η, gas 8.67 Sound velocity, gas 1237 Sound velocity, liquid 1340 Elastic modulus E 0.2 Elastic compliance s11 2930 (4.2 K) 1400 (4.2 K) Elastic compliance s33 2000 (4.2 K) 995 (4.2 K) Elastic compliance s44 9090 (4.2 K) 4350 (4.2 K) Helium 4 4 He 2 Helium 3 3 He 2 Units Remarks g/cm3 Near Tm 0.1785 × 10−3 g/cm3 At 273 K b 32.07 cm3 /mol 969 (STP) 0.1 mPa s At 293 K, 101 kPa m/s STP m/s At Tm , 12 MHz GPa Solid state, estimated +226 × 103 (1.6 K) +202 × 103 (0.4 K) 1/TPa +46 × 103 (1.6 K) +108 × 103 (0.4 K) 1/TPa −107 × 103 −91.6 × 103 (0.4 K) 1/TPa Elastic compliance s12 −1240 (4.2 K) −490 (4.2 K) Elastic compliance s13 −166 (4.2 K) −81 (4.2 K) Elastic stiffness c11 0.042 (4.2 K) 0.82 (4.2 K) Elastic stiffness c33 0.51 (4.2 K) 1.02 (4.2 K) Elastic stiffness c44 0.11 (4.2 K) 0.23 (4.2 K) +21.7 × 10−3 (1.6 K) +9.2 × 10−3 (0.4 K) Elastic stiffness c12 0.18 (4.2 K) 0.29 (4.2 K) +28.1 × 10−3 (1.6 K) +16.4 × 10−3 (0.4 K) GPa Elastic stiffness c13 0.05 (4.2 K) Solubility in water αW 0.0178 b a b At 25 K. 101.3 kPa H2 pressure. (1.6 K) +31.1 × 10−3 (1.6 K) +20.0 × 10−3 (0.4 K) GPa 0.0086 GPa The Elements 1.5 Data Element name Hydrogen Helium Special name Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Hydrogen H 1 State H2 gas He gas Thermal conductivity λ 0.171 Molar heat capacity c p Deuterium Tritium 3 H or T or D 1 1 2H Helium 4 4 He 2 Helium 3 3 He 2 Units Remarks 143.0 × 10−3 W/(m K) At 300 K 14.418 20.786 J/(mol K) At 298 K Standard entropy S0 130.680 126.152 J/(mol K) At 298 K and 100 kPa Enthalpy difference H298 − H0 8.4684 6.1965 kJ/mol At 298 K Melting temperature Tm 13.81 0.95 a K Enthalpy change ∆Hm Boiling temperature T b Enthalpy change ∆H b 18.65 20.65 23.65 25.05 0.12 20.30 0.021 4.215 kJ/mol 3.2 K 0.46 0.082 kJ/mol Sublimation enthalpy 0.376 0.060 kJ/mol Critical temperature Tc 33.2 38.55 5.23 K Critical pressure pc 1.297 1.645 0.229 MPa Critical density c 0.03102 69.3 × 10−3 g/cm3 Triple-point temperature Ttr 14.0 b K Triple-point pressure ptr 7.2 λ point a b At 2.6 MPa. He does not have a triple point. 39.95 kPa 2.184 0.0027 K At 0 K Part 2 1.5 Table 2.1-6B(c) Elements of the first period (hydrogen and helium). Thermal and thermodynamic properties 57 58 Part 2 The Elements Part 2 1.5 Table 2.1-6B(d) Elements of the first period (hydrogen and helium). Electronic, electromagnetic, and optical properties Element name Hydrogen Special name Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Hydrogen H 1 Helium State Characteristics Dielectric constant (ε − 1), gas Dielectric constant ε, liquid Dielectric constant ε, solid Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol , gas (SI system) Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol , gas (cgs system) Mass magnetic susceptibility χmass , liquid (SI system) Mass magnetic susceptibility χmass , liquid (cgs system) Mass magnetic susceptibility χmass , gas (SI system) Refractive index (n − 1), gas H2 gas Light gas +264 × 10−6 1.225 He gas Noble gas +68 × 10−6 1.048 (3.15 K) −50.1 × 10−6 −25.4 × 10−6 cm3 /mol At 295 K −3.99 × 10−6 −2.02 × 10−6 cm3 /mol At 295 K Refractive index n, liquid Deuterium Tritium Helium 4 2 H or D 3 H or T 4 He 1 1 2 Helium 3 3 He 2 Units Remarks At 273 K At 20.30 K −68.4 × 10−6 cm3 /mol At 20.3 K −5.44 × 10−6 cm3 /mol At 20.3 K −25 × 10−6 −5.9 × 10−6 132 × 10−6 36 × 10−6 1.112 1.026 (3.7 K) cm3 /g At 295 K At 273.15 K, 101 × 105 Pa, λ = 589.3 nm λ = 589.3 nm Table 2.1-6C Elements of the first period (hydrogen and helium). Allotropic and high-pressure modifications Element Hydrogen Modification α-H (H2 ) β-H (H2 ) α-He Helium β-He γ -He Crystal system, Bravais lattice Structure type Lattice constant a Lattice constant c Space group Schoenflies symbol Strukturbericht type Pearson symbol Number A of atoms per cell Coordination number Shortest interatomic distance, solid Range of stability cub, fc Cu 533.4 cub, bc W 4110 < 1.25 K < 13.81 K hex, cp Mg 357.7 584.2 P63 /mmc 4 D6h A3 hP2 2 12 357 < 0.95 K cub, fc Cu 4240 Fm3m Oh5 A1 cF4 4 12 hex, cp Mg 377.1 615.6 P63 /mmc 4 D6h A3 hP2 2 12 Fm3m Oh5 A1 cF4 4 12 300 1.6 K; 0.125 GPa Im3m Oh9 A2 cI2 2 8 356 1.73 K; 0.03 GPa Units pm pm pm 2S 1/2 [Ne]3s1 156 158.6 180 KL 2S 1/2 [He]2s1 1+ 0.618 0.97 5.39172 75.64018 122.45429 Atomic radius rcov Atomic radius rmet Atomic radius ros Atomic radius rvdW Electron shells Electronic ground state Electronic configuration Oxidation states Electron affinity Electronegativity χA 1st ionization energy 2nd ionization energy 3rd ionization energy Standard electrode potential E 0 −3.040 KLM 123 Abundance in sea 4th ionization energy 10 770 × 10−6 0.18 × 10−6 −2.71 98.91 71.6200 47.2864 5.13908 1.01 0.548 1+ 230 171.3 192 157 28 300 × 10−6 65 × 10−6 Abundance in lithosphere −2.931 60.91 45.806 31.63 4.34066 0.91 0.501 1+ [Ar]4s1 2S 1/2 –LMN 280 216.2 238 203 380 × 10−6 25 900 × 10−6 −2.98 52.6 40 27.285 4.17713 0.89 0.486 1+ [Kr]5s1 2S 1/2 –MNO 244 228.7 250 216 0.12 × 10−6 280 × 10−6 85.4678(3) Rb 37 Rubidium −2.92 23.15745 3.89390 0.86 0.472 1+ [Xe]6s1 2S 1/2 –NOP 262 251.8 272 253 4 × 10−10 3.2 × 10−6 132.90545(2) Cs 55 Cesium Fr 87 Francium 4.0727 (0.86) 0.46 1+ [Rn]7s1 2S 1/2 –OPQ 244.7 [223] 22.989770(2) 6.941(2) 39.0983(1) K 19 Potassium Radioactive Na 11 Sodium Relative atomic mass A (atomic weight) Li 3 Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Characteristics Lithium Element name V eV eV eV eV eV pm pm pm pm Units Reaction type Li+ + e− = Li Allred and Rochow van der Waals radius Outer-shell orbital radius Metallic radius, CN = 12 Covalent radius Mass ratio Mass ratio Remarks 2.1.5.2 Elements of the Main Groups and Subgroup I to IV Part 2 1.5 Table 2.1-7A Elements of Group IA (CAS notation), or Group 1 (new IUPAC notation). Atomic, ionic, and molecular properties (see Table 2.1-7D for ionic radii) The Elements 1.5 Data 59 60 Part 2 The Elements Part 2 1.5 Table 2.1-7B(a) Elements of Group IA (CAS notation), or Group 1 (new IUPAC notation). Crystallographic properties (see Table 2.1-7C for allotropic and high-pressure modifications) Element name Lithium Sodium Potassium Rubidium Cesium Francium Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Li 3 Na 11 K 19 Cs 55 Fr 87 Modification β-Li β-Na Crystal system, Bravais lattice cub, bc cub, bc cub, bc cub, bc cub, bc Structure type W W W W W Lattice constant a 350.93 420.96 532.1 570.3 614.1 Space group Im3m Im3m Im3m Im3m Im3m Schoenflies symbol Oh9 Oh9 Oh9 Oh9 Oh9 Strukturbericht type A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 Pearson symbol cI2 cI2 cI2 cI2 cI2 Number A of atoms per cell 2 2 2 2 2 Coordination number 8 8 8 8 8 Shortest interatomic distance, solid 303 371 462 487 524 Rb 37 Units Remarks Shortest interatomic distance, liquid Cs -I 497 (313 K) pm pm pm 0.532 0.508 (453 K) 13.00 0.566 (473 K) 0.396 Density , solid Density , liquid Molar volume Vmol Viscosity η, liquid Surface tension, liquid 13.4 × 10−5 233 −250 8.93 × 10−5 11.5 4.24 0.36 315 104 −144 13.4 9.6 11.3 0.6 Compressibility κ Elastic modulus E Shear modulus G Poisson number µ Elastic compliance s11 Elastic compliance s44 Elastic compliance s12 Elastic stiffness c11 Elastic stiffness c44 Elastic stiffness c12 Tensile strength Mohs hardness 0.6 3310 6030 Sound velocity, solid, longitudinal Vickers hardness 1620 2820 Sound velocity, solid, transverse 6.33 4.30 7.59 549 0.34 2.94 6.80 2395 (371 K) 3.18 1.90 3.69 −620 526 1339 0.35 1.28 3.52 23.7 × 10−5 2600 1230 83 × 10−6 −0.06 × 10−3 −0.05 × 10−3 70.6 × 10−6 0.116 0.64 45.36 0.827 0.862 K 19 Potassium 0.193 0.565 (416 K) 23.68 0.927 0.970 Na 11 Sodium Sound velocity, liquid Coefficient of linear thermal expansion α 56 × 10−6 Li 3 Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Temperature coefficient Lithium Element name 0.37 2.44 1.60 2.96 −600 625 1330 0.29 0.91 2.35 33.0 × 10−5 1430 770 1260 90 × 10−6 0.092 0.52 55.79 1.470 1.532 Rb 37 Rubidium 0.15 0.99 (280 K) 1.44 (280 K) 1.60 (280 K) −450 (280 K) 690 (280 K) 1190 (280 K) 0.30 0.65 1.69 0.75 × 10−5 1090 590 967 97 × 10−6 −0.046 × 10−3 0.060 70.96 1.847 1.87 Cs 55 Cesium 9.25 2.410 Fr 87 Francium MPa GPa GPa GPa 1/TPa 1/TPa 1/TPa GPa GPa 1/MPa m/s m/s m/s 1/K N/(m K) N/m mPa s cm3 /mol g/cm3 g/cm3 Units Volume compressibility At Tm , At 12 MHz At 298 K Near Tm Remarks Part 2 1.5 Table 2.1-7B(b) Elements of Group IA (CAS notation), or Group 1 (new IUPAC notation). Mechanical properties The Elements 1.5 Data 61 453.69 Melting temperature Tm 25.3 0.210 Critical pressure pc Critical density c 99.2 1156 2500 147.7 1620 0.027 7.002 2.5970 370.87 6.4600 51.300 28.24 141 Na 11 Sodium Critical temperature Tc Enthalpy change ∆Hb Boiling temperature Tb 0.0151 4.6320 Enthalpy difference H298 − H0 Relative volume change ∆Vm 29.120 Standard entropy S0 6.612 24.77 Molar heat capacity c p Entropy change ∆Sm 84.7 Thermal conductivity λ 3.0000 Li 3 Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Enthalpy change ∆Hm Lithium Element name 0.190 16.1 2280 79.1 1040 0.0291 6.890 2.3208 336.86 7.0880 64.680 29.58 102.4 K 19 Potassium 75.7 970 0.0228 7.016 2.1924 312.47 7.4890 76.776 31.062 58.2 Rb 37 Rubidium 0.410 11.3 2010 67.7 947 0.0263 6.950 2.0960 301.59 7.7110 85.230 32.18 35.9 Cs 55 Cesium 950 (estimated) 300 10.000 101.00 Fr 87 Francium g/cm3 MPa K kJ/mol K J/(mol K) kJ/mol K kJ/mol J/(mol K) J/(mol K) W/(m K) Units (Vl − Vs )/Vl at Tm At 298 K and 100 kPa At 298 K At 300 K Remarks Part 2 1.5 Table 2.1-7B(c) Elements of Group IA (CAS notation), or Group 1 (new IUPAC notation). Thermal and thermodynamic Part 2 properties 62 The Elements 261 × 10−6 6.7 × 10−6 0.024 (134 nm) 201 × 10−6 16 × 10−6 8.8 × 10−6 4.22 0.0045 14.2 × 10−6 25.6 × 10−6 a B = 1–3 T 20.8 × 10−6 2.30 178 × 10−6 Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol , solid (SI) Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol , solid (cgs) Mass magnetic susceptibility χmass , solid (SI) Mass magnetic susceptibility χmass , liquid (SI) Refractive index n, solid Refractive index n, liquid 2.75 1.44 −2.1 × 10−10 2.15 Soft, reactive metal 61 67.3 × 10−4 −69.7 × 10−9 129.7 1.56 −4.2 × 10−10 12 2.39 Reactive metal 42 54.6 × 10−4 −38.3 × 10−9 K 19 Potassium Thermal work function Very reactive metal 85.5 48.9 × 10−4 −2.1 × 10−9 240 at Tm 1.68 −1.70 × 10−10 14.37 Characteristics Na 11 Sodium 2.28 Li 3 Electrical resistivity ρs Temperature coefficient Pressure coefficient Electrical resistivity ρl Resistivity ratio at Tm Hall coefficient Ra Thermoelectric coefficient Electronic work function Lithium Chemical symbol Atomic number Z 2.49 × 10−6 17 × 10−6 214 × 10−6 2.13 2.05 Soft, reactive metal 116 63.7 × 10−4 −62.9 × 10−9 220 1.612 −5.92 × 10−10 −8.26 Rb 37 Rubidium cm3 /g 2.6 × 10−6 cm3 /mol cm3 /mol V V m3 /(A s) µV/K nΩ m 1/K 1/hPa nΩ m Units cm3 /g Alkali metal Fr 87 Francium 2.8 × 10−6 29 × 10−6 364 × 10−6 1.87 1.94 Alkali metal 188 50.3 × 10−4 0.5 × 10−9 367 1.66 −7.8 × 10−10 0.2 Cs 55 Cesium λ = 589.3 nm λ = 589.3 nm At 295 K At 295 K At 295 K Solid, at 293 K Solid Solid Liquid ρl /ρs at Tm At 300 K Remarks Part 2 1.5 Element name Table 2.1-7B(d) Elements of Group IA (CAS notation), or Group 1 (new IUPAC notation). Electronic, electromagnetic, and optical properties The Elements 1.5 Data 63 Fm3m Oh5 A1 cF4 4 12 310 Im3m Oh9 A2 cI2 2 8 303 RT < 72 K < 36 K hex, cp Mg 376.7 615.4 P63 /mmc 4 D6h A3 hP2 2 12 377 RT Im3m Oh9 A2 cI2 2 8 371 cub, bc W 420.96 β-Na RTP Im3m Oh9 A2 cI2 2 8 524 cub, bc W 614.1 Cs-I Cesium > 2.37 GPa Fm3m Oh5 A1 cF4 4 12 457 cub, fc Cu 598.4 Cs-II 59 76 92 137 138 151 164 139 K+ Potassium 99 102 118 124 Na+ Li+ Ion Coordination number 4 6 8 9 10 12 Sodium Lithium Element 167 174 181 188 166 172 Cs+ Cesium 152 161 Rb+ Rubidium 180 Fr+ Francium Units pm pm pm pm pm pm Table 2.1-7D Elements of Group IA (CAS notation), or Group 1 (new IUPAC notation). Ionic radii (determined from crystal structures) cub, fc Cu Crystal system, Bravais lattice Structure type Lattice constant a Lattice constant c Space group Schoenflies symbol Strukturbericht type Pearson symbol Number A of atoms per cell Coordination number Shortest interatomic distance, solid Range of stability cub, bc W 309.3 α-Na hex, cp Mg 311.1 509.3 P63 /mmc 4 D6h A3 hP2 2 6+6 310 Sodium γ -Li α-Li β-Li Lithium Modification > 4.22 GPa Fm3m Oh5 A1 cF4 4 12 410 cub, fc Cu 580.0 Cs-III pm pm Units Part 2 1.5 Element Part 2 Table 2.1-7C Elements of Group IA (CAS notation), or Group 1 (new IUPAC notation). Allotropic and high-pressure modifications 64 The Elements The Elements 1.5 Data Element name Copper Silver Gold Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Cu 29 Ag 47 Au 79 Relative atomic mass Ar (atomic weight) Abundance in lithosphere Abundance in sea Atomic radius rcov Atomic radius rmet Atomic radius rvdW Electron shells Electronic ground state Electronic configuration Oxidation states Electron affinity Electronegativity χA 1st ionization energy 2nd ionization energy 3rd ionization energy 4th ionization energy Standard electrode potential E 0 63.546(3) 107.8682(2) 196.96655(2) 70 × 10−6 5 × 10−10 117 128 140 –LMN 2S 1/2 [Ar]3d10 4s1 2+, 1+ 1.24 1.75 7.72638 20.29240 36.841 57.38 +0.521 +0.342 +0.153 2.0 × 10−6 4 × 10−11 134 144 170 –MNO 2S 1/2 [Kr]4d10 5s1 1+ 1.30 1.42 7.57624 21.49 34.83 3 × 10−9 4 × 10−12 134 144 170 –NOP 2S 1/2 [Xe]4f14 5d10 6s1 3+, 1+ 2.309 (1.42) 9.22567 20.5 +0.7996 +1.692 +1.498 +1.401 Units Remarks pm pm pm Mass ratio Mass ratio Covalent radius Metallic radius, CN = 12 van der Waals radius eV Allred and Rochow eV eV eV eV V V V V V Reaction type Cu+ + e− = Cu Reaction type Cu2+ + 2e− = Cu Reaction type Cu2+ + e− = Cu+ Reaction type Au3+ + 3e− = Au Reaction type Au3+ + 2e− = Au+ Table 2.1-8B(a) Elements of Group IB (CAS notation), or Group 11 (new IUPAC notation). Crystallographic properties Element name Copper Silver Gold Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Cu 29 Ag 47 Au 79 Crystal system, Bravais lattice Structure type Lattice constant a Space group Schoenflies symbol Strukturbericht type Pearson symbol Number A of atoms per cell Coordination number Shortest interatomic distance, solid Shortest interatomic distance, liquid cub, fc Cu 361.49 Fm3m Oh5 A1 cF4 4 12 255.6 257 (1363 K) cub, fc Cu 408.61 Fm3m Oh5 A1 cF4 4 12 288 cub, fc Cu 407.84 Fm3m Oh5 A1 cF4 4 12 288 Units Remarks pm At 298 K pm pm At 293 K Part 2 1.5 Table 2.1-8A Elements of Group IB (CAS notation), or Group 11 (new IUPAC notation). Atomic, ionic, and molecular properties (see Table 2.1-8D for ionic radii) 65 66 Part 2 The Elements Part 2 1.5 Table 2.1-8B(b) Elements of Group IB (CAS notation), or Group 11 (new IUPAC notation). Mechanical properties Element name Copper Silver Gold Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Cu 29 Ag 47 Au 79 Density , solid Density , liquid Molar volume Vmol Viscosity η, liquid Surface tension, liquid Temperature coefficient Coefficient of linear thermal expansion α Sound velocity, solid, transverse Sound velocity, solid, longitudinal Compressibility κ 8.960 8.000 7.09 3.36 1.300 −0.18 × 10−3 16.5 × 10−6 10.50 9.345 10.27 3.62 0.923 −0.13 × 10−3 19.2 × 10−6 19.30 17.300 10.19 5.38 1.128 −0.10 × 10−3 14.16 × 10−6 Units g/cm3 g/cm3 cm3 /mol mPa s N/m N/(m K) 1/K 2300 4760 0.702 × 10−5 1690 3640 0.95 × 10−5 1190 3280 0.563 × 10−5 m/s m/s 1/MPa Elastic modulus E Shear modulus G Poisson number µ Elastic compliance s11 Elastic compliance s44 Elastic compliance s12 Elastic stiffness c11 Elastic stiffness c44 Elastic stiffness c12 Tensile strength Vickers hardness 128 46.8 0.34 15.0 13.3 −6.3 169 75.3 122 209 369 80.0 29.5 0.38 23.0 22.0 −9.8 122 45.5 92 125 251 78.0 26.0 0.42 23.4 23.8 −10.8 191 42.2 162 110 216 GPa GPa 1/TPa 1/TPa 1/TPa GPa GPa GPa MPa Remarks At Tm At 298 K Volume compressibility At 293 K At 293 K Table 2.1-8B(c) Elements of Group IB (CAS notation), or Group 11 (new IUPAC notation). Thermal and thermodynamic properties Element name Copper Silver Gold Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Cu 29 Ag 47 Au 79 Thermal conductivity λ Molar heat capacity c p Standard entropy S0 Enthalpy difference H298 − H0 Melting temperature Tm Enthalpy change ∆Hm Entropy change ∆Sm Relative volume change Boiling temperature Tb Enthalpy change ∆Hb 1401 24.443 33.150 5.0040 1357.77 13.263 9.768 +0.0415 2843 300.7 429 25.36 42.551 5.7446 1234.93 11.297 9.148 0.038 2436 250.6 317 25.42 47.488 6.0166 1337.33 12.552 9.386 0.051 3130 334.4 Units W/(m K) J/(mol K) J/(mol K) kJ/mol K kJ/mol J/(mol K) Remarks At 300 K At 298 K At 298 K and 100 kPa (Vl − Vs )/Vl at Tm K kJ/mol The Elements 1.5 Data and optical properties. There is no Table 2.1-8C, because no allotropic or high-pressure modifications are known Element name Copper Silver Gold Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Cu 29 Ag 47 Au 79 Characteristics Electrical resistivity ρs Temerature coefficient Pressure coefficient Electrical resistivity ρl Resistivity ratio Hall coefficient R Metal 16.78 43.8 × 10−4 −1.86 × 10−9 21.5 2.07 −0.536 × 10−10 Noble metal 147 43 × 10−4 −3.38 × 10−9 −0.84 × 10−10 Noble metal 20.5 40.2 × 10−4 −2.93 × 10−9 312 2.28 −0.704 × 10−10 Thermoelectric coefficient Electronic work function Thermal work function Molar magnetic susceptibility chi mol , solid (SI) Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol , solid (cgs) Mass magnetic susceptibility χmass , solid (SI) Mass magnetic susceptibilityχmass , liquid (SI) 1.72 4.65 4.39 −68.6 × 10−6 1.42 4.26 4.31 −245 × 10−6 1.72 5.1 4.25 −352 × 10−6 µV/K V V cm3 /mol At 295 K −5.46 × 10−6 −19.5 × 10−6 −28 × 10−6 cm3 /mol At 295 K −1.081 × 10−6 −2.27 × 10−6 −1.78 × 10−6 cm3 /g At 295 K −1.2 × 10−6 −2.83 × 10−6 −2.16 × 10−6 cm3 /g Units Remarks nΩ m 1/K 1/hPa nΩ m At 293 K m3 /(A s) ρl /ρs at Tm B = 0.3–2.2 T, 298 K Table 2.1-8D Elements of Group IB (CAS notation), or Group 11 (new IUPAC notation). Ionic radii (determined from crystal structures) Element Copper Ion Cu+ Coordination number 2 4 6 8 46 60 77 Silver Cu2+ 57 73 Ag+ 100 115 128 Gold Ag2+ 79 94 Au+ 137 Au3+ 64 85 Units pm pm pm pm Part 2 1.5 Table 2.1-8B(d) Elements of Group IB (CAS notation), or Group 11 (new IUPAC notation). Electronic, electromagnetic, 67 20 900 × 10−6 1290 × 10−6 136 160 170 KLM 1S 0 [Ne]2s2 2+ Not stable 1.23 7.64624 15.03528 80.1437 109.2655 −2.372 6 × 10−6 6 × 10−13 89 112 KL 1S 0 [He]2s2 2+ Not stable 1.47 9.32263 18.21116 153.89661 217.71865 −1.847 24.3050(6) Mg 12 Magnesium 9.012182(3) Be 4 Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Characteristics Relative atomic mass A (atomic weight) Abundance in lithosphere Abundance in sea Atomic radius rcov Atomic radius rmet Atomic radius rvdW Electron shells Electronic ground state Electronic configuration Oxidation states Electron affinity Electronegativity χA 1st ionization energy 2nd ionization energy 3rd ionization energy 4th ionization energy Standard electrode potential E 0 Beryllium Element name –LMN 1S 0 [Ar]4s2 2+ 0.0246 1.04 6.11316 11.87172 50.9131 67.27 −2.868 26 300 × 10−6 412 × 10−6 174 197 40.078(4) Ca 20 Calcium –MNO 1S 0 [Kr]5ss2 2+ 0.048 0.99 5.69484 11.03013 42.89 57 −2.89 150 × 10−6 8.0 × 10−6 191 215 87.62(1) Sr 38 Strontium −2.90 –NOP 1S 0 [Xe]6s2 2+ 0.15 0.97 5.21170 10.00390 430 × 10−6 2 × 10−9 198 224 137.327(7) Ba 56 Barium (0.97) 5.27892 10.14716 –OPQ 1S 0 [Rn]7s2 2+ 230 Radioactive [226] Ra 88 Radium eV eV eV eV V eV pm pm pm Units Reaction type Be++ + 2e− = Be Allred and Rochow Mass ratio Mass ratio Covalent radius Metallic radius, CN = 12 van der Waals radius Remarks Part 2 1.5 (see Table 2.1-9D for ionic radii) Part 2 Table 2.1-9A Elements of Group IIA (CAS notation), or Group 2 (new IUPAC notation). Atomic, ionic, and molecular properties 68 The Elements The Elements 1.5 Data Element name Beryllium Magnesium Calcium Strontium Barium Radium Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Be 4 Mg 12 Ba 56 Ra 88 Modification Crystal system, Bravais lattice Structure type Lattice constant a Lattice constant c Space group Schoenflies symbol Strukturbericht type Pearson symbol Number A of atoms per cell Coordination number Shortest interatomic distance, solid α-Be hex Mg 228.57 358.39 P63 /mmc 4 D6h A3 hP2 2 12 222 Ca 20 Sr 38 α-Ca cub, fc Cu 558.84 α-Sr cub, fc Cu 608.4 cub, bc W 502.3 cub, bc W 514.8 Fm3m Oh5 A1 cF4 4 12 393 Fm3m Oh5 A1 cF4 4 12 430 Im3m Oh9 A2 cI2 2 8 434 Im3m Oh9 A2 cI2 2 8 446 Units Remarks hex Mg 320.93 521.07 P63 /mmc 4 D6h A3 hP2 2 6+6 319 pm pm pm Part 2 1.5 Table 2.1-9B(a) Elements of Group IIA (CAS notation), or Group 2 (new IUPAC notation). Crystallographic properties (see Table 2.1-9C for allotropic and high-pressure modifications) 69 5700 2.88 × 10−5 12 720 0.765 × 10−5 286 133 0.12 3.45 2.87 6.16 −0.28 −0.05 292 349 163 24 6 228–352 1670 1060–1300 Elastic modulus E Shear modulus G Poisson number µ Elastic compliance s11 Elastic compliance s33 Elastic compliance s44 Elastic compliance s12 Elastic compliance s13 Elastic stiffness c11 Elastic stiffness c33 Elastic stiffness c44 Elastic stiffness c12 Elastic stiffness c13 Tensile strength Vickers hardness Brinell hardness b At 348 K. Estimated. 3170 8330 a 26.1 × 10−6 11.5 × 10−6 1.1 (1770 K) 1.74 1.590 13.98 1.23 0.563 (954 K) 1.85 1.420 (1770 K) 4.88 Density , solid Density , liquid Molar volume Vmol Viscosity η, liquid Surface tension γ , liquid Temperature coefficient Coefficient of linear thermal expansion α Sound velocity, solid, transverse Sound velocity, solid, longitudinal Compressibility κ 300– 500 44.4 16.9 0.28 22.0 19.7 60.9 −7.8 −5.0 59.3 61.5 16.4 25.7 21.4 90 Mg 12 Be 4 Magnesium Beryllium Chemical symbol Atomic number Z 7.97 × 10−5 15.7 6.03 0.28 218 135 −90 10.94 7.41 7.69 140 19.6 a 7.85 a 0.31 a 104 71 −42 22.8 14 16.0 130 2780 1520 23 × 10−6 0.303 2.60 2.375 34.50 Sr 38 Strontium 5.73 × 10−5 a 4180 2210 1.55 1.365 25.86 1.06 0.361 −0.068 × 103 22 × 10−6 Ca 20 Calcium 42 9.5 8.0 12.6 105 −61 12.8 4.84 0.28 157 10.0 × 10−5 2080 1160 0.276 −0.095 20.7 × 10−6 3.50 3.325 38.21 Ba 56 Barium 13.2 b 20.2 × 10−6 0.45 45.2 5.000 Ra 88 Radium 1/TPa 1/TPa 1/TPa 1/TPa 1/TPa GPa GPa GPa GPa GPa GPa GPa GPa 1/MPa m/s m/s Units g/cm3 g/cm3 cm3 /mol mPa s N/m N/(m K) 1/K At 293 K Volume compressibility Remarks Part 2 1.5 Element name Part 2 Table 2.1-9B(b) Elements of Group IIA (CAS notation), or Group 2 (new IUPAC notation). Mechanical properties 70 The Elements 4.9957 923.00 8.4768 9.184 0.042 1366 127.4 1.9500 1560.0 7.8950 5.061 2741 291.58 Enthalpy difference H298 − H0 Melting temperature Tm Enthalpy change ∆Hm Entropy change ∆Sm Relative volume change ∆Vm Boiling temperature Tb Enthalpy change ∆Hb 1773 153.6 1115.0 8.5395 7.659 0.047 5.7360 200 25.940 41.588 Calcium Ca 20 1685 137.19 1050.0 7.4310 7.077 6.5680 35.3 26.4 55.694 Strontium Sr 38 2118 141.5 1000.0 7.1190 7.119 6.9100 18.4 28.09 62.500 Barium Ba 56 136.7 969.00 7.7000 7.946 7.2000 69.000 18.6 Radium Ra 88 Thermoelectric coefficient Electronic work function Thermal work function Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol , solid (SI) Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol , solid (cgs) Mass magnetic susceptibility χmass , solid (SI) Refractive index n, solid Light metal 28 90.0 × 10−4 −1.6 × 10−9 27.4 Characteristics Electrical resistivity ρs Temperature coefficient Pressure coefficient Electrical resistivity ρl Resistivity ratio Hall coefficient R 13.1 × 10−6 6.8 × 10−6 −9.0 × 10−6 −13 × 10−6 0.37 3.97 3.46 165 × 10−6 14 × 10−6 40.0 × 10−6 2.87 2.76 503 × 10−6 13.2 × 10−6 92.0 × 10−6 2.74 2.35 1.16 × 10−3 1.9 × 10−6 20.6 × 10−6 2.56 2.29 259 × 10−6 Metal Radium Ra 88 nΩ m 1/K 1/hPa nΩ m Units cm3 /g cm3 /mol V V cm3 /mol µV/K −8.2 Soft metal 500 64.9 × 10−4 −3.0 × 10−9 Barium Ba 56 −0.4 Soft metal 303 38.2 × 10−4 5.56 × 10−9 Strontium Sr 38 m3 /(A s) Metal 31.6 41.7 × 10−4 15.2 × 10−9 Calcium Ca 20 K kJ/mol K kJ/mol J/(mol K) kJ/mol Units W/(m K) J/(mol K) J/(mol K) 1.78 −0.83 × 10−10 Light metal 39.4 41.2 × 10−4 −4.7 × 10−9 Magnesium Mg 12 4.98 3.37 −113 × 10−6 2.4 × 10−10 Beryllium Be 4 Element name Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Table 2.1-9B(d) Elements of Group IIA (CAS notation), or Group 2 (new IUPAC notation). Electronic, electromagnetic, and optical properties 171 24.895 32.671 200 16.44 9.500 Thermal conductivity λ Molar heat capacity c p Standard entropy S0 Magnesium Mg 12 Beryllium Be 4 Element name Chemical symbol Atomic number Z λ = 589 nm At 295 K At 295 K At 295 K ρl /ρs at Tm At 300 K, B = 1T At RT Remarks (Vl − Vs )/Vl at Tm At 298 K At 298 K and 100 kPa Remarks 1.5 Data Part 2 1.5 Table 2.1-9B(c) Elements of Group IIA (CAS notation), or Group 2 (new IUPAC notation). Thermal and thermodynamic properties The Elements 71 12 393 RT 8 221 > 1523 K 12 222 RT Coordination number Shortest interatomic distance, solid Range of stability > 1010 K 8 388 Im3m Oh9 A2 cI2 2 cub, bc W 448.0 γ -Ca RT 12 430 Fm3m Oh5 A1 cF4 4 cub, fc Cu 608.4 α-Sr Strontium > 486 K 12 hex, cp Mg 428 705 P63 /mmc 4 D6h A3 hP2 2 β-Sr > 878 K 8 422 Im3m Oh9 A2 cI2 2 cub, bc W 487 γ -Sr > 3.5 GPa 8 Im3m Oh9 A2 cI2 2 cub, bc W 443.7 Sr-II 27 45 57 72 89 Mg2+ Be2+ Ion Coordination number 4 6 8 10 12 Magnesium Beryllium Element 100 112 123 134 Ca2+ Calcium 118 126 136 144 Sr2+ Strontium 148 170 161 Ra2+ Radium 135 142 Ba2+ Barium Table 2.1-9D Elements of Group IIA (CAS notation), or Group 2 (new IUPAC notation). Ionic radii (determined from crystal structures) Fm3m Oh5 A1 cF4 4 Im3m Oh9 A2 cI2 2 hex, cp Mg 228.57 358.39 P63 /mmc 4 D6h A3 hP2 2 Crystal system, Bravais lattice Structure type Lattice constant a Lattice constant c Space group Schoenflies symbol Strukturbericht type Pearson symbol Number A of atoms per cell cub, fc Cu 558.84 α-Ca cub, bc W 255.15 Calcium α-Be β-Be Beryllium Modification Units pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm Units Part 2 1.5 Element Part 2 Table 2.1-9C Elements of Group IIA (CAS notation), or Group 2 (new IUPAC notation). Allotropic and high-pressure modifications 72 The Elements The Elements 1.5 Data properties (see Table 2.1-10D for ionic radii) Element name Zinc Cadmium Mercury Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Zn 30 Cd 48 Hg 80 Relative atomic mass A (atomic weight) Abundance in lithosphere Abundance in sea Atomic radius rcov Atomic radius rmet Atomic radius rvdW Electron shells Electronic ground state Electronic configuration Oxidation states Electron affinity Electronegativity χA 1st ionization energy 2nd ionization energy 3rd ionization energ 4th ionization energy Standard electrode potential E 0 65.39(2) 112.411(8) 200.59(2) 80 × 10−6 4.9 × 10−9 125 134 140 –LMN 1S 0 [Ar]3d10 4s2 2+ Not stable 1.66 9.39405 17.96440 39.723 59.4 0.18 × 10−6 1 × 10−10 141 149 160 –MNO 1S 0 [Kr]4d10 5s2 2+ Not stable 1.46 8.99367 16.90832 37.48 0.5 × 10−6 3 × 10−11 144 162 150 –NOP 1S 0 [Xe]4f14 5d10 6s2 2+, 1+ Not stable (1.44) 10.43750 18.756 34.2 +0.7973 −0.7618 −0.403 Units Remarks pm pm pm Mass ratio Mass ratio Covalent radius Metallic radius, CN = 12 van der Waals radius eV Allred and Rochow eV eV eV eV V V Reaction type Hg2+ + 2e− = 2Hg Reaction type Cu2+ + 2e− = Cu Table 2.1-10B(a) Elements of Group IIB (CAS notation), or Group 12 (new IUPAC notation). Crystallographic properties (see Table 2.1-10 for allotropic and high-pressure modifications) Element name Zinc Cadmium Mercury Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Zn 30 Cd 48 Hg 80 Modification Crystal system, Bravais lattice Structure type Lattice constant a Lattice constant c Lattice angle α Space group Schoenflies symbol Strukturbericht type Pearson symbol Number A of atoms per cell Coordination number Shortest interatomic distance, solid hex Mg 266.44 494.94 hex Mg 297.88 561.67 P63 /mmc 4 D6h A3 hP2 2 6+6 266 P63 /mmc 4 D6h A3 hP2 2 6+6 297 α-Hg trig, R α-Hg 300.5 (225 K) 70.53 (225 K) R3m 5 D3d A 10 hR1 1 6+6 299 (at 234 K) Units Remarks pm pm deg At 298 K At 298 K pm At 293 K Part 2 1.5 Table 2.1-10A Elements of Group IIB (CAS notation), or Group 12 (new IUPAC notation). Atomic, ionic, and molecular 73 74 Part 2 The Elements Part 2 1.5 Table 2.1-10B(b) Elements of Group IIB (CAS notation), or Group 12 (new IUPAC notation). Mechanical properties Element name Zinc Cadmium Mercury Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Zn 30 Cd 48 Hg 80 Density , solid Density , liquid Molar volume Vmol Viscosity η, liquid Surface tension, liquid Temperature coefficient Coefficient of linear thermal expansion α Sound velocity, liquid Sound velocity, solid, transverse Sound velocity, solid, longitudinal Compressibility κ Elastic modulus E Shear modulus G Poisson number µ Elastic compliance s11 Elastic compliance s33 Elastic compliance s44 Elastic compliance s12 Elastic compliance s13 Elastic compliance s14 Elastic stiffness c11 Elastic stiffness c33 Elastic stiffness c44 Elastic stiffness c12 Elastic stiffness c13 Elastic stiffness c14 Tensile strength Brinell hardness 7.14 6.570 9.17 2.95 0.816 0.25 × 10−3 25.0 × 10−6 8.65 8.02 13.00 2.29 0.564 0.39 × 10−3 29.8 × 10−6 2790 2290 2200a 1690 3890 2980 1.65 × 10−5 92.7 34.3 0.29 8.22 27.7 25.3 0.60 −7.0 2.14 × 10−5 62.3 24.5 0.30 12.4 34.6 53.1 −1.2 −9.1 165 61.8 39.6 31.1 50.0 114.1 49.9 19.0 41.0 40.3 20–40 280–330 71 180–230 a At 594 K 13.53 (25 ◦ C) 14.81 1.55 0.476 −0.20 × 10−3 18.1 1451 Units g/cm3 g/cm3 cm3 /mol mPa s N/m N/(m K) 1/K Remarks m/s m/s 12 MHza At Tm At 298.15 K m/s 3.77 × 10−5 25 1/MPa GPa GPa 154 (83 K) 45 (83 K) 151 (83 K) −119 (83 K) −21 (83 K) −100 (83 K) 36.0 (83 K) 50.5 (83 K) 12.9 (83 K) 28.9 (83 K) 30.3 (83 K) 4.7 (83 K) 1/TPa 1/TPa 1/TPa 1/TPa 1/TPa 1/TPa GPa GPa GPa GPa GPa GPa MPa Volume compressibility 293 K The Elements 1.5 Data Element name Zinc Cadmium Mercury Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Zn 30 Cd 48 Hg 80 State Thermal conductivity λ Molar heat capacity c p Standard entropy S0 Enthalpy difference H298 − H0 Melting temperature Tm Enthalpy change ∆Hm Entropy change ∆Sm Relative volume change Boiling temperature Tb Enthalpy change ∆Hb Critical temperature Tc Critical pressure pc Critical density c Solid 121 25.44 41.631 5.6570 Solid 96.8 25.98 51.800 6.2470 Liquid 8.34 27.983 75.900 9.3420 692.68 7.3220 10.571 0.0730 1180 115.3 594.22 6.1923 10.421 0.0474 1040 97.40 234.32 2.2953 9.796 0.037 629 59.2 1750 167 5.700 Units Remarks W/(m K) J/(mol K) J/(mol K) kJ/mol At 300 K At 298 K At 298 K and 100 kPa K kJ/mol J/(mol K) (Vl − Vs )/Vl at Tm K kJ/mol K MPa g/cm3 Part 2 1.5 Table 2.1-10B(c) Elements of Group IIB (CAS notation), or Group 12 (new IUPAC notation). Thermal and thermodynamic properties 75 76 Part 2 The Elements Part 2 1.5 Table 2.1-10B(d) Elements of Group IIB (CAS notation), or Group 12 (new IUPAC notation). Electronic, electromagnetic, and optical properties Element name Zinc Cadmium Mercury Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Zn 30 Cd 48 Hg 80 Characteristics Electrical resistivity ρs Temperature coefficient Pressure coefficient Electrical resistivity ρl Resistivity ratio Superconducting critical temperature Tcrit Superconducting critical field Hcrit Hall coefficient R Ductile metal 54.3 41.7 × 10−4 −6.3 × 10−9 326 2.1 0.88 Soft metal 68 46.2 × 10−4 −7.32 × 10−9 337 1.97 0.55 Noble metal 53 30 0.63 × 10−10 Thermoelectric coefficient Electronic work function Thermal work function Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol , solid (SI) Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol , solid (cgs) Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol , liquid (SI) Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol , liquid (cgs) Mass magnetic suscepti-, bility χmass , solid (SI) Mass magnetic susceptibility χmass , liquid (SI) Refractive index (n − 1), gas Refractive index n, solid 1.19 (λ = 550 nm) 958 (298 K) 3.74–4.94 4.15 K Units Remarks nΩ m 1/K 1/hPa nΩ m At 293 K K ρl /ρs at Tm α-Hg 412 Oe α-Hg 0.589 × 10−10 −0.73 × 10−10 m3 /(A s) B = 0.3–2.2 T 298 K 2.9 4.22 3.74 −115 × 10−6 2.8 4.04 3.92 −248 × 10−6 −3.4 µV/K V V cm3 /mol At 295 K −9.15 × 10−6 −19.7 × 10−6 cm3 /mol At 295 K cm3 /mol At 295 K cm3 /mol At 295 K At 295 K −303 × 10−6 (234 K) −24.1 × 10−6 (234 K) −421 × 10−6 −33.5 × 10−6 −1.38 × 10−6 −2.21 × 10−6 cm3 /g −1.32 × 10−6 −1.83 × 10−6 cm3 /g +1882 × 10−6 (Hg2 vapor) 1.8 (578 nm) The Elements 1.5 Data Element Mercury Modification α-Hg β-Hg Crystal system, Bravais lattice Structure type Lattice constant a Lattice constant c Lattice angle α Space group Schoenflies symbol Strukturbericht type Pearson symbol Number A of atoms per cell Coordination number Shortest interatomic distance, solid Range of stability trig, R α-Hg 300.5 (225 K) tetr In 399.5 282.5 Units 70.53 (225 K) R3m 5 D3d A10 hR1 1 6+6 299 < 234.2 K pm pm 14/mmm 17 D4h tI2 2 2+8 283 77 K, high pressure pm Table 2.1-10D Elements of Group IIB (CAS notation), or Group 12 (new IUPAC notation). Ionic radii (determined from crystal structures) Element Zinc Cadmium Mercury Ion Zn2+ Cd2+ Hg+ Coordination number 2 4 6 8 12 60 74 90 78 95 110 131 119 Hg2+ 69 96 102 114 Units pm pm pm pm pm Part 2 1.5 Table 2.1-10C Elements of Group IIB (CAS notation), or Group 12 (new IUPAC notation). Allotropic and high-pressure modifications 77 KL 2P 1/2 [He]2s2 2p1 3+ 0.277 2.01 8.29803 25.15484 37.93064 259.37521 81 300 × 10−6 0.002 × 10−6 125 143 10 × 10−6 4.4 × 10−6 81 89 Atomic radius rvdW Electron shells Electronic ground state Electronic configuration Oxidation states Electron affinity Electronegativity χA 1st ionization energy 2nd ionization energy 3rd ionization energy 4th ionization energy Standard electrode potential E 0 26.981538(2) 10.811(7) Relative atomic mass A (atomic weight) Abundance in lithosphere Abundance in sea Atomic radius rcov Atomic radius rmet 190 –LMN 2P 1/2 [Ar]3d10 4s2 4p1 3+ 0.3 1.82 5.99930 20.5142 30.71 64 −0.560 −1.662 15 × 10−6 3 × 10−11 125 153 69.723(1) Ga 31 Gallium 205 KLM 2P 1/2 [Na]3s2 3p1 3+ 0.441 1.47 5.98577 18.82856 28.44765 119.992 Al 13 B 5 Aluminium Boron Chemical symbol Atomic number Z −0.338 190 –MNO 2P 1/2 [Kr]4d10 5s2 5p1 3+ 0.3 1.49 5.78636 18.8698 28.03 54 0.06 × 10−6 1 × 10−13 150 167 114.818(3) In 49 Indium +1.252 −0.336 200 –NOP 2P 1/2 [Xe]4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1 3+, 1+ 0.2 1.44 6.10829 20.428 29.83 0.3 × 10−6 1 × 10−11 155 170 204.3833(2) Tl 81 Thallium V V eV eV eV eV V eV pm pm pm Units Reaction type Tl+ + e− = Tl Reaction type Al3+ + 3e− = Al Reaction type Tl3+ + 2e− = Tl+ Allred and Rochow Mass ratio Mass ratio Covalent radius Metallic radius, CN = 12 van der Waals radius Remarks Part 2 1.5 Element name Part 2 Table 2.1-11A Elements of Group IIIA (CAS notation), or Group 13 (new IUPAC notation). Atomic, ionic, and molecular properties (see Table 2.1-11D for ionic radii) 78 The Elements The Elements 1.5 Data Element name Boron Aluminium Gallium Indium Thallium Chemical symbol Atomic number Z B 5 Al 13 Ga 31 In 49 Tl 81 Modification Crystal system, Bravais lattice Structure type Lattice constant a Lattice constant b Lattice constant c Space group Schoenflies symbol Strukturbericht type Pearson symbol Number A of atoms per cell Coordination number Shortest interatomic distance, solid β-B trig, R β-B α-Al cub, fc Cu 361.49 α-Ga orth, C α-Ga 451.92 765.86 452.58 Cmca 18 D2h A11 oC8 8 1+2+2+2 247 Units R3m 5 D3d hR105 105 162–192 Fm3m Oh5 A1 cF4 4 12 286 tetr, I In 459.90 hex Mg 345.63 494.70 I4/mmm 17 D4h A6 tI2 2 4+8 325 552.63 P63 /mmc 4 D6h A3 hP2 2 pm pm pm pm Remarks Part 2 1.5 Table 2.1-11B(a) Elements of Group IIIA (CAS notation), or Group 13 (new IUPAC notation). Crystallographic properties (see Table 2.1-11C for allotropic and high-pressure modifications) 79 2.46 Density , solid Density , liquid Molar volume Vmol Viscosity η, liquid Surface tension γ , liquid Temperature coefficient Coefficient of linear thermal expansion α Sound velocity, liquid Sound velocity, solid, transverse Sound velocity, solid, longitudinal Compressibility κ a Estimated. Elastic modulus E Shear modulus G Poisson number µ Elastic compliance s11 Elastic compliance s22 Elastic compliance s33 Elastic compliance s44 Elastic compliance s55 Elastic compliance s66 Elastic compliance s12 Elastic compliance s13 Elastic compliance s23 B 5 −5.8 35.3 70.2 27.8 0.34 16.0 178a 3030 6360 9.81 6.67 0.47 12.2 14.0 8.49 28.6 23.9 24.8 −4.4 −1.7 −2.4 1.96 × 10−5 2740 750 4650 3130 1.33 × 10−5 18.3 × 10−6 5.91 6.200 11.81 1.70 0.718 Ga 31 Gallium 2.70 2.39 10.00 1.38 0.860 −0.135 × 10−3 23.03 × 10−6 Al 13 Aluminium 0.539 × 10−5 5 × 10−6 4.62 Boron Chemical symbol Atomic number Z 7.89 2.67 0.45 104 31.1 139 −83 −11.6 196.2 153.7 83.2 −46.0 −94.5 3.41 × 10−5 1630 480 0.447 −0.07 × 10−3 28 × 10−6 11.85 11.29 17.24 Tl 81 Thallium 10.6 3.68 0.45 148.8 2.70 × 10−5 2460 2215 710 7.31 6.990 15.71 1.65 0.556 −0.09 × 10−3 33 × 10−6 In 49 Indium 1/TPa 1/TPa 1/TPa 1/TPa 1/TPa 1/TPa 1/TPa 1/TPa 1/TPa GPa GPa 1/MPa m/s m/s m/s Units g/cm3 g/cm3 cm3 /mol mPa s N/m N/(m K) 1/K Volume compressibility At 12 MHz At Tm At Tm At Tm Remarks Part 2 1.5 Element name Part 2 Table 2.1-11B(b) Elements of Group IIIA (CAS notation), or Group 13 (new IUPAC notation). Mechanical properties 80 The Elements The Elements 1.5 Data Element name Boron Aluminium Gallium Indium Thallium Chemical symbol Atomic number Z B 5 Al 13 Ga 31 In 49 Tl 81 Elastic stiffness c11 Elastic stiffness c22 Elastic stiffness c33 Elastic stiffness c44 Elastic stiffness c55 Elastic stiffness c66 Elastic stiffness c12 Elastic stiffness c13 Elastic stiffness c23 Elastic stiffness c14 Tensile strength Vickers hardness Brinell hardness Mohs hardness 467 108 45.1 41.9 473 198 28.3 44.6 6.51 54.9 7.20 241 62 100 90.2 135 35.0 41.8 40.3 37 33 31 12.0 40.0 41.0 36.6 29.9 15.1 16–24a 49 000 90–100 167 a 8.9 9 Units GPa GPa GPa GPa GPa GPa GPa GPa GPa GPa MPa Remarks At 293 K 0.9 9.3 1.5–2.5 Amorphous. Table 2.1-11B(c) Elements of Group IIIA (CAS notation), or Group 13 (new IUPAC notation). Thermal and thermodynamic properties Element name Boron Aluminium Gallium Indium Thallium Chemical symbol Atomic number Z B 5 Al 13 Ga 31 In 49 Tl 81 State Thermal conductivity λ Thermal conductivity (liquid) λl Molar heat capacity c p Standard entropy S0 Crystalline 27.0 81.6 46.1 Units Remarks W/(m K) W/(m K) At Tm 237 90 33.5 11.20 5.900 24.392 28.300 26.15 40.727 26.732 57.650 26.32 64.300 J/(mol K) J/(mol K) Enthalpy difference H298 − H0 Melting temperature Tm Enthalpy change ∆Hm Entropy change ∆Sm Volume change ∆Vm 1.2220 4.5400 5.5720 6.6100 6.832 kJ/mol 2348.00 50.200 21.380 933.47 10.7110 11.474 0.065 302.91 5.5898 18.454 −0.034 429.75 3.2830 7.639 0.025 577.00 4.1422 7.179 0.0323 K kJ/mol J/(mol K) Boiling temperature Tb Enthalpy change ∆Hb 4138 480.5 2790 294.0 2478 258.7 2346 231.45 1746 164.1 K kJ/mol At 298 K At 298 K and 100 kPa (Vl − Vs )/Vl at Tm Part 2 1.5 Table 2.1-11B(b) Elements of Group IIIA (CAS notation), or Group 13 (new IUPAC notation). Mechanical properties , cont. 81 Part 2 1.5 6500 × 109 Electrical resistivity ρs Temperature coefficient Pressure coefficient Electrical resistivity ρl Resistivity ratio at Tm Superconducting critical temperature Tcr Superconducting critical field Hcr Electronic band gap ∆E Electronic work function Thermal work function Intrinsic charge carrier concentration Electron mobility Hole mobility Hall coefficient R a At 300 K. Thermoelectric coefficient Dielectric constant ε, solid Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol , solid (SI) Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol , solid (cgs) Mass magnetic susceptibility χmass , solid (SI) Mass magnetic susceptibility χmass , liquid (SI) Refractive index n, solid Semiconductor Characteristics −3.9 × 10−6 +7.9 × 10−6 3.2 (λ=1 µm) −21.6 × 10−6 16.5 × 10−6 −6.7 × 10−6 −271 × 10−6 −0.63 × 10−10 207 × 10−6 −0.6 −0.343 × 10−10 4.35 4.12 51 99 4.28 3.74 136 39.6 × 10−4 −2.47 × 10−9 258 1.9 1.09 Soft metal Ga 31 Gallium 25.0 46 × 10−4 −4.06 × 10−9 200 1.64 1.2 Light metal Al 13 Aluminium 13 (0.5 MHz) −84.2 × 10−6 1 55 1.5 4.79 5.71 +5 × 1014 B 5 Chemical symbol Atomic number Z a Boron Element name −1.4 × 10−6 −10.2 × 10−6 −128 × 10−6 2.4 −0.24 × 10−10 4.08 4.0 293 80.0 49.0 × 10−4 −12.2 × 10−9 331 2.18 3.4 Soft metal In 49 Indium cm3 /g cm3 /g −1.72 × 10−6 cm3 /mol cm3 /mol µV/K cm2 /(V s) cm2 /(V s) m3 /(A s) eV V V 1/cm3 −3.13 × 10−6 −50.0 × 10−6 −628 × 10−6 0.4 0.240 × 10−10 4.05 3.76 Oe K 2.4 171 nΩ m 1/K 1/hPa nΩ m Units Soft metal, toxic 150 51.7 × 10−4 −3.4 × 10−9 740 Tl 81 Thallium At 300 K At Tm At 295 K At 295 K At 295 K B=1.0–1.8 T 300 K At 430 K ρl /ρs at Tm a Remarks Part 2 Table 2.1-11B(d) Elements of Group IIIA (CAS notation), or Group 13 (new IUPAC notation). Electronic, electromagnetic, and optical properties 82 The Elements > 20.5 GPa 439.8 P63 /mmc 4 D6h A3 hP2 2 12 RTP > 1.2 GPa A6 tI2 2 4+8 281 445.8 I4/mmm tetr In 280.8 β-Ga 220 K, > 3.0 GPa 260–308 oC40 40 orth γ -Ga 1059.3 1352.3 520.3 Cmcm 17 D2h γ -Ga Thallium RTP 552.63 P63 /mmc 4 D6h A3 hP2 2 hex, cp Mg 345.63 α-Tl > 503 K Im3m Oh9 A2 cI2 2 8 336 cub, bc W 387.9 β-Tl High pressure Fm3m Oh5 A1 cF4 4 12 cub, fc Cu γ -Tl 39 48 54 62 80 62 In3+ Indium 47 Ga3+ Al3+ Ion Coordination number 4 5 6 8 12 Gallium Aluminium Element 150 159 170 Tl+ Thallium 89 98 75 Tl3+ Units pm pm pm pm pm Table 2.1-11D Elements of Group IIIA (CAS notation), or Group 13 (new IUPAC notation). Ionic radii (determined from crystal structures) RTP Fm3m Oh5 A1 cF4 4 12 286 orth, C α-Ga 451.92 765.86 452.58 Cmca 18 D2h A11 oC8 8 1+2+2+2 247 cub, fc Cu 404.96 Crystal system, Bravais lattice Structure type Lattice constant a Lattice constant b Lattice constant c Space group Schoenflies symbol Strukturbericht type Pearson symbol Number A of atoms per cell Coordination number Shortest interatomic distance, solid Range of stability hex, cp Mg 269.3 Gallium α-Ga α-Al Modification β-Al Aluminium Element pm pm pm Units Part 2 1.5 Table 2.1-11C Elements of Group IIIA (CAS notation), or Group 13 (new IUPAC notation). Allotropic and high-pressure modifications The Elements 1.5 Data 83 Part 2 1.5 88.90585(2) 28.1 × 10−6 3 × 10−12 162 178 –MNO 2D 3/2 [Kr]4d1 5s2 3+ 0.307 1.11 6.217 12.24 20.52 60.597 5 × 10−6 6 × 10−13 144 166 –LMN 2D 3/2 [Ar]3d1 4s2 3+ 0.188 1.20 6.56144 12.79967 24.75666 73.4894 Y 39 Yttrium 44.955910(8) Sc 21 Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Characteristics Relative atomic mass A (atomic weight) Abundance in lithosphere Abundance in sea Atomic radius rcov Atomic radius rmet Electron shells Electronic ground state Electronic configuration Oxidation states Electron affinity Electronegativity χA 1st ionization energy 2nd ionization energy 3rd ionization energy 4th ionization energy Standard electrode potential E 0 Scandium Element name ionic radii) 18.3 × 10−6 3 × 10−12 169 187 –NOP 2D 3/2 [Xe]5d1 6s2 3+ 0.5 1.08 5.5770 11.060 19.1773 49.95 −2.522 138.9055(2) La 57 Lanthanum (1.00) 5.17 12.1 188 –OPQ 2D 3/2 [Rn]6d1 7s2 3+ Radioactive [227] Ac 89 Actinium eV eV eV eV V eV pm pm Units Reaction type La3+ + 3e− = La Allred and Rochow Mass ratio Mass ratio Covalent radius Metallic radius, CN = 12 Remarks Part 2 Table 2.1-12A Elements of Group IIIB (CAS notation), or Group 3 (new IUPAC notation). Atomic, ionic, and molecular properties (see Table 2.1-12D for 84 The Elements The Elements 1.5 Data (see Table 2.1-12C for allotropic and high-pressure modifications) Element name Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Scandium Sc 21 Yttrium Y 39 Lanthanum La 57 Modification Crystal system, Bravais lattice Structure type Lattice constant a Lattice constant c Space group Schoenflies symbol Strukturbericht type Pearson symbol Number A of atoms per cell Coordination number Shortest interatomic distance, solid α-Sc hex Mg 330.88 526.80 P63 /mmc 4 D6h A3 hP2 2 12 166 α-Y hex Mg 364.82 573.18 P63 /mmc 4 D6h A3 hP2 2 6+6 α-La hex α-La 377.40 1217.1 P63 /mmc 4 D6h A3 hP4 4 12 364 Actinium Ac 89 Units Remarks pm pm pm Table 2.1-12B(b) Elements of Group IIIB (CAS notation), or Group 3 (new IUPAC notation). Mechanical properties Element name Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Scandium Sc 21 Yttrium Y 39 Lanthanum La 57 Actinium Ac 89 Density , solid Molar volume Vmol Surface tension, liquid Coefficient of linear thermal expansion α Sound velocity, solid, transverse Sound velocity, solid, longitudinal Compressibility κ 2.989 15.04 0.9 10.0 × 10−6 4.50 19.89 0.9 10.6 × 10−6 6.70 22.60 0.71 4.9 × 10−6 10.07 2420 1540 m/s 4280 2770 m/s 2.22 × 10−5 2.62 × 10−5 3.96 × 10−5 1/MPa Elastic modulus E Shear modulus G Poisson number µ Elastic compliance s11 Elastic compliance s33 Elastic compliance s44 Elastic compliance s12 Elastic compliance s13 Elastic stiffness c11 Elastic stiffness c33 Elastic stiffness c44 Elastic stiffness c12 Elastic stiffness c13 Tensile strength Vickers hardness 75.2 29.7 0.28 12.5 10.6 36.1 −4.3 −2.2 99.3 107 27.7 39.7 29.4 256 350 66.3 25.5 0.27 15.4 14.4 41.1 −5.1 −2.7 77.9 76.9 24.3 29.2 20 250–380 40 39.2 14.9 0.28 51.7 b a Estimated. b For lanthanum in its metastable fcc phase at room temperature. 55.7 b −19.2 b 34.5 b 18.0 b 20.4 b 491 25a Units g/cm3 cm3 /mol N/m 1/K GPa GPa 1/TPa 1/TPa 1/TPa 1/TPa 1/TPa GPa GPa GPa GPa GPa MPa Remarks Volume compressibility Part 2 1.5 Table 2.1-12B(a) Elements of Group IIIB (CAS notation), or Group 3 (new IUPAC notation). Crystallographic properties 85 86 Part 2 The Elements Part 2 1.5 Table 2.1-12B(c) Elements of Group IIIB (CAS notation), or Group 3 (new IUPAC notation). Thermal and thermodynamic properties Element name Scandium Yttrium Lanthanum Actinium Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Sc 21 Y 39 La 57 Ac 89 Thermal conductivity λ Molar heat capacity c p Standard entropy S0 15.8 25.52 34.644 17.2 26.53 44.788 13.5 27.11 56.902 27.2 62.000 Units W/(m K) J/(mol K) J/(mol K) Enthalpy difference H298 − H0 Melting temperature Tm Enthalpy change ∆Hm Entropy change ∆Sm Relative volume change ∆Vm Boiling temperature Tb Enthalpy change ∆Hb 5.2174 5.9835 6.6651 6.7000 kJ/mol 1814.00 14.0959 7.771 1795.15 11.3942 6.347 1193.00 6.1965 5.194 0.006 1323.00 12.000 9.070 K kJ/mol J/(mol K) 3730 413.7 3473 293 3104 314.2 3611 363.3 Remarks At 298 K At 298 K and 100 kPa (Vl − Vs )/Vl at Tm K kJ/mol −0.770 × 10−10 2.2 3.1 3.07 2359 × 10−6 188 × 10−6 27.0 × 10−6 505 28.2 × 10−4 −0.67 × 10−10 −3.6 3.5 3.23 3710 × 10−6 295 × 10−6 88 × 10−6 Electrical resistivity ρs Temperature coefficient Pressure coefficient Electrical resistivity ρl Superconducting critical temperature Tcrit Superconducting critical field Hcrit Hall coefficient R Thermoelectric coefficient Electronic work function Thermal work function Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol , solid (SI) Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol , solid (cgs) Mass magnetic susceptibility χmass , solid (SI) +11 × 10−6 +95.9 × 10−6 3.5 3.3 +1205 × 10−6 −0.8 × 10−10 Very reactive metal 540 21.8 × 10−4 −1.7 × 10−9 1350 5.0 Lanthanum La 57 Actinium Ac 89 cm3 /g cm3 /mol m3 /(A s) µV/K V V cm3 /mol nΩ m 1/K 1/hPa nΩ m K Units hex, cp Mg 364.82 573.18 P63 /mmc 4 D6h A3 hP2 2 6+6 RT Im3m Oh9 A2 cI2 2 8 > 1607 K RT Yttrium α-Y cub, bc W Crystal system, Bravais lattice Structure type Lattice constant a Lattice constant c Space group Schoenflies symbol Strukturbericht type Pearson symbol Number A of atoms per cell Coordination number Shortest interatomic distance, solid Range of stability β-Sc hex, cp Mg 330.88 526.80 P63 /mmc 4 D6h A3 hP2 2 12 Scandium α-Sc Element Modification modifications > 1752 K Im3m Oh9 A2 cI2 2 8 356 cub, bc W β-Y RTP hex α-La 377.40 1217.1 P63 /mmc 4 D6h A3 hP4 4 12 374 Lanthanum α-La > 613 K Fm3m Oh5 A1 cF4 4 12 375 cub, fc Cu 530.45 β-La > 2.0 GPa Fm3m Oh5 A1 cF4 4 12 Im3m Oh9 A2 cI2 2 8 369 > 1141 K cub, fc Cu 517 β -La At 295 K At 295 K pm pm pm Units At 293 K, B = 0.5–1.0 T At RT Remarks cub, bc W 426.5 γ -La Table 2.1-12C Elements of Group IIIB (CAS notation), or Group 3 (new IUPAC notation). Allotropic and high-pressure Reactive metal 550 27.1 × 10−4 Soft metal Characteristics Yttrium Y 39 Scandium Sc 21 Part 2 1.5 Element name Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Table 2.1-12B(d) Elements of Group IIIB (CAS notation), or Group 3 (new IUPAC notation). Electronic, electromagnetic, and optical properties The Elements 1.5 Data 87 136 12 pm pm pm pm [Ar]3d 277 200 × 10−6 2 × 10−6 KLM 3P 0 [Ne]3s2 3p2 320 × 10−6 28 × 10−6 77 91 170 KL 3P 0 1s2 2s2 2p2 4+, 4−, 2+ 1.26 2.50 11.26030 24.38332 47.8878 64.4939 392.087 Abundance in lithosphere Abundance in sea Atomic radius rcov Atomic radius rmet Atomic radius rvdW Electron shells Electronic ground state Electronic configuration Oxidation states Electron affinity Electronegativity χA 1st ionization energy 2nd ionization energy 3rd ionization energy 4th ionization energy 5th ionization energy Standard electrode potential E 0 3P 0 28.0855(3) 166.767 45.14181 33.49302 16.34585 8.15169 1.74 1.39 4+ 210 132 117 10 4s2 4p2 93.5 45.7131 34.2241 15.93462 7.900 2.02 1.23 4+ –LMN 234 137 122 5 × 10−11 7 × 10−6 72.61(2) Ge 32 12.0107(8) Germanium Relative atomic mass A (atomic weight) Si 14 C 6 Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Silicon Carbon Element name ionic radii) 10 5s2 5p2 −0.126 −0.137 +0.151 68.8 42.32 31.9373 15.0322 7.41666 1.55 0.364 4+, 2+ [Xe]4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2 3P 0 –NOP 200 175 154 3 × 10−11 16 × 10−6 207.2(1) Pb 82 Lead 72.28 40.73502 30.50260 14.63225 7.34381 1.72 1.11 4+, 2+ [Kr]4d 3P 0 –MNO 158 220 140 1 × 10−11 40 × 10−6 118.710(7) Sn 50 Tin V V eV eV eV eV eV eV pm pm pm Units Reaction type Sn4+ + 2e− = Sn2+ Reaction type Sn2+ + 2e− = Sn Allred and Rochow van der Waals radius Metallic radius, CN = 12 Covalent radius Mass ratio Mass ratio Remarks Table 2.1-13A Elements of Group IVA (CAS notation), or Group 14 (new IUPAC notation). Atomic, ionic, and molecular properties (see Table 2.1-13D for 127 108 10 9 116 pm 102 87 112 8 103 Units 90 Ac3+ Actinium 75 La3+ Lanthanum 6 Y3+ Sc3+ Ion Part 2 Coordination number Yttrium Scandium Element Part 2 1.5 Table 2.1-12D Elements of Group IIIB (CAS notation), or Group 3 (new IUPAC notation). Ionic radii (determined from crystal structures) 88 The Elements Diamond cub Diamond 356.71 Modification Crystal system, Bravais lattice Structure type Lattice constant a a RT, > 60 GPa RTP 335.45 670.90 P63 /mmc 4 D6v A9 hP4 4 3 142.10 hex C 246.12 Graphite Fd3m Oh7 A4 cF8 8 4 235 cub, fc Diamond 543.102 (22.5 ◦ C) Si 14 Silicon Fd3m Oh7 A4 cF8 8 4 244 cub, fc Diamond 565.9(1) RT Ge 32 Germanium 302 β-Sn,a white tin, Sn I tetr, I β-Sn 581.97 (300 K) 317.49 I41 /amd 19 D4h A5 tI4 4 Sn 50 Tin At ambient pressure Sn crystallizes in the diamond structure (gray tin, α-Sn) and below 17 ◦ C in the β-tin structure (white tin, β-Sn, Sn-I) at room temperature. If it is alloyed with In or Hg, the simple hexagonal γ -Sn structure is observed Range of stability 8 4 154.45 Fd3m Oh7 C 6 Lattice constant c Space group Schoenflies symbol Strukturbericht type Pearson symbol Number A of atoms per cell Coordination number Shortest interatomic distance, solid Carbon Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Fm3m Oh5 A1 cF4 4 12 349 cub, fc Cu 495.02 Pb 82 Lead pm pm pm pm Units Graphite, within layers Graphite, between layers Remarks Part 2 1.5 Element name Table 2.1-13B(a) Elements of Group IVA (CAS notation), or Group 14 (new IUPAC notation). Crystallographic properties (see Table 2.1-13C for allotropic and high-pressure modifications) The Elements 1.5 Data 89 a 10.2 × 10−6 8433 180 15 124.5 690 2350 63.9 79.6 165.6 −2.15 12.7 48.3 67.1 129 −2.64 14.9 74.9 79.9 29.6 0.34 9.73 13.4 × 10−6 4580 1790 710 2270 1650 56.6 52.9 19.9 0.33 41.6 14.9 45.6 42.8 31.2 4.6 72.30 88.40 22.03 24.00 59.40 35.78 18.3 × 10−6 700 39 41.4 14.8 48.8 −43.0 68.0 15.8 5.54 0.44 93.7 23.7 × 10−6 2050 11.4 10.678 18.26 1.67 0.470 −0.26 × 10−3 29.1 × 10−6 β-Sn (white) 7.30 6.978 16.24 2.71 0.545 −0.075 × 10−3 21.2 × 10−6 3300 Pb 82 Lead Sn 50 Tin At 298 K, parallel to layer planes. The corresponding value perpendicular to the layer planes is 2.9 × 10−6 /K 10 578 1079 −0.16 −0.33 1060 36.5 4 −0.0987 1.732 7.73 2.25 × 10−6 0.98 27.5 250 11 220 2420 5845 0.951 1.56 × 10−6 1.06 × 10−6 0.650 −0.20 × 10−3 5.57 × 10−6 98.0 112 80.5 3450 3.42 5.32 5.500 13.64 Ge 32 Germanium 2.33 2.525 12.06 2.0 0.735 −0.5 × 10−3 2.56 × 10−6 444 545 1.9 × 10−6 Diamond 3.513 Modification Density , solid Density , liquid Molar volume Vmol Viscosity η, liquid Surface tension γ , liquid Temperature coefficient Coefficient of linear thermal expansion α Sound velocity, liquid Sound velocity, solid, transverse Sound velocity, solid, longitudinal Compressibility κ Si 14 Silicon 1/TPa 1/TPa 1/TPa 1/TPa 1/TPa 1/TPa GPa GPa GPa GPa GPa GPa MPa GPa GPa GPa 1/MPa m/s m/s m/s g/cm3 g/cm3 cm3 /mol mPa s N/m N/(m K) 1/K Units At 300 K At 300 K At 300 K At 300 K At 300 K At 300 K Volume compressibility At 295 K At Tm , 12 MHz At 298 K At 293 K At 293 K Remarks Part 2 Bulk modulus B0 Elastic modulus E Shear modulus G Poisson number µ Elastic compliance s11 Elastic compliance s33 Elastic compliance s44 Elastic compliance s66 Elastic compliance s12 Elastic compliance s13 Elastic stiffness c11 Elastic stiffness c33 Elastic stiffness c44 Elastic stiffness c66 Elastic stiffness c12 Elastic stiffness c13 Tensile strength Vickers hardness Mohs hardness 5.3 C 6 Chemical symbol Atomic number Z a Graphite 2.266 Carbon Element name Part 2 1.5 Table 2.1-13B(b) Elements of Group IVA (CAS notation), or Group 14 (new IUPAC notation). Mechanical properties 90 The Elements 6.11 2.360 0.5188 Molar heat capacity c p Standard entropy S0 Enthalpy difference H298 − H0 Melting temperature Tm Enthalpy change ∆Hm Entropy change ∆Sm Relative volume change ∆Vm Boiling temperature Tb Enthalpy change ∆Hb Transformation temperature b Perpendicular to layer planes. Parallel to layer planes. Diamond 1000– 2320 Modification Thermal conductivity λ a C 6 Chemical symbol Atomic number Z 1900– 2100 Carbon Element name 3.2170 1687.00 50.208 29.762 −0.10 3505 383.3 4765.30 117.3690 24.630 3915 710.9 20.00 18.810 83.7 1.0540 Graphite 5.7a 1960b 8.519 5.742 Si 14 Silicon 3107 331 1211.0 36.9447 30.498 −0.054 4.6360 33.347 31.090 58.6 Ge 32 Germanium 2876 295.8 505.08 7.01940 14.243 0.028 6.3230 2019 177.58 600.61 4.7739 7.948 0.032 6.8700 26.51 64.800 35.2 β-Sn (white) 66.6 27.17 51.180 Pb 82 Lead Sn 50 Tin K kJ/mol K K kJ/mol J/(mol K) kJ/mol W/(m K) W/(m K) J/(mol K) J/(mol K) Units Transforms to graphite (Vl − Vs )/Vl at Tm At 300 K At 300 K At 298 K At 298 K and 100 kPa Remarks Part 2 1.5 Table 2.1-13B(c) Elements of Group IVA (CAS notation), or Group 14 (new IUPAC notation). Thermal and thermodynamic properties The Elements 1.5 Data 91 Part 2 1.5 Diamond Very hard insulator 1011 Modification Characteristics c b a −6.3 × 10−6 −6.17 × 10−6 B = 1.0–1.6 T. At 11 K and 1 MHz. The values for Sn apply to gray Sn. 2.4173 −6.0 × 10−6 −5.88 × 10−6 4.24 −1.8 × 10−6 −3.12 × 10−6 −39.2 × 10−6 −75.4 × 10−6 −74.1 × 10−6 1.107 −2.3 × 10−4 4.95 4.1 1900 480 11.7b −100 Hard semicondor 12.0 4.81 4.00 −487 × 10−10 11.06 1.4 × 10−5 Graphite Soft conductor Si 14 Silicon 5.9(1) 1800 1400 5.68 5.4 C 6 Chemical symbol Atomic number Z 4.00 (25 µm) −1.328 × 10−6 −11.6 × 10−6 −146 × 10−6 16 5.0 4.56 3800 1820 16.0 0.1 302.5 0.6642 710 0.071 0.45 Semicondor Ge 32 Germanium 1.0 1.7 −4.4 × 10−6 −3.3 × 10−6 −37.4 × 10−6 −470 × 10−6 24 4.42 4.11 2.01 −1.39 × 10−6 −23 × 10−6 −289 × 10−6 4.25 3.83 0.09 × 10−10 −0.1 803 309 0.041 × 10−10 0.1 1.94 7.2 3.72 192 × 10−9 42.8 × 10−4 −12.5 × 10−9 Soft metal β-Sn(white) Ductile metal 110 × 10−9 46.5 × 10−4 −9.2 × 10−9 Pb 82 Lead Sn 50 Tin cm3 /g cm3 /g cm3 /mol cm3 /mol m3 /(A s) µV/K eV eV/K V V cm2 /(V s) cm2 /(V s) Oe K Ωm 1/K 1/hPa nΩ m Units λ = 589 nm At 295 K At 295 K At 295 K At 300 K At 300 K At 300 K ρl /ρs at Tm At 293 K Remarks Part 2 Electrical resistivity ρs Temperature coefficient Pressure coefficient Electrical resistivity ρl Resistivity ratio Superconducting critical temperature Tcrit Superconducting critical field Hcrit Hall coefficient R a Thermoelectric coefficient Electronic band gap ∆E Temperature dependence Electronic work function Thermal work function Electron mobility Hole mobility Dielectric constant ε, static, solid Dielectric constant ε, high-frequency, solid Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol , solid c (SI) Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol , solid c (cgs) Mass magnetic susceptibility χmass , solid (SI) Mass magnetic susceptibility χmass , liquid (SI) Refractive index n, solid Refractive index n, liquid Carbon Element name Table 2.1-13B(d) Elements of Group IVA (CAS notation), or Group 14 (new IUPAC notation). Electronic, electromagnetic, and optical properties 92 The Elements Decompressed β-Si. Decompressed β-Ge. > 16.0 GPa a RTP Fd3m Oh7 A4 cF8 8 4 245 > 12.0 GPa tetr β-Sn 488.4 269.2 I41 /amd 19 D4h A5 tI4 4 4+2 253 β-Ge b tP12 12 4+2+2 249 593 698 P43 21 2 D48 tetr γ -Ge > 12.0 GPa cI16 16 Im3m cub, bc γ -Si 692 δ-Ge Fd3m Oh7 A4 c8 8 4 281 < 291 K tI2 2 > 9 GPa 302 RT Fm3m Oh5 A1 cF4 4 12 349 RTP cub, fc Cu 495.02 cub, fc Diamond 648.92 Crystal system, Bravais lattice Structure type Lattice constant a Lattice constant c Space group Schoenflies symbol Strukturbericht type Pearson symbol Number A of atoms per cell Coordination number Shortest interatomic distance, solid Range of stability tetr In 370 337 Pb I tetr, I β-Sn 583.16 318.15 I41 /amd 19 D4h A5 tI4 4 Lead γ -Sn α-Sn (gray tin) Modification β-Sn (white tin) Tin Element > 10.3 GPa hex, cp Mg 326.5 538.7 P63 /mmc 4 D6h A3 hP2 2 Pb II pm pm Units Table 2.1-13C Elements of Group IVA (CAS notation), or Group 14 (new IUPAC notation). Allotropic and high-pressure modifications, cont. b a > 9.5 GPa cI16 Im3m Oh9 cub, fc Diamond 565.74 RTP Fd3m Oh7 A4 cF8 8 4 235 636 hex α-La 380 628 P63 /mmc 4 D6v A3 hP4 4 tetr β-Sn 468.6 258.5 I41 /amd 19 D4h A5 tI4 4 4+2 243 cub, fc Diamond 543.06 Crystal system, Bravais lattice Structure type Lattice constant a Lattice constant c Space group Schoenflies symbol Strukturbericht type Pearson symbol Number A of atoms per cell Coordination number Shortest interatomic distance, solid Range of stability cub α-Ge δ-Si Germanium γ -Si α-Si β-Si Silicon Modification pm pm Units Part 2 1.5 Element Table 2.1-13C Elements of Group IVA (CAS notation), or Group 14 (new IUPAC notation). Allotropic and high-pressure modifications The Elements 1.5 Data 93 26 40 73 Ge2+ Germanium 39 53 Ge4+ 55 69 81 Sn4+ Tin 119 129 140 149 Pb2+ Lead 65 78 94 Pb4+ pm Units pm pm pm a 220 × 10−6 3 × 10−11 145 160 –MNO 3F 2 [Kr]4d2 5s2 4+ 0.426 1.22 6.63390 13.13 22.99 34.34 −1.553a 4400 × 10−6 1 × 10−9 132 147 –LMN 3F 2 [Ar]3d2 4s2 4+, 3+ 0.079 1.32 6.8282 13.5755 27.4917 43.2672 −1.630 −0.368 −0.04 Reaction type ZrO2 + 4H+ + 4e− = Zr + 2H2 O. 91.224(2) Zr 40 Zirconium 47.867(1) Ti 22 Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Characteristics Relative atomic mass A (atomic weight) Abundance in lithosphere Abundance in sea Atomic radius rcov Atomic radius rmet Electron shells Electronic ground state Electronic configuration Oxidation states Electron affinity Electronegativity χA 1st ionization energy 2nd ionization energy 3rd ionization energy 4th ionization energy Standard electrode potential E 0 Titanium Element name ionic radii) 4.5 × 10−6 7 × 10−12 144 156 –NOP 3F 2 [Xe]4f14 5d2 6s2 4+ near 0 (1.23) 6.82507 14.9 23.3 33.33 178.49(2) Hf 72 Hafnium –OPQ 3F 2 Radioactive [261] Rf 104 Rutherfordium eV eV eV eV V V V eV pm pm Units Reaction type Ti2+ + 2e− = Ti Reaction type Ti3+ + e− = Ti2+ Reaction type Ti4+ + e− = Ti3+ Allred and Rochow Mass ratio Mass ratio Covalent radius Metallic radius, CN = 12 Remarks Table 2.1-14A Elements of Group IVB (CAS notation), or Group 4 (new IUPAC notation). Atomic, ionic, and molecular properties (see Table 2.1-14D for 15 16 Si4+ C4+ Coordination number 4 6 8 10 12 Silicon Carbon Ion Part 2 1.5 Element Part 2 Table 2.1-13D Elements of Group IVA (CAS notation), or Group 14 (new IUPAC notation). Ionic radii (determined from crystal structures) 94 The Elements The Elements 1.5 Data Element name Titanium Zirconium Hafnium Rutherfordium Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Ti 22 Zr 40 Hf 72 Rf 104 Modification Crystal system, Bravais lattice Structure type Lattice constant a Lattice constant c Space group Schoenflies symbol Strukturbericht type Pearson symbol Number A of atoms per cell Coordination number Shortest interatomic distance, solid α-Ti hex Mg 295.03 468.36 P63 /mmc 4 D6h A3 hP2 2 12 291 α-Zr hex Mg 323.17 514.76 P63 /mmc 4 D6h A3 hP2 2 6+6 α-Hf hex Mg 319.46 505.11 P63 /mmc 4 D6h A3 hP2 2 12 318 Units Remarks pm pm pm Table 2.1-14B(b) Elements of Group IVB (CAS notation), or Group 4 (new IUPAC notation). Mechanical properties Element name Titanium Zirconium Hafnium Rutherfordium Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Ti 22 Zr 40 Hf 72 Rf 104 Density , solid Density , liquid Molar volume Vmol Surface tension, liquid Temperature coefficient Coefficient of linear thermal expansion α Sound velocity, solid, transverse Sound velocity, solid, longitudinal Compressibility κ 4.50 4.110 10.55 1.65 0.26 × 10−3 8.35 × 10−6 6.49 5.80 14.02 1.48 −0.2 × 10−3 5.78 × 10−6 13.10 12.00 13.41 1.63 −0.21 × 10−3 5.9 × 10−6 Units g/cm3 g/cm3 cm3 /mol N/m N/(m K) 1/K 2920 6260 1950 4360 2000 3671 m/s m/s 0.779 × 10−5 1.08 × 10−5 0.80 × 10−5 1/MPa Elastic modulus E Shear modulus G Poisson number µ Elastic compliance s11 Elastic compliance s33 Elastic compliance s44 Elastic compliance s12 Elastic compliance s13 Elastic stiffness c11 Elastic stiffness c33 Elastic stiffness c44 Elastic stiffness c12 Elastic stiffness c13 Tensile strength Vickers hardness 102 37.3 0.35 9.69 6.86 21.5 −4.71 −1.82 160 181 46.5 90 66 235 2000–3500 138 53.0 0.29 7.16 6.13 18.0 −2.48 −1.57 181 197 55.7 77 66 400 1760 GPa GPa 68.0 24.8 0.37 10.1 8.0 30.1 −4.0 −2.4 144 166 33.4 74 67 150–450 903 1/TPa 1/TPa 1/TPa 1/TPa 1/TPa GPa GPa GPa GPa GPa MPa Remarks Near Tm Volume compressibility Part 2 1.5 Table 2.1-14B(a) Elements of Group IVB (CAS notation), or Group 4 (new IUPAC notation). Crystallographic properties (see Table 2.1-14C for allotropic and high-pressure modifications) 95 96 Part 2 The Elements Part 2 1.5 Table 2.1-14B(c) Elements of Group IVB (CAS notation), or Group 4 (new IUPAC notation). Thermal and thermodynamic properties Element name Titanium Zirconium Hafnium Rutherfordium Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Ti 22 Zr 40 Hf 72 Rf 104 21 25.02 30.720 α-Zr 22.7 25.36 39.181 23.0 25.3 43.560 W/(m K) J/(mol K) J/(mol K) Enthalpy difference H298 − H0 Melting temperature Tm Enthalpy change ∆Hm Entropy change ∆Sm Volume change ∆Vm 4.8240 5.5663 5.8450 kJ/mol 1941.00 14.1460 7.288 2127.85 20.9978 9.868 2506.00 27.1960 10.852 K kJ/mol J/(mol K) Boiling temperature Tb Enthalpy change ∆Hb 3631 410.0 Units Modification Thermal conductivity λ Molar heat capacity c p Standard entropy S0 Remarks At 298 K At 298 K and 100 kPa (Vl − Vs )/Vl at Tm 4203 561.3 4963 575.5 K kJ/mol Table 2.1-14B(d) Elements of Group IVB (CAS notation), or Group 4 (new IUPAC notation). Electronic, electromagnetic, and optical properties Element name Titanium Zirconium Hafnium Rutherfordium Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Ti 22 Zr 40 Hf 72 Rf 104 Hard, light metal 390 54.6 × 10−4 −1.118 × 10−9 0.39 α-Zr Resistant metal 410 44.0 × 10−4 0.33 × 10−9 0.55 100 47 −1.2 × 10−10 0.212 × 10−10 0.43 × 10−10 m3 /(A s) 4.31 4.16 1898 × 10−6 4.05 4.12 1508 × 10−6 3.9 3.53 892 × 10−6 V V cm3 /mol At 295 K 151 × 10−6 120 × 10−6 71 × 10−6 cm3 /mol At 295 K 40.1 × 10−6 16.8 × 10−6 5.3 × 10−6 cm3 /g At 295 K Modification Characteristics Electrical resistivity ρs Temperature coefficient Pressure coefficient Superconducting critical temperature Tcrit Superconducting critical field Hcrit Hall coefficient R Electronic work function Thermal work function Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol , solid (SI) Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol , solid (cgs) Mass magnetic susceptibility χmass , solid (SI) Metal 296 44 × 10−4 −0.87 × 10−9 0.35 Units Remarks nΩ m 1/K 1/hPa K At 293 K Oe At 300 K, B = 0.4–2.8 T The Elements 1.5 Data Element Titanium Zirconium Hafnium Modification α-Ti β-Ti α-Zr β-Zr α-Hf β-Hf Hf-II Crystal system, Bravais lattice Structure type Lattice constant a Lattice constant c Space group Schoenflies symbol Strukturbericht type Pearson symbol Number A of atoms per cell Coordination number Shortest interatomic distance, solid Range of stability hex, cp Mg 295.03 468.36 P63 /mmc 4 D6h A3 hP2 2 12 291 cub, bc W 330.65 cub, bc W 360.9 hex Im3m Oh9 A2 cI2 2 8 313 hex, cp Mg 319.46 505.11 P63 /mmc 4 D6h A3 hP2 2 12 318 cub, bc W 361.0 Im3m Oh9 A2 cI2 2 8 286 hex, cp Mg 323.17 514.76 P63 /mmc 4 D6h A3 hP2 2 6+6 Im3m O9h A2 cI2 2 8 313 RT >1173 K >1138 K RTP >2268 K Units RT pm pm >38.8 GPa Table 2.1-14D Elements of Group IVB (CAS notation), or Group 4 (new IUPAC notation). Ionic radii (determined from crystal structures) Element Titanium Ion Ti2+ Coordination number 4 6 8 9 86 Zirconium Hafnium Ti3+ Ti4+ Zr4+ Hf 67 42 61 74 59 72 84 89 58 71 83 4+ Units pm pm pm pm Part 2 1.5 Table 2.1-14C Elements of Group IVB (CAS notation), or Group 4 (new IUPAC notation). Allotropic and high-pressure modifications 97 Part 2 1.5 30.973761(2) 1200 × 10−6 0.06 × 10−6 110 128 N 7 14.00674(7) 20 × 10−6 150 × 10−6 70 92 155 KL 4S 3/2 [He]2s2 2p3 5+, 3+, 3− Not stable 3.07 14.53414 29.6013 47.44924 77.4735 97.8902 552.0718 Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Relative atomic mass A (atomic weight) Abundance in lithosphere Abundance in sea Atomic radius rcov Atomic radius rmet Atomic radius rvdW Electron shells Electronic ground state Electronic configuration Oxidation states Electron affinity Electronegativity χA 1st ionization energy 2nd ionization energy 3rd ionization energy 4th ionization energy 5th ionization energy 6th ionization energy 190 KLM 4S 3/2 [Ne]3s2 3p3 5+, 3+, 3− 0.747 2.06 10.48669 19.7694 30.2027 51.4439 65.0251 220.421 P 15 Nitrogen Element name Phosphorus 200 –LMN 4S 3/2 [Ar]3d10 4s2 4p3 5+, 3+, 3− 0.81 2.20 9.8152 18.633 28.351 50.13 62.63 127.6 3.7 × 10−9 121 139 5 × 10−6 74.92160(2) As 33 Arsenic 220 –MNO 4S 3/2 [Kr]4d10 5s2 5p3 5+, 3+, 3− 1.046 1.82 8.64 16.53051 25.3 44.2 56 108 2.4 × 10−10 141 159 0.2 × 10−6 121.760(1) Sb 51 Antimony 240 –NOP 4S 3/2 [Xe]4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3 5+, 3+ 0.946 (1.67) 7.289 16.69 25.56 45.3 56.0 88.3 2 × 10−11 146 182 0.2 × 10−6 208.98038(2) Bi 83 Bismuth eV eV eV eV eV eV eV pm pm pm Units Allred and Rochow Mass ratio Covalent radius Metallic radius, CN = 12 van der Waals radius Mass ratio Remarks Table 2.1-15A Elements of Group VA (CAS notation), or Group 15 (new IUPAC notation). Atomic, ionic, and molecular properties (see Table 2.1-15D Part 2 for ionic radii) 98 The Elements 2.1.5.3 Elements of the Main Groups and Subgroup V to VIII The Elements 1.5 Data (see Table 2.1-15C for allotropic and high-pressure modifications) Element name Nitrogen Phosphorus Arsenic Antimony Bismuth Chemical symbol Atomic number Z N 7 P 15 As 33 Sb 51 Bi 83 State Crystal system, Bravais lattice Structure type Lattice constant a Lattice constant b Lattice constant c Lattice angle α Space group Schoenflies symbol Strukturbericht type Pearson symbol Number A of atoms per cell Coordination number Shortest interatomic distance, solid N2 , 4.2 K cub, sc α-N 565.9 P, black orth, C P, black 331.36 1047.8 43 763 Pa3 Th6 Cmca 18 D2h A11 oC8 8 2+1 222 Units cP8 4×2 trig, R α-As 413.20 trig, R α-As 450.65 trig, R α-As 474.60 54.12 R3m 5 D3d A7 hR2 2 3 252 57.11 R3m 5 D3d A7 hR2 2 3 291 57.23 R3m 5 D3d A7 hR2 2 3 307 pm pm pm deg pm Remarks Part 2 1.5 Table 2.1-15B(a) Elements of Group VA (CAS notation), or Group 15 (new IUPAC notation). Crystallographic properties 99 N2 gas State Density , solid Density , liquid Density , gas Molar volume Vmol Viscosity η, gas Viscosity η, liquid Surface tension γ , liquid Coefficient of linear thermal expansion α Sound velocity, gas Sound velocity, liquid Sound velocity, solid, transverse Sound velocity, solid, longitudinal Compressibility κ b a Solid. Estimated. Elastic modulus E Shear modulus G Poisson number µ Elastic compliance s11 Elastic compliance s33 Elastic compliance s44 Elastic compliance s12 Elastic compliance s13 Elastic compliance s14 N 7 1.2 a,b 336.9 929 (70 K) 1.2506 × 10−3 13.65 18.9 Nitrogen Chemical symbol Atomic number Z 30.4 b P, black 2.690 P 15 Phosphorus 46.71 202.9 44.91 36.94 −88.2 1.80 22 34.0 12.8 0.33 26.0 42.0 114 −7.9 −11.9 −21.2 2.86 × 10−5 2.6 × 10−5 54.4 20.6 0.25 16.1 29.9 38.9 −6.1 −6.2 −12.3 2298 3140 4.7 × 10−6 1800 1.65 0.376 13.4 × 10−6 1.50 0.384 8.5 × 10−6 1635 1140 21.44 9.80 10.05 Bi 83 Bismuth 18.20 6.68 Sb 51 Antimony 12.95 5.72 As 33 Arsenic 1/TPa 1/TPa 1/TPa 1/TPa 1/TPa 1/TPa GPa GPa 1/MPa m/s m/s m/s m/s g/cm3 g/cm3 g/cm3 cm3 /mol µPa s mPa s N/m 1/K Units Volume compressibility At 323 K Near Tm At 273 K Remarks Part 2 1.5 Element name Part 2 Table 2.1-15B(b) Elements of Group VA (CAS notation), or Group 15 (new IUPAC notation). Mechanical properties 100 The Elements N 7 N2 gas Chemical symbol Atomic number Z State Elastic stiffness c11 Elastic stiffness c22 Elastic stiffness c33 Elastic stiffness c44 Elastic stiffness c55 Elastic stiffness c66 Elastic stiffness c12 Elastic stiffness c13 Elastic stiffness c14 Brinell hardness Mohs hardness Solubility in water αW , 293 K 0.01557 53.7 Nitrogen Element name P, black 73.9 277 53.7 15.6 11.5 56.7 P 15 Phosphorus 32.2 27.6 21.8 19.7 62.3 −4.16 3.5 44.9 39.5 101 Sb 51 Antimony 59.1 22.6 123.6 As 33 Arsenic 24.5 24.9 7.3 200 37.9 11.5 63.4 Bi 83 Bismuth GPa GPa GPa GPa GPa GPa GPa GPa GPa Units αW = vol (gas)/vol (water) Remarks 1.5 Data Part 2 1.5 Table 2.1-15B(b) Elements of Group VA (CAS notation), or Group 15 (new IUPAC notation). Mechanical properties, cont. The Elements 101 102 Part 2 The Elements Part 2 1.5 Table 2.1-15B(c) Elements of Group VA (CAS notation), or Group 15 (new IUPAC notation). Thermal and thermodynamic properties Element name Nitrogen Phosphorus Arsenic Antimony Bismuth Chemical symbol Atomic number Z N 7 P 15 As 33 Sb 51 Bi 83 State Thermal conductivity λ Molar heat capacity c p Standard entropy S0 N2 gas 0.02598 14.560 191.611 P, white a 23.824 41.090 α-As 50.0 24.65 35.689 25.9 25.23 45.522 7.87 25.52 56.735 W/(m K) J/(mol K) J/(mol K) Enthalpy difference H298 − H0 Melting temperature Tm Enthalpy change ∆Hm Entropy change ∆Sm Volume change ∆Vm 8.6692 5.3600 5.1170 5.8702 6.4266 kJ/mol 63.1458 0.720 317.30 0.6590 2.077 1090.00 24.4429 22.425 0.10 903.78 19.8740 21.990 −0.008 544.55 11.2968 20.745 −0.33 K kJ/mol J/(mol K) Boiling temperature Tb Enthalpy change ∆Hb Critical temperature Tc Critical pressure pc Critical density c Triple-point temperature Ttr Triple-point pressure ptr 77.35 5.577 126.25 3.40 0.311 63.14 12.5 1860 165.8 1837 174.1 K kJ/mol K MPa g/cm3 K kPa Units a 550 51.9 34.8 1089 36 Remarks At 298 K At 298 K and 100 kPa (Vl − Vs )/Vl at Tm In Landolt–Börnstein, Group IV, Vol. 19A, Part 1 [1.4], the white form of phosphorus has been chosen as the reference phase for all phosphides because the more stable red form is difficult to characterize. N 7 N2 gas Gas State Characteristics Electrical resistivity ρs Temperature coefficient Pressure coefficient Electrical resistvity ρl Resistivity ratio Electronic band gap ∆E Temperature coefficient Electronic work function Thermal work function Electron mobility Hole mobility Hall coefficient R Thermoelectric coefficient Dielectric constant (ε − 1), gas Dielectric constant ε, liquid Dielectric constant ε, solid Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol , (SI) Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol , (cgs) Mass magnetic susceptibility χmass , (SI) Refractive index (n − 1), gas Refractive index n, liquid Refractive index n, solid a,b −12.0 × 10−6 3.35 (0.8 µm) −3.9 × 10−6 −5.60 × 10−6 c 11.2 (optical) −70.4 × 10−6 c 0.45 × 10−7 4.79 5.71 1.14 Semiconductor 260 42 × 10−4 As 33 Arsenic −10 × 10−6 −99 × 10−6 −1244 × 10−6 0.27 × 10−7 35 4.56 4.08 Semimetal 370 51.1 × 10−4 6.0 × 10−9 1135 0.61 Sb 51 Antimony a White P: molar magnetic susceptibility: −26.7 × 10−6 (cgs) and −335 × 10−6 (SI) cm3 /mol. b Red P: molar magnetic susceptibility: −20.8 × 10−6 (cgs) and −261 × 10−6 (SI) cm3 /mol. c Yellow As: molar magnetic susceptibility: −292 × 10−6 (SI) and −23.2 × 10−6 (cgs) cm3 /mol. 297 × 10−6 1.929 (78 K) −5.4 × 10−6 a,b 220 350 0.57 8 × 10−4 P, black Semiconductor P 15 Phosphorus −151 × 10−6 580 × 10−6 1.45 Nitrogen Chemical symbol Atomic number Z −16.8 × 10−6 −280.1 × 10−6 −3520 × 10−6 −6.33 × 10−7 −70 4.36 4.28 Brittle metal 1068 45.4 × 10−4 15.2 × 10−9 1280 0.43 Bi 83 Bismuth cm3 /g cm3 /mol cm3 /mol eV eV/K V V cm2 /(V s) cm2 /(V s) m3 /(A s) µV/K nΩ m 1/K 1/hPa nΩ m Units 589.3 nm 589.3 nm At 295 K At 295 K At 295 K At 293 K At 74.8 K B = 0.4–1.0 T Liquid ρl /ρs at Tm At 300 K Solid, at RT Remarks Part 2 1.5 Element name Table 2.1-15B(d) Elements of Group VA (CAS notation), or Group 15 (new IUPAC notation). Electronic, electromagnetic, and optical properties The Elements 1.5 Data 103 > 35.6 K P42 /mnm 12 D4h P63 /mmc 4 D6v A9 hP4 4 3 20 K, > 3.3 GPa tP4 4 510.1 662.9 R3m 5 D3d A7 hR2 2 3 252 54.12 > 721 K Cmca 18 D2h A11 oC8 8 orth α-Ga 362 1085 448 ε-As RTP R3m 5 D3d A7 hR2 2 3 291 57.11 trig, R α-As 450.65 Sb-I Antimony > 5.0 GPa cP1 1 Pm3m Oh1 299.2 cub Sb-II > 7.5 GPa A3 hP2 2 P63 /mmc 4 D6h 534.1 hex, cp Mg 337.6 Sb-III 14.0 GPa 86.0 556 404 422 mon Sb-IV α-Bi trig, R α-As 474.60 Modification Crystal system, Bravais lattice Structure type Lattice constant a Lattice constant b Lattice constant c Lattice angle α Space group Schoenflies symbol Strukturbericht type Pearson symbol Number A of atoms per cell Coordination number Shortest interatomic distance, solid Range of stability RTP 57.23 R3m 5 D3d A7 hR2 2 3 307 Bismuth Element mP3 3 > 3.0 GPa > 0.28 GPa 605 420 465 mon γ -Bi mC4 4 C2/m 3 C2h mon β-Bi > 4.3 GPa δ-Bi > 6.5 GPa ε-Bi > 9.0 GPa Im3m Oh9 A2 cI2 2 cub, bc W 3800 ζ-Bi pm pm pm pm deg Units Table 2.1-15C Elements of Group VA (CAS notation), or Group 15 (new IUPAC notation). Allotropic and high-pressure modifications, cont. < 20 K cP8 4×2 Pa3 Th6 395.7 trig, R As 413.20 cub, P α-N 565.9 Crystal system, Bravais lattice Structure type Lattice constant a Lattice constant b Lattice constant c Lattice angle α Lattice angle β Space group Schoenflies symbol Strukturbericht type Pearson symbol Number A of atoms per cell Coordination number Shortest interatomic distance, solid Range of stability tetr α-As pm pm pm pm deg deg Units Part 2 hex La 404.6 Arsenic γ -N α-N Modification β-N Nitrogen Element Part 2 1.5 Table 2.1-15C Elements of Group VA (CAS notation), or Group 15 (new IUPAC notation). Allotropic and high-pressure modifications 104 The Elements 38 58 As3+ Arsenic 46 34 As5+ 76 76 Sb3+ Antimony 60 Sb5+ 96 103 117 Bi3+ Bismuth 76 Bi5+ Units pm pm pm pm 92.90638(2) 20 × 10−6 1 × 10−11 134 147 –MNO 6D 1/2 [Kr]4d4 5s1 5+, 3+ 0.893 1.23 6.75885 14.32 25.04 38.3 50.55 50.9415(1) 150 × 10−6 2.5 × 10−9 122 135 –LMN 4F 3/2 [Ar]3d3 4s2 5+, 4+, 3+, 2+ 0.525 1.45 6.7463 14.66 29.311 46.709 65.282 −1.175 −0.255 Relative atomic mass A (atomic weight) Abundance in lithosphere Abundance in sea Atomic radius rcov Atomic radius rmet Electron shells Electronic ground state Electronic configuration Oxidation states Electron affinity Electronegativity χA 1st ionization energy 2nd ionization energy 3rd ionization energy 4th ionization energy 5th ionization energy Standard electrode potential E 0 Nb 41 V 23 Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Niobium Vanadium Element name 2.1 × 10−6 2 × 10−12 134 147 –NOP 4F 3/2 [Xe]4f14 5d3 6s2 5+ 0.322 (1.33) 7.89 180.9479(1) Ta 73 Tantalum –OPQ [262] Db 105 Dubnium eV eV eV eV eV V V eV pm pm Units Reaction type V2+ + 2e− = V Reaction type V3+ + e− = V2+ Allred and Rochow Mass ratio Mass ratio Covalent radius Metallic radius, CN = 12 Remarks 1.5 Data Part 2 1.5 ionic radii) Table 2.1-16A Elements of Group VB (CAS notation), or Group 5 (new IUPAC notation). Atomic, ionic, and molecular properties (see Table 2.1-16D for 13 17 P5+ Coordination number 4 5 6 16 8 Phosphorus N3+ Ion N5+ Nitrogen Element Table 2.1-15D Elements of Group VA (CAS notation), or Group 15 (new IUPAC notation). Ionic radii (determined from crystal structures) The Elements 105 106 Part 2 The Elements Part 2 1.5 Table 2.1-16B(a) Elements of Group VB (CAS notation), or Group 5 (new IUPAC notation). Crystallographic properties Element name Vanadium Niobium Tantalum Dubnium Chemical symbol Atomic number Z V 23 Nb 41 Ta 73 Db 105 Crystal system, Bravais lattice Structure type Lattice constant a Space group Schoenflies symbol Strukturbericht type Pearson symbol Number A of atoms per cell Coordination number Shortest interatomic distance, solid cub, bc W 302.38 Im3m Oh9 A2 cI2 2 8 263 cub, bc W 330.07 Im3m Oh9 A2 cI2 2 8 285 cub, bc W 330.31 Im3m Oh9 A2 cI2 2 8 285 Units Remarks pm pm Table 2.1-16B(b) Elements of Group VB (CAS notation), or Group 5 (new IUPAC notation). Mechanical properties Element name Vanadium Niobium Tantalum Dubnium Chemical symbol Atomic number Z V 23 Nb 41 Ta 73 Db 105 Density , solid Density , liquid Molar volume Vmol Surface tension, liquid Temperature coefficient Coefficient of linear thermal expansion α Sound velocity, solid, transverse Sound velocity, solid, longitudinal Compressibility κ 5.80 5.55 8.34 1.95 0.3 × 10−3 8.3× 10−6 8.35 7.830 10.84 2.0 −0.24 × 10−3 7.34 × 10−6 16.60 15,00 10.87 2.15 −0.25 × 10−3 6.64 × 10−6 Units g/cm3 g/cm3 cm3 /mol N/m N/(m K) 1/K 2780 2100 2900 m/s 6000 4900 4100 m/s 0.63 × 10−5 0.56 × 10−5 0.465 × 10−5 1/MPa Elastic modulus E Shear modulus G Poisson number µ Elastic compliance s11 Elastic compliance s44 Elastic compliance s12 Elastic stiffness c11 Elastic stiffness c44 Elastic stiffness c12 Vickers hardness 127 46.6 0.36 6.75 23.2 −2.31 230 43.1 120 630 104 59.5 0.38 6.56 35.2 −2.29 245 28.4 132 70–250 (HV 10) 185 64.7 0.35 6.89 12.1 −2.58 264 82.6 158 80– 300 (HV 10) GPa GPa Remarks 300 K Volume compressibility 1/TPa 1/TPa 1/TPa GPa GPa GPa At 293 K The Elements 1.5 Data Element name Vanadium Niobium Tantalum Dubnium Chemical symbol Atomic number Z V 23 Nb 41 Ta 73 Db 105 Thermal conductivity λ Molar heat capacity c p Standard entropy S0 30.7 24.90 30.890 59.0 24.69 36.270 60.7 25.30 41.472 Units W/(m K) J/(mol K) J/(mol K) Enthalpy difference H298 − H0 Melting temperature Tm Enthalpy change ∆Hm Entropy change ∆Sm Relative volume change ∆Vm Boiling temperature Tb Enthalpy change ∆Hb 4.5070 2183.00 21.5000 9.849 5.2200 2750.00 30.0000 10.909 5.6819 3290.00 36.5682 11.115 kJ/mol K kJ/mol J/(mol K) 3690 451.8 5017 683.2 5778 743.1 K kJ/mol Remarks At 300 K At 298 K At 298 K and 100 kPa (Vl − Vs )/Vl at Tm Table 2.1-16B(d) Elements of Group VB (CAS notation), or Group 5 (new IUPAC notation). Electronic, electromagnetic, and optical properties. There is no Table 2.1-16C, because no allotropic or high-pressure modifictions are known Element name Vanadium Niobium Tantalum Dubnium Chemical symbol Atomic number Z V 23 Nb 41 Ta 73 Db 105 Electrical resistivity ρs Temperature coefficient Pressure coefficient Superconducting critical temperature Tcrit Superconducting critical field Hcrit Hall coefficient R 248 39.0 × 10−4 −1.6 × 10−9 5.3 152 25.8 × 10−4 −1.37 × 10−9 9.13 125 38.2 × 10−4 −1.62 × 10−9 4.49 Units nΩ m 1/K 1/hPa K 1020 1980 830 Oe 0.82 × 10−10 0.88 × 10−10 1.01 × 10−10 m3 /(A s) 4.3 4.09 3581 × 10−6 4.3 3.99 2614 × 10−6 −5.0 4.3 4.25 1935 × 10−6 µV/K V V cm3 /mol At 295 K 285 × 10−6 208 × 10−6 154 × 10−6 cm3 /mol At 295 K 62.8 × 10−6 27.6 × 10−6 10.7 × 10−6 cm3 /g At 295 K Thermoelectric coefficient Electronic work function Thermal work function Molar magnetic susceptibility, solid χmol , (SI) Molar magnetic susceptibility, solid χmol , (cgs) Mass magnetic susceptibility, solid χmass , (SI) Remarks At RT At 273 K, B = 0.5–2.9 T Part 2 1.5 Table 2.1-16B(c) Elements of Group VB (CAS notation), or Group 5 (new IUPAC notation). Thermal and thermodynamic properties 107 79 64 53 58 72 36 46 54 72 79 68 Nb4+ 64 74 48 Nb5+ 72 Ta3+ 68 Ta4+ Tantalum 64 Ta5+ Units pm pm pm pm 13.61806 35.11730 54.9355 77.41353 1st ionization energy 2nd ionization energy 3rd ionization energy 4th ionization energy Standard electrode potential E 0 10.36001 23.3379 34.79 47.222 −0.476 2.44 −5.51 −8.75 3.50 185 KLM 3P 2 [Ne]3s2 3p4 6+, 4+, 2+, 2− 2.08 905 × 10−6 104 127 880 000 × 10−6 66 150 KL 3P 2 [He]2s2 2p4 2− 1.46 520 × 10−6 464 000 × 10−6 Electronegativity χA Atomic radius rvdW Electron shells Electronic ground state Electronic configuration Oxidation states Electron affinity 32.066(6) S 16 Sulfur 15.9994(3) O 8 Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Characteristics Relative atomic mass A (atomic weight) Abundance in lithosphere Abundance in sea Atomic radius rcov Atomic radius rmet Oxygen Element name ionic radii) 9.75238 21.19 30.8204 42.9450 −0.924 2.48 200 –LMN 3P 2 [Ar]3d10 4s2 4p4 6+, 4+, 2+, 2− 2.02 2 × 10−10 117 140 0.09 × 10−6 78.96(3) Se 34 Selenium +0.568 9.0096 18.6 27.96 37.41 −1.143 2.01 220 –MNO 3P 2 [Kr]4d10 5s2 5p4 6+, 4+, 2+, 2− 1.97 137 160 2 × 10−9 127.60(3) Te 52 Tellurium V +0.56 V eV eV eV eV V eV eV pm pm Units 8.41671 (1.76) –NOP 3P 2 [Xe]4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4 4+, 2+ 1.9 146 176 Radioactive [209] Po 84 Polonium Reaction type Te2− = Te + 2e− Reaction type Po3+ + 3e− = Po Reaction type Te4+ + 4e− = Te Reaction type O + e− = O− Reaction type O− + e− = O2− Allred and Rochow Mass ratio Covalent radius Metallic radius, CN = 12 van der Waals radius Mass ratio Remarks Table 2.1-17A Elements of Group VIA (CAS notation), or Group 16 (new IUPAP notation). Atomic, ionic and molecular properties (see Table 2.1-17D for Coordination number 4 5 6 8 Nb3+ V5+ Niobium V4+ V2+ Ion Part 2 V3+ Vanadium Element Part 2 1.5 Table 2.1-16D Elements of Group VB (CAS notation), or Group 5 (new IUPAC notation). Ionic radii (determined from crystal structures) 108 The Elements The Elements 1.5 Data (see Table 2.1-17C for allotropic and high-pressure modifications) Element name Oxygen Sulfur Selenium Tellurium Polonium Chemical symbol Atomic number Z O 8 S 16 Se 34 Te 52 Po 84 State α-O, T < 23 K mon, C α-O 540.3 342.9 508.6 132.53 C2/m 3 C2h S8 , α-S Gray Se, Se chains hex γ -Se 436.55 hex γ -Se 445.61 495.76 592.71 P31 21 D34 A8 hP3 3 2 237 P31 21 D34 A8 hP3 3 2+4 283 Units Crystal system, Bravais lattice Structure type Lattice constant a Lattice constant b Lattice constant c Lattice angle γ Space group Schoenflies symbol Strukturbericht type Pearson symbol Number A of atoms per cell Coordination number Shortest interatomic distance, solid mC4 2×2 orth, F α-S 1046.4 1286.60 2448.60 Fddd 24 D2h A16 oF128 128 2 204 α-Po cub, sc α-Po 336.6 Pm3m Oh1 Ah cP1 1 6 337 pm pm pm deg pm Remarks Part 2 1.5 Table 2.1-17B(a) Elements of Group VIA (CAS notation), or Group 16 (new IUPAC notation). Crystallographic properties 109 110 Part 2 The Elements Part 2 1.5 Table 2.1-17B(b) Elements of Group VIA (CAS notation), or Group 16 (new IUPAC notation). Mechanical properties Element name Oxygen Sulfur Selenium Tellurium Polonium Chemical symbol Atomic number Z O 8 S 16 Se 34 Te 52 Po 84 State Density , solid Density , liquid Density , gas Molar volume Vmol Viscosity η, gas Viscosity η, liquid Surface tension, liquid Coefficient of linear thermal expansion α Sound velocity, gas Sound velocity, liquid Compressibility κ O2 gas α-S 2.037 1.819 Gray Se 4.79 3.990 6.24 5.797 9.40 15.49 16.48 20.45 22.4 11.5 0.061 74.33 × 10−6 1260 0.106 36.9 × 10−6 0.186 16.75 × 10−6 Elastic modulus E Shear modulus G Poisson number µ Elastic compliance s11 Elastic compliance s22 Elastic compliance s33 Elastic compliance s44 Elastic compliance s55 Elastic compliance s66 Elastic compliance s12 Elastic compliance s13 Elastic compliance s23 Elastic stiffness c11 Elastic stiffness c22 Elastic stiffness c33 Elastic stiffness c44 Elastic stiffness c55 Elastic stiffness c66 Elastic stiffness c12 Elastic stiffness c13 Elastic stiffness c23 Tensile strength Brinell hardness Mohs hardness Solubility in water αW a Estimated. b 1.429 × 10−3 8.00 19.5 23 × 10−6 336.95 (70 K) 1079 (70 K) 1280 b 13.0 × 10−5 11.6 × 10−5 4.8 × 10−5 17.8 a 58.0 6.46 0.45 47.1 16.7 0.23 74.6 111 75.4 121 234 229 −13.1 −7.1 −45.8 14.22 12.68 18.30 8.27 4.28 4.37 2.99 3.14 7.95 3640 b −570 b 2.60 b 0.275 b 2.06 b 10.8–12.25 250 Units Remarks g/cm3 g/cm3 g/cm3 cm3 /mol µPa s mPa s N/m 1/K At 293 K m/s m/s 1/MPa 26 a At Tm At Tm Volume compressibilty GPa GPa 1/TPa 1/TPa 1/TPa 1/TPa 1/TPa 1/TPa 1/TPa 1/TPa 1/TPa GPa GPa GPa GPa GPa GPa GPa GPa GPa MPa 2.0 c 0.0310 γ -Oxygen, T = 54.4 K. At 293 K and 1013 hPa c αW = vol (gas)/vol (water). The Elements 1.5 Data Element name Oxygen Sulfur Selenium Tellurium Polonium Chemical symbol Atomic number Z O 8 S 16 Se 34 Te 52 Po 84 State Thermal conductivity λ Molar heat capacity c p Standard entropy S0 O2 gas 0.0245 14.690 205.147 α-S 0.269 22.70 32.070 α-Se 2.48 25.04 41.966 α-Te 1.7 25.73 49.221 α-Po 20 Enthalpy difference H298 − H0 Melting temperature Tm Enthalpy change ∆Hm Entropy change ∆Sm Relative volume change ∆Vm 8.6800 4.4120 5.5145 54.361 0.444 388.36 1.7210 4.431 0.515 Boiling temperature Tb Enthalpy change ∆Hb Critical temperature Tc Critical pressure pc Critical density c Triple-point temperature Ttr Triple-point pressure ptr 90.18 6.2 154.58 5.4 0.419 54.4 1.52 882 9.62 Units Remarks 62.000 W/(m K) J/(mol K) J/(mol K) At STP At 298 K At 298 K and 100 kPa 6.0800 6.700 kJ/mol 494 6.6944 13.551 +0.168 722.66 17.3760 24.045 0.05 527.00 10.000 18.975 K kJ/mol J/(mol K) 958 90 1863 38 1261 104.6 1335 100.8 (Vl − Vs )/Vl at Tm K kJ/mol K MPa g/cm3 K hPa Part 2 1.5 Table 2.1-17B(c) Elements of Group VIA (CAS notation), or Group 16 (new IUPAC notation). Thermal and thermodynamic properties 111 c 1.34 × 10−6 a −6.09 × 10−6 −15.5 × 10−6 −195 × 10−6 Liquid O2 , 90 K, 96 748 cm3 /mol; solid O2 , 54 K, 128 177 cm3 /mol. At 280 K. 270.6 × 10−6 1.221 (92 K) b 3449 × 10−6 43 341 × 10−6 b cm3 /g cm3 /g −0.6 × 10−6 cm3 /mol cm3 /mol At 298 K m3 /(A s) µV/K eV eV/K V V cm2 /(V s) cm2 /(V s) λ = 589.3 nm λ = 589.3 nm λ = 589.3 nm At 295 K At 295 K At 295 K At 373 K At 81 K At RT Remarks MΩ m MΩ m −3.9 × 10−6 −38 × 10−6 5.0 c 2.2 ⊥ c −478 × 10−6 4.95 4.73 1100 560 Volatile metal Liquid O2 , 90 K, 7699 cm3 /mol; solid O2 , 54 K, 10 200 cm3 /mol. 4.0 −4.0 × 10−6 −25 × 10−6 8.5 (λ = 3.3 cm) −314 × 10−6 1.79 −9 × 10−4 5.9 4.72 Semiconductor 1–50 6.0 µΩ m 0.048–0.091 0.24 × 10−10 400 0.33 Po 84 Further remarks Liquid O3 has a molar magnetic susceptibility of 84.2 × 10−6 cm3 /mol (SI) and 6.7 × 10−6 cm3 /mol (cgs). The values given for the molar magnetic susceptibility χmol of sulfur apply to rhombic sulfur. The corresponding values for monoclinic sulfur are − 187 × 10−6 cm3 /mol (SI) and − 14.9 × 10−6 cm3 /mol (cgs). c a Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol (SI) Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol (cgs) Mass magnetic susceptibility χmass (SI) Mass magnetic susceptibility χmass , liquid (SI) Refractive index (n − 1), gas Refractive index n, liquid Refractive index n, solid 525 × 10−6 1.505 3.6 −6.8 × 10−4 Solid insulator Gray Se Semiconductor 100 20 1.0 Te 52 Units O2 gas Se 34 Polonium State Characteristics Electrical resistivity ρs Electrical resistivity ρl Resistivity ratio at Tm Hall coefficient R Thermoelectric coefficient Electronic band gap ∆E Temperature coefficient Electronic work function Thermal work function Electron mobility Hole mobility Dielectric constant (ε − 1), gas Dielectric constant ε, liquid Dielectric constant ε, solid S 16 Tellurium O 8 Selenium Oxygen Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Sulfur The Elements Element name Part 2 1.5 Part 2 Table 2.1-17B(d) Elements of Group VIA (CAS notation), or Group 16 (new IUPAC notation). Electronic, electromagnetic, and optical properties 112 The Elements 1.5 Data modifications Element Oxygen Modification α-O β-O γ -O γ -Se Selenium α-Se β-Se Crystal system, Bravais lattice Structure type Lattice constant a Lattice constant b Lattice constant c Lattice angle α Lattice angle γ Space group Schoenflies symbol Strukturbericht type Pearson symbol Number A of atoms per cell Coordination number Shortest interatomic distance, solid Range of stability Characteristics mon, C α-O 540.3 342.9 508.6 trig, R α-As 421.0 cub, P γ -O 683 hex γ -Se 436.55 mon mon 905.4 908.3 233.6 1501.8 1471.3 887.9 90.82 P21 /m 2 C2h 93.6 P21 /b 5 C2h 2 233–235 RT Red, Se8 rings; mP32 32 2 233–236 RT Red, Se8 rings Units 495.76 46.27 132.53 C2/m 3 C2h R3m 5 D3d A7 hR2 2 mC4 2×2 < 23 K Pm3m Oh3 A15 cP16 16 > 23.9 K P31 21 D34 A8 hP3 3 2 237 RT Gray, Se chains > 43.6 K pm pm pm deg deg Table 2.1-17C Elements of Group VIA, or Group 16. Allotropic and high-pressure modifications, cont. Element Tellurium Modification α-Te β-Te γ -Te Polonium α-Po β-Po Crystal system, Bravais lattice Structure type Lattice constant a Lattice constant c Lattice angle α Space group Schoenflies symbol Strukturbericht type Pearson symbol Number A of atoms per cell Coordination number Shortest interatomic distance, solid Range of stability hex γ -Se 445.61 592.71 trig, R α-As 469 trig, R α-Hg 300.2 cub, P α-Po 336.6 trig, R α-Hg 337.3 53.30 R3m 5 D3d A7 hR2 2 103.3 R3m 5 D3d A10 hR1 1 > 2 GPa > 7.0 GPa Pm3m Oh1 Ah cP1 1 6 337 RTP 98.08 R3m 5 D3d A10 hR1 1 6 337 > 327 K Units P31 21 D34 A8 hP3 3 2+4 283 RTP pm pm deg Table 2.1-17D Elements of Group VIA (CAS notation), or Group 16 (new IUPAC notation). Ionic radii (determined from crystal structures) Element Oxygen Sulfur Ion O2− S2−2 Coordination number 2 4 6 8 Selenium S4+ S6+ Se2− Se4+ Tellurium Se6+ Te2− Te4+ Polonium Te6+ Po4+ 121 140 142 184 37 12 29 198 50 28 42 221 66 97 43 56 97 Units pm pm pm pm Part 2 1.5 Table 2.1-17C Elements of Group VIA (CAS notation), or Group 16 (new IUPAC notation). Allotropic and high-pressure 113 Part 2 1.5 Electron affinity Electronegativity χA 1st ionization energy 2nd ionization energy 3rd ionization energy 4th ionization energy Standard electrode potential E 0 −0.2 2.3 × 10−6 0.01 × 10−6 130 140 –MNO 7S 3 [Kr]4d5 5s1 6+, 5+, 4+, 3+, 2+, 1+, 2− 0.748 1.30 7.09243 16.16 27.13 46.4 200 × 10−6 3 × 10−10 118 129 –LMN 7S 3 [Ar]3d5 4s1 6+, 3+, 2+ 0.666 1.56 6.76664 16.4857 30.96 49.16 −0.913 −0.744 −0.407 95.94(1) Mo 42 51.9961(6) Cr 24 Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Characteristics Relative atomic mass A (atomic weight) Abundance in lithosphere Abundance in sea Atomic radius rcov Atomic radius rmet Electron shells Electronic ground state Electronic configuration Oxidation states Chromium Element name Molybdenum 1 × 10−6 1 × 10−10 130 141 –NOP 5D 0 [Xe]4f14 5d4 6s2 6+, 5+, 4+, 3+, 2+, 1−, 2− 0.815 (1.40) 7.98 183.84(1) W 74 Tungsten –OPQ Radioactive Sg 106 Seaborgium eV eV eV eV V V V eV pm pm Units Reaction type Cr2+ + 2e− = Cr Reaction type Cr3+ + 3e− = Cr Reaction type Cr3+ + e− = Cr2+ Allred and Rochow Mass ratio Mass ratio Covalent radius Metallic radius, CN = 12 Remarks Table 2.1-18A Elements of Group VIB (CAS notation), or Group 6 (new IUPAC notation). Atomic, ionic, and molecular properties (see Table 2.1-18D for Part 2 ionic radii) 114 The Elements The Elements 1.5 Data Element name Chromium Molybdenum Tungsten Seaborgium Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Cr 24 Mo 42 W 74 Sg 106 Crystal system, Bravais lattice Structure type Lattice constant a Space group Schoenflies symbol Strukturbericht type Pearson symbol Number A of atoms per cell Coordination number Shortest interatomic distance, solid cub, bc W 288.47 Im3m Oh9 A2 cI2 2 8 249 cub, bc W 314.70 Im3m Oh9 A2 cI2 2 8 272 cub, bc W 316.51 Im3m Oh9 A2 cI2 2 8 273 Units Remarks pm pm Table 2.1-18B(b) Elements of Group VIB (CAS notation), or Group 6 (new IUPAC notation). Mechanical properties Element name Chromium Molybdenum Tungsten Seaborgium Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Cr 24 Mo 42 W 74 Sg 106 Density , solid Density , liquid Molar volume Vmol Surface tension, liquid Temperature coefficient Coefficient of linear thermal expansion α Sound velocity, solid, transverse Sound velocity, solid, longitudinal Compressibility κ 7.19 6.460 7.23 1.6 10.220 6.2 × 10−6 9.39 2.25 −0.3 × 10−3 5.35 × 10−6 19.30 17.60 9.53 2.31 −0.29 × 10−3 4.31 × 10−6 Units g/cm3 g/cm3 cm3 /mol N/m N/(m K) 1/K 3980 3350 2870 m/s 6850 6250 5180 m/s 0.78 × 10−5 0.338 × 10−5 0.28 × 10−5 1/MPa Elastic modulus E Shear modulus G Poisson number µ Elastic compliance s11 Elastic compliance s44 Elastic compliance s12 Elastic stiffness c11 Elastic stiffness c44 Elastic stiffness c12 Tensile strength 145 330 407 71.6 123 152 0.31 0.31 0.28 3.05 2.63 2.45 9.98 9.20 6.24 −0.49 −0.68 −0.69 348 465 523 100.0 109 160 67 163 203 Strongly dependent on microstructure Vickers hardness 1060 160–400 (HV 10) 360–600 (HV 30) GPa GPa 1/TPa 1/TPa 1/TPa GPa GPa GPa Remarks 300 K Volume compressibility Part 2 1.5 Table 2.1-18B(a) Elements of Group VIB (CAS notation), or Group 6 (new IUPAC notation). Crystallographic properties (see Table 2.1-18C for allotropic and high-pressure modifications) 115 116 Part 2 The Elements Part 2 1.5 Table 2.1-18B(c) Elements of Group VIB (CAS notation), or Group 6 (new IUPAC notation). Thermal and thermodynamic properties Element name Chromium Molybdenum Tungsten Seaborgium Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Cr 24 Mo 42 W 74 Sg 106 Thermal conductivity λ Molar heat capacity c p Standard entropy S0 93.7 23.44 23.543 142 23.932 28.560 164 24.27 32.618 Units W/(m K) J/(mol K) J/(mol K) Enthalpy difference H298 − H0 Melting temperature Tm Enthalpy change ∆Hm Entropy change ∆Sm Relative volume change ∆Vm Boiling temperature Tb Enthalpy chnage ∆Hb Critical temperature Tc Critical pressure pc Critical density c 4.0500 2180.00 21.0040 9.635 4.5890 2893 37.4798 12.942 4.9700 3693 52.3137 14.158 kJ/mol K kJ/mol J/(mol K) Remarks At 293 K At 298 K At 298 K and 100 kPa (Vl − Vs )/Vl at Tm 2952 344.3 4952 582.2 11 000 540 2.630 5828 806.8 K kJ/mol K MPa g/cm3 Table 2.1-18B(d) Elements of Group VIB (CAS notation), or Group 6 (new IUPAC notation). Electronic, electromagnetic, and optical properties Element name Chromium Molybdenum Tungsten Seaborgium Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Cr 24 Mo 42 W 74 Sg 106 Electrical resistivity ρs Temperature coefficient Pressure coefficient Superconducting critical temperature Tcrit Superconducting critical field Hcrit Hall coefficient R 127 30.1 × 10−4 −17.3 × 10−9 52 43.3 × 10−4 −1.29 × 10−9 0.92 54.9 51 × 10−4 −1.333 × 10−9 0.005 Thermoelectric coefficient Electronic work function Thermal work function Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol (SI) Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol (cgs) Mass magnetic susceptibility χmass (SI) 98 Units nΩ m 1/K 1/hPa K Remarks At 293 K Oe 3.63 × 10−10 1.26 × 10−10 0.856 × 10−10 m3 /(A s) 4.5 4.6 2099 × 10−6 5.9 4.39 4.26 905 × 10−6 1.5 4.54 4.50 666 × 10−6 µV/K eV V cm3 /mol At 295 K 167 × 10−6 72 × 10−6 53 × 10−6 cm3 /mol At 295 K 44 × 10−6 12 × 10−6 4.0 × 10−6 cm3 /g At 295 K B = 0.5–2.0 T, T = 293 K The Elements 1.5 Data modifications Element Chromium Modification α-Cr α -Cr Crystal system, Bravais lattice Structure type Lattice constant a Space group Schoenflies symbol Strukturbericht type Pearson symbol Number A of atoms per cell Coordination number Shortest interatomic distance, solid Range of stability cub, bc W 288.47 Im3m Oh9 A2 cI2 2 8 249 RTP cub, bc W 288.2 Im3m Oh9 A2 cI2 2 8 Units pm High pressure Table 2.1-18D Elements of Group VIB (CAS notation), or Group 6 (new IUPAC notation). Ionic radii (determined from crystal structures) Element Chromium Ion Cr2+ Coordination number 4 5 6 73 7 Cr3+ 62 Molybdenum Cr4+ Cr6+ 41 26 55 44 Mo3+ 69 Mo4+ 65 Tungsten Mo5+ Mo6+ 46 41 61 59 73 W4+ 66 W5+ W6+ 62 42 51 60 Units pm pm pm pm Part 2 1.5 Table 2.1-18C Elements of Group VIB (CAS notation), or Group 6 (new IUPAC notation). Allotropic and high-pressure 117 Part 2 1.5 12.96764 23.814 39.61 53.4652 +1.358 Cl2 4.10 17.42282 34.97082 62.7084 87.1398 +2.866 F2 Electronegativity χA 1st ionization energy 2nd ionization energy 3rd ionization energy 4th ionization energy Standard electrode potential E 0 Molecular form in gaseous state Internuclear distance in molecule Dissociation energy eV eV eV eV V eV pm pm Units eV 1.5417 (1.90) 2.8 –NOP 2P 3/2 [Xe]4f14 5d10 6s2 6p5 145 Radioactive [210] At 85 Astatine 2.475 I2 +0.536 10.45126 19.1313 33 2.21 3.06 –MNO 2P 3/2 [Kr]4d10 5s2 5p5 0.06 × 10−6 133 210 0.3 × 10−6 126.90447(3) I 53 Iodine pm Br2 11.81381 21.8 36 47.3 +1.066 2.74 3.36 –LMN 2P 3/2 [Ar]3d10 4s2 4p5 67 × 10−6 114 200 2.5 × 10−6 79.904(1) Br 35 Bromine 198.8 2.83 3.40 Electron affinity KLM 2P 3/2 [Ne]3s2 3p5 1+, 3+, 5+, 7+, 1−, 3−, 5−, 7− 3.61 18 800 × 10−6 99 175 1.3 × 10−6 64 150–160 KL 2P 3/2 [He]2s2 2p5 480 × 10−6 800 × 10−6 Electron shells Electronic ground state Electronic configuration Oxidation states 35.4527(9) Cl 17 18.9984032(5) F 9 Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Characterization Relative atomic mass A (atomic weight) Abundance in lithosphere Abundance in sea Atomic radius rcov Atomic radius rvdW Fluorine Element name Chlorine Extrapolated to T = 0 K Reaction type 2Cl− = Cl2 + 2e− Reaction type F + e− = F− Allred and Rochow Mass ratio Covalent radius van der Waals radius Mass ratio Remarks Table 2.1-19A Elements of Group VIIA (CAS notation), or Group 17 (new IUPAC notation). Atomic, ionic, and molecular properties (see Table 2.1-19D for Part 2 ionic radii) 118 The Elements The Elements 1.5 Data (see Table 2.1-19C for allotropic and high-pressure modifications) Element name Fluorine Chlorine Bromine Iodine Astatine Chemical symbol Atomic number Z F 9 Cl 17 Br 35 I 53 At 85 State Crystal system, Bravais lattice Structure type Lattice constant a Lattice constant b Lattice constant c Lattice angle β Space group Schoenflies symbol Strukturbericht type Pearson symbol Number A of atoms per cell Coordination number Shortest interatomic distance, solid F2 , < 45.6 K mon, C Cl2 , 113 K orth, C Br2 , 123 K orth, C 550 328 728 102.17 C2/m 3 C2h C34 mC6 6 1 149 624 448 826 668 449 874 I2 orth, C Ga 726.8 479.7 979.7 Cmca 18 D2h A11 oC8 2×4 1 198.0 Cmca 18 D2h A11 oC8 2×4 1 227 Cmca 18 D2h A11 oC8 2×4 1 269 Units pm pm pm deg pm Remarks Part 2 1.5 Table 2.1-19B(a) Elements of Group VIIA (CAS notation), or Group 17 (new IUPAC notation). Crystallographic properties 119 120 Part 2 The Elements Part 2 1.5 Table 2.1-19B(b) Elements of Group VIIA (CAS notation), or Group 17 (new IUPAC notation). Mechanical properties Element name Fluorine Chlorine Bromine Iodine Astatine Chemical symbol Atomic number Z F 9 Cl 17 Br 35 I 53 At 85 State Density , solid Density , liquid Density , gas Molar volume Vmol Viscosity η, gas Viscosity η, liquid Surface tension, liquid Sound velocity, gas Elastic compliance s11 Elastic compliance s22 Elastic compliance s33 Elastic compliance s44 Elastic compliance s55 Elastic compliance s66 Elastic compliance s12 Elastic compliance s13 Elastic compliance s23 Elastic stiffness c11 Elastic stiffness c22 Elastic stiffness c33 Elastic stiffness c44 Elastic stiffness c55 Elastic stiffness c66 Elastic stiffness c12 Elastic stiffness c13 Elastic stiffness c23 F2 , gas Cl2 , gas Br2 , crystalline I2 , crystalline 4.92 Units Remarks g/cm3 3.119 (293 K) 1.696 × 10−3 18.05 209.3 × 102 336 (375 K) 3.17 × 10−3 17.46 19.73 25.74 0.916 (299 K) 0.0441 (286 K) 2.27 0.0557 206 328 103 132 303 67.7 170 −97 −173 49 11.5 13.5 25.0 3.30 14.8 5.88 4.50 13.5 0.93 g/cm3 cm3 /mol µPa s mPa s N/m m/s 1/TPa 1/TPa 1/TPa 1/TPa 1/TPa 1/TPa 1/TPa 1/TPa 1/TPa GPa GPa GPa GPa GPa GPa GPa GPa GPa At 273 K, 1 bar STP a m3 gas/m3 water. 239.1 20.40 417 7.98 0.573 162 1.39 4.610 84.95 144.3 5.22 0.630 55 0.221 Cl2 , gas 9.3 × 10−3 16.974 223.079 9.1810 172.18 6.41 F2 , gas 2.43 × 10−2 15.66 202.789 8.8250 53.48 State Thermal conductivity λ Molar heat capacity c p Standard entropy S0 Enthalpy difference H298 − H0 Melting temperature Tm Enthalpy change ∆Hm Entropy change ∆Sm Volume change ∆Vm Boiling temperature Tb Enthalpy change ∆Hb Critical temperature Tc Critical pressure pc Critical density c Triple-point temperature Ttr Triple-point pressure ptr Solubility in watera Cl 17 F 9 Chlorine Fluorine Chemical symbol Atomic number Z 332.3 29.56 265.90 10.8 37.84 152.210 Br2 , liquid Br 35 Bromine 458.4 41.96 819 I2 , crystalline 0.4 27.21 116.139 13.1963 386.75 15.5172 40.122 I 53 Iodine 91 54.000 13.4000 575 23.8 40.0 At2 , crystalline 1.7 At 85 Astatine K kJ/mol K MPa g/cm3 K kPa W/(m K) J/(mol K) J / (mol K) kJ/mol K kJ/mol J/(mol K) Units At 273 K and 101 kPa (Vl − Vs )/Vl at Tm STP At 298 K At 298 K and 100 kPa Remarks Part 2 1.5 Element name Table 2.1-19B(c) Elements of Group VIIA (CAS notation), or Group 17 (new IUPAC notation). Thermal and thermodynamic properties The Elements 1.5 Data 121 Part 2 1.5 F2 , gas Yellow gas, very reactive State Characteristics a λ = 589 nm. b At 92 K, = 1.330 g/cm3 . Refractive index n, liquid a 206 × 10−6 1.517(83.2 K) F 9 Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Electronic work function Dielectric constant ε, liquid Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol , gas (SI) Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol , gas (cgs) Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol , liquid (SI) Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol , liquid (cgs) Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol , solid (SI) Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol , solid (cgs) Mass magnetic susceptibility χmass , solid (SI) Refractive index (n − 1), gas a Fluorine Element name −11.1 × 10−6 −7.2 × 10−6 1.367 b 1.659 −56.4 × 10−6 −40.4 × 10−6 773 × 10−6 −709 cm3 /g cm3 /mol −90 × 10−6 −4.40 × 10−6 cm3 /mol −1131 × 10−6 cm3 /mol cm3 /mol cm3 /mol eV Units −73.5 × 10−6 At 85 Astatine cm3 /mol I2 , crystalline Solid semiconductor 2.8 I 53 Iodine −924 Br2 , liquid Liquid halogen Br 35 Bromine −508 × 10−6 2.15 (213 K) Cl2 , gas Yellow-green gas Cl 17 Chlorine At 273 K and 101 kPa Remarks Part 2 Table 2.1-19B(d) Elements of Group VIIA (CAS notation), or Group 17 (new IUPAC notation). Electronic, electromagnetic, and optical properties 122 The Elements The Elements 1.5 Data modifications Element Fluorine Modification α-F (F2 ) β-F Crystal system, Bravais lattice Structure type Lattice constant a Lattice constant b Lattice constant c Lattice angle γ Space group Schoenflies symbol Strukturbericht type Pearson symbol Number A of atoms per cell Coordination number Shortest interatomic distance, solid Range of stability mon, C cub, P γ -O 667 Units 550 328 728 102.17 C2/m 3 C2h C34 mC6 6 1 149 < 45.6 K pm pm pm deg Pm3m Oh3 A15 cP16 16 pm > 45.6 K Table 2.1-19D Elements of Group VIIA (CAS notation), or Group 17 (new IUPAC notation). Ionic radii (determined from crystal structures) Element Fluorine Chlorine Ion F− Cl− Coordination number 3 3 6 F7+ Cl5+ Bromine Cl7+ Br− 12 8 181 Br7+ I− 31 8 133 Iodine Br5+ 196 I5+ I7+ 44 25 39 220 95 42 53 Units pm pm pm Part 2 1.5 Table 2.1-19C Elements of Group VIIA (CAS notation), or Group 17 (new IUPAC notation). Allotropic and high-pressure 123 Part 2 1.5 Electron affinity Electronegativity χA 1st ionization energy 2nd ionization energy 3rd ionization energy 4th ionization energy Standard electrode potential E 0 1000 × 10−6 2 × 10−10 118 137 –LMN 6S 5/2 [Ar]3d5 4s2 7+, 6+, 4+ 3+, 2+ Not stable 1.60 7.43402 15.63999 33.668 51.2 −1.185 54.938049(9) Mn 25 Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Characteristics Relative atomic mass A (atomic weight) Abundance in lithosphere Abundance in sea Atomic radius rcov Atomic radius rmet Electron shells Electronic ground state Electronic configuration Oxidation states Manganese Element name 0.55 1.36 7.28 15.26 29.54 127 137 –MNO 6S 5/2 [Kr]4d5 5s2 7+ Radioactive [98] Tc 43 Technetium 128 137 –NOP 6S 5/2 [Xe]4f14 5d5 6s2 7+, 6+, 4+, 2+, 1− 0.15 (1.46) 7.88 1 × 10−9 186.207(1) Re 75 Rhenium –OPQ Bh 107 Bohrium eV eV eV eV V eV pm pm Units Reaction type Mn2+ + 2e− = Mn Reaction type Tc + e− = Tc− Allred and Rochow Mass ratio Mass ratio Covalent radius Metallic radius, CN = 12 Remarks Table 2.1-20A Elements of Group VIIB (CAS notation), or Group 7 (new IUPAC notation). Atomic, ionic, and molecular properties (see Table 2.1-20D for Part 2 ionic radii) 124 The Elements The Elements 1.5 Data (see Table 2.1-20C for allotropic and high-pressure modifications) Element name Manganese Technetium Rhenium Bohrium Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Mn 25 Tc 43 Re 75 Bh 107 State Crystal system, Bravais lattice Structure type Lattice constant a Lattice constant c Space group Schoenflies symbol Strukturbericht type Pearson symbol Number A of atoms per cell Coordination number Shortest interatomic distance, solid α-Mn cub, bc α-Mn 892.19 Units Im3m Td3 A12 cI58 58 226–293 hex Mg 273.8 439.4 P63 /mmc 4 D6h A3 hP2 2 12 274 hex Mg 276.08 445.80 P63 /mmc 4 D6h A3 hP2 2 12 Remarks pm pm pm Table 2.1-20B(b) Elements of Group VIIB (CAS notation), or Group 7 (new IUPAC notation). Mechanical properties Element name Manganese Technetium Rhenium Bohrium Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Mn 25 Tc 43 Re 75 Bh 107 Density , solid Density , liquid Molar volume Vmol Surface tension, liquid Temperature coefficient Coefficient of linear thermal expansion α Sound velocity, solid, transverse Sound velocity, solid, longitudinal Compressibility κ 7.470 6.430 7.38 1.10 0 23 × 10−6 11.50 8.06 × 10−6 21.00 18.80 8.86 2.65 −0.34 × 10−3 6.63 × 10−6 Units g/cm3 g/cm3 cm3 /mol N/m N/(m K) 1/K 3280 50.6 5560 3270 0.716 × 10−5 3.22 × 10−5 2930 5360 0.264 × 10−5 m/s m/s 1/MPa Elastic modulus E Shear modulus G Poisson number µ Elastic compliance s11 Elastic compliance s33 Elastic compliance s44 Elastic compliance s12 Elastic compliance s13 Elastic stiffness c11 Elastic stiffness c33 Elastic stiffness c44 Elastic stiffness c12 Elastic stiffness c13 Tensile strength Vickers hardness 196 79.4 0.24 520 180 0.26 2.11 1.70 6.21 −0.80 −0.40 616 683 161 273 206 1.16 2.45–8.00 GPa GPa 9.81 8.6 407 162 0.26 3.2 2.9 5.7 −1.1 −0.9 433 470 177 199 199 0.40 –0.74 1.510 1/TPa 1/TPa 1/TPa 1/TPa 1/TPa GPa GPa GPa GPa GPa GPa Remarks Volume compressibility At 293 K Part 2 1.5 Table 2.1-20B(a) Elements of Group VIIB (CAS notation), or Group 7 (new IUPAC notation). Crystallographic properties 125 126 Part 2 The Elements Part 2 1.5 Table 2.1-20B(c) Elements of Group VIIB (CAS notation), or Group 7 (new IUPAC notation). Thermal and thermodynamic properties Element name Manganese Technetium Rhenium Bohrium Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Mn 25 Tc 43 Re 75 Bh 107 State Thermal conductivity λ Molar heat capacity c p Standard entropy S0 Enthalpy difference H298 − H0 Melting temperature Tm Transition Enthalpy change ∆Hm Entropy change ∆Sm Relative volume change ∆Vm Boiling temperature Tb Enthalpy change ∆Hb Critical temperature Tc Critical pressure pc Critical density c α-Mn 29.7 26.28 32.220 4.9957 185 32.985 1519.00 δ–liquid 12.9089 8.498 0.017 2430.01 α–liquid 33.2912 13.700 2335 226.7 4538 592.9 Units Remarks 71.2 25.31 36.482 5.3330 W/(m K) J/(mol K) J/(mol K) kJ/mol At 298 K At 298 K and 100 kPa 3458.00 α–liquid 34.0750 9.854 K kJ/mol J/(mol K) (Vl − Vs )/Vl at Tm 5869 714.8 2090 14.5 0.320 K kJ/mol K MPa g/cm3 Table 2.1-20B(d) Elements of Group VIIB (CAS notation), or Group 7 (new IUPAC notation). Electronic, electromagnetic, and optical properties Element name Manganese Technetium Rhenium Bohrium Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Mn 25 Tc 43 Re 75 Bh 107 Characteristics Electrical resistivity ρs Temperature coefficient Pressure coefficient Electrical resistivity ρl Resistivity ratio at Tm Superconducting critical temperature Tcrit Superconducting critical field Hcrit Hall coefficient R Brittle metal 1380 5.0 × 10−4 −3.54 × 10−9 400 0.61 Metal 1510 Metal 172 44.8 × 10−4 Electronic work function Thermal work function Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol (SI) Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol (cgs) Mass magnetic susceptibility χmass (SI) Units Remarks nΩ m 1/K 1/hPa nΩ m At RT 1.70 K 198 Oe 0.84 × 10−10 3.15 × 10−10 m3 /(A s) 4.08 3.91 6421 × 10−6 1445 × 10−6 About 5.0 4.96 842 × 10−6 V V cm3 /mol At 295 K 511 × 10−6 115 × 10−6 67 × 10−6 cm3 /mol At 295 K 121 × 10−6 31 × 10−6 4.56 × 10−6 cm3 /g At 295 K At 297 K, B = 0.5–5.0 T The Elements 1.5 Data modifications Element Manganese Modification α-Mn β-Mn γ -Mn δ-Mn Crystal system, Bravais lattice Structure type Lattice constant a Lattice constant c Space group Schoenflies symbol Strukturbericht type Pearson symbol Number A of atoms per cell Coordination number Shortest interatomic distance, solid Range of stability cub, bc α-Mn 892.19 cub, P β-Mn 631.52 cub, fc Cu 386.24 cub, bc W 308.06 Im3m Td3 A12 cI58 58 P41 32 O A13 cP20 20 226–293 RTP > 1000 K Fm3m Oh5 A1 cF4 4 12 273 > 1368 K Im3m Oh9 A2 cI2 2 8 267 > 1408 K Units pm pm pm Table 2.1-20D Elements of Group VIIB (CAS notation), or Group 7 (new IUPAC notation). Ionic radii (determined from crystal structures) Element Manganese Ion Mn2+ Coordination number 4 6 8 Mn3+ Mn4+ Mn5+ Mn6+ Mn7+ Technetium Rhenium Tc4+ Re4+ Re5+ Re6+ Re7+ Units 66 83 96 58 39 53 33 26 25 38 65 63 58 55 pm pm pm Part 2 1.5 Table 2.1-20C Elements of Group VIIB (CAS notation), or Group 7 (new IUPAC notation). Allotropic and high-pressure 127 (97) 188 (69) 154 160 KL 1S 0 [He]2s2 2p6 Not stable 5.10 21.56454 40.96328 63.45 97.12 Atomic radius rvdW Electron shells Electronic ground state Electronic configuration Electron affinity Electronegativity χA 1st ionization energy 2nd ionization energy 3rd ionization energy 4th ionization energy 3.10 13.99961 24.35985 36.950 52.5 200 –LMN 1S 0 [Ar]3d10 4s2 4p6 Not stable 110 202 83.80(1) Kr 36 2.40 12.12987 21.20979 32.1230 220 –MNO 1S 0 [Kr]4d10 5s2 5p6 Not stable 130 216 131.29(2) Xe 54 (2.06) 10.74850 240 –NOP 1S 0 [Xe]4f14 5d10 6s2 6p6 Not stable 240 Radioactive [222] Rn 86 Radon Reaction type He + e− = He− Allred and Rochow eV eV eV eV eV pm Covalent radius Metallic radius, CN = 12 van der Waals radius Remarks pm pm Units Neon Ne 10 At 4.2 K cub, fc Cu 446.22 Fm3m Oh5 A1 cF4 4 12 320 Element name Chemical symbol Atomic number Z State Crystal system, Bravais lattice Structure type Lattice constant a Space group Schoenflies symbol Strukturbericht type Pearson symbol Number A of atoms per cell Coordination number Shortest interatomic distance, solid At 4.2 K cub, fc Cu 531.2 Fm3m Oh5 A1 cF4 4 12 383 Ar 18 Argon At 4.2 K cub, fc Cu 564.59 Fm3m Oh5 A1 cF4 4 12 405 Kr 36 Krypton At 4.2 K cub, fc Cu 613.2 Fm3m Oh5 A1 cF4 4 12 441 Xe 54 Xenon Rn 86 Radon pm pm Units Remarks Table 2.1-21B(a) Elements of Group VIIIA (CAS notation), or Group 18 (new IUPAC notation). Crystallographic properties (see Table 2.1-21C for allotropic and high-pressure modifications) 3.30 15.75962 27.62967 40.74 59.81 188 KLM 1S 0 [Ne]3s2 3p6 Not stable 39.948(1) 20.1797(6) Characteristics Relative atomic mass A (atomic weight) Atomic radius rcov Atomic radius rmet Ar 18 Xenon Ne 10 Krypton Neon Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Argon The Elements Element name Part 2 1.5 Part 2 Table 2.1-21A Elements of Group VIIIA (CAS notation), or Group 18 (new IUPAC notation). Atomic, ionic, and molecular properties 128 Ne 10 Noble gas 1.0 1020 (4.7 K) 1000 (4.7 K) −370 (4.7 K) 1.69 (4.7 K) 1.00 (4.7 K) 0.97 (4.7 K) 0.010 Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Characterics Density , solid Density , gas Molar volume Vmol Viscosity η, gas Sound velocity, gas Sound velocity, liquid Elastic modulus E Elastic compliance s11 Elastic compliance s44 Elastic compliance s12 Elastic stiffness c11 Elastic stiffness c44 Elastic stiffness c12 Solubility in water αW 593 (80 K) 1073 (80 K) −205 (80 K) 2.77 (80 K) 0.98 (80 K) 1.37 (80 K) 0.0340 21 308 855 (85 K) 1.6 Noble gas 1.736 (40 K) Ar 18 Argon 618 (115 K) 744 (115 K) −226 (115 K) 2.85 (115 K) 1.35 (115 K) 1.60 (115 K) 0.059 1.8 3.7493 × 10−3 29.68 23.4 213 Noble gas Kr 36 Krypton 690 (160.5 K) 708 (160.5 K) −271 (160.5 K) 2.93 (160.5 K) 1.41 (160.5 K) 1.89 (160.5 K) 0.108 5.8971 × 10−3 37.09 21.2 168 Noble gas Xe 54 Xenon 9.73 × 10−3 50.5 Noble gas Rn 86 Radon 1/TPa 1/TPa 1/TPa GPa GPa GPa g/cm3 g/cm3 cm3 /mol µPa s m/s m/s GPa Units At 293 K, αW = vol(gas)/vol(water) Low temperature, estimated values At 293 K At STP At 273 K Remarks Neon Ne 10 Ne gas 49.3 × 10−3 20.786 146.328 6.1965 24.563 α–liquid 27.0 27.10 0.324 44.0 2.75 0.4835 24.5 43.3 Element name Chemical symbol Atomic number Z State Thermal conductivity λ Molar heat capacity c p Standard entropy S0 Enthalpy difference H298 − H0 Melting temperature Tm Transition Enthalpy change ∆Hm Boiling temperature Tb Enthalpy change ∆Hb Critical temperature Tc Critical pressure pc Critical density c Triple-point temperature Ttr Triple-point pressure ptr Ar gas 18.0 × 10−3 20.87 154.842 6.1965 83.8 α–liquid 1.21 87.30 6.3 150.75 4.86 0.307 83.85 68.75 Argon Ar 18 1.64 119.80 9.05 209.4 5.50 0.9085 115.95 73.19 Kr gas 9.49 × 10−3 20.786 164.085 6.1965 115.765 Krypton Kr 36 Xe gas 5.1 × 10−3 20.744 169.575 6.1970 161.391 α–liquid 3.10 165.03 12.65 289.74 5.840 1.105 161.25 81.6 Xenon Xe 54 Rn gas 3.64 × 10−3 20.786 176.234 6.1970 202 α–liquid 2.7 211 18.1 Radon Rn 86 kJ/mol K kJ/mol K MPa g/cm3 K kPa W/(m K) J/(mol K) J/(mol K) kJ/mol K Units At 298.15 K At 298.15 K and 100 kPa At 298.15 K Remarks Table 2.1-21B(c) Elements of Group VIIIA (CAS notation), or Group 18 (new IUPAC notation). Thermal and thermodynamic properties 0.8994 × 10−3 13.97 29.8 461 Neon Element name Part 2 1.5 Table 2.1-21B(b) Elements of Group VIIIA (CAS notation), or Group 18 (new IUPAC notation). Mechanical properties The Elements 1.5 Data 129 Part 2 1.5 Ne 10 Ne gas 130 × 10−6 Chemical symbol Atomic number Z State Dielectric constant ε − 1, gas Dielectric constant ε, liquid Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol , gas (SI) Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol , gas (cgs) Mass magnetic susceptibility χmass , gas (SI) Refractive index (n − 1), gas Refractive index n, liquid Ar gas 545 × 10−6 1.516 (89 K) −243 × 10−6 −19.3 × 10−6 −6.16 × 10−6 281 × 10−6 1.233 (84 K) Ar 18 Argon −364 × 10−6 −29.0 × 10−6 −4.32 × 10−6 Kr gas 7 × 10−6 Kr 36 Krypton −572 × 10−6 −45.5 × 10−6 −4.20 × 10−6 706 × 10−6 Xe gas 1238 × 10−6 Xe 54 Xenon Rn gas Rn 86 Radon α-Ar cub, fc Cu 531.2 Modification Crystal system, Bravais lattice Structure type Lattice constant a Lattice constant c Space group Schoenflies symbol Strukturbericht type Pearson symbol Number A of atoms per cell Coordination number Shortest interatomic distance, solid Range of stability Fm3m Oh5 A1 cF4 4 12 383 < 83.8 K Argon Element > 83.8 K hex, cp Mg 376.0 614.1 P63 /mmc 4 D6h A3 hP2 2 12 β-Ar pm pm pm Units Table 2.1-21C Elements of Group VIIIA (CAS notation), or Group 18 (new IUPAC notation). Allotropic and high-pressure modifications. There is no Table 2.1-21D, because no data on ionic radii are available −87.5 × 10−6 −6.96 × 10−6 −4.2 × 10−6 7.25 × 10−6 Neon Element name cm3 /mol cm3 /mol cm3 /g Units At 295 K At 295 K At 293 K λ = 589.3 nm λ = 589.3 nm At STP Remarks Part 2 Table 2.1-21B(d) Elements of Group VIIIA (CAS notation), or Group 18 (new IUPAC notation). Electronic, electromagnetic, and optical properties 130 The Elements Electron affinity Electronegativity χA 1st ionization energy 2nd ionization energy 3rd ionization energy 4th ionization energy 5th ionization energy Standard electrode potential E 0 0.151 1.64 7.9024 16.1878 30.652 54.8 75.0 −0.447 −0.037 +0.771 50 000 × 10−6 2 × 10−9 116 126 –LMN 5D 4 [Ar]3d6 4s2 3+, 2+ 55.845(2) Fe 26 Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Quantity Relative atomic mass A (atomic weight) Abundance in lithosphere Abundance in sea Atomic radius rcov Atomic radius rmet Electron shells Electronic ground state Electronic configuration Oxidation states Iron Element name for ionic radii) 125 132.5 –MNO 5F 5 [Kr]4d7 5s1 8+, 6+, 4+, 3+, 2+ 1.05 1.42 7.36050 16.76 28.47 101.07(2) Ru 44 Ruthenium 126 134 –NOP 5D 4 [Xe]4f14 5d6 6s2 8+, 6+, 4+, 3+, 2+ 1.1 (1.52) 8.7 190.23(3) Os 76 Osmium –OPQ Hs 108 Hassium eV eV eV eV eV V V V eV pm pm Units Reaction type Fe2+ + 2e− = Fe Reaction type Fe3+ + 3e− = Fe Reaction type Fe3+ + e− = Fe2+ Reaction type Fe + e− = Fe− Allred and Rochow Mass ratio Mass ratio Covalent radius Metallic radius, CN = 12 Remarks Part 2 1.5 Table 2.1-22A Elements of Group VIII(1) (CAS notation), or Group 8 (new IUPAC notation). Atomic, ionic, and molecular properties (see Table 2.1-22D The Elements 1.5 Data 131 132 Part 2 The Elements Part 2 1.5 Table 2.1-22B(a) Elements of Group VIII(1) (CAS notation), or Group 8 (new IUPAC notation). Crystallographic properties (see Table 2.1-22C for allotropic and high-pressure modifications) Element name Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Iron Fe 26 Modification Crystal system, Bravais lattice Structure type Lattice constant a Lattice constant c Space group Schoenflies symbol Strukturbericht type Pearson symbol Number A of atoms per cell Coordination number Shortest interatomic distance, solid α-Fe cub, bc W 286.65 Ruthenium Ru 44 Osmium Os 76 Hassium Hs 108 Units Im3m Oh9 A2 cI2 2 8 248 hex Mg 270.53 428.14 P63 /mmc 4 D6h A3 hP2 2 6+6 265 hex Mg 273.48 439.13 P63 /mmc 4 D6h A3 hP2 2 6+6 267 Remarks pm pm pm Table 2.1-22B(b) Elements of Group VIII(1) (CAS notation), or Group 8 (new IUPAC notation). Mechanical properties Element name Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Iron Fe 26 Ruthenium Ru 44 Osmium Os 76 Density , solid Density , liquid Molar volume Vmol Viscosity η, liquid Surface tension, liquid Temperature coefficient Coefficient of linear thermal expansion α Sound velocity, solid, transverse Sound velocity, solid, longitudinal Compressibility κ Elastic modulus E Shear modulus G Poisson number µ Elastic compliance s11 Elastic compliance s33 Elastic compliance s44 Elastic compliance s12 Elastic compliance s13 Elastic stiffness c11 Elastic stiffness c33 Elastic stiffness c44 Elastic stiffness c12 Elastic stiffness c13 Tensile strength Vickers hardness 7.86 7.020 7.09 5.53 1.65 12.20 10.90 8.14 22.4 20.100 8.43 2.25 −0.31 × 10−3 9.1 × 10−6 2.5 −0.33 × 10−3 6.1 × 10−6 3740 6530 0.331 × 10−5 432 173 0.25 2.09 1.82 5.53 −0.58 −0.41 563 624 181 188 168 540 2 – 5 × 103 3340 5480 0.261 × 10−5 559 223 0.25 a 12.3 × 10−6 3220 5920 0.56 × 10−5 211 80.4 0.29 7.67 8.57 −2.83 230 117 135 193–206 a 608 a Strongly dependent on microstructure Hassium Hs 108 Units g/cm3 g/cm3 cm3 /mol mPa s N/m N/(m K) 1/K m/s m/s 1/MPa GPa GPa 1/TPa 1/TPa 1/TPa 1/TPa 1/TPa GPa GPa GPa GPa GPa MPa 800 Remarks Volume compressibility The Elements 1.5 Data Element name Iron Ruthenium Osmium Hassium Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Fe 26 Ru 44 Os 76 Hs 108 Modification Thermal conductivity λ Molar heat capacity c p Standard entropy S0 Enthalpy difference H298 − H0 Melting temperature Tm Transition Enthalpy change ∆Hm Entropy change ∆Sm Relative volume change ∆Vm Boiling temperature Tb Enthalpy change ∆Hb α-Fe 80.2 25.10 27.280 4.4890 1811.0 δ–liquid 13.8060 7.623 0.034 3139 349.6 117 24.06 28.614 4.6024 2607.0 α–liquid 38.5890 14.802 87.6 24.7 32.635 4423 595.5 5285 746 3306.0 δ–liquid 57.8550 17.500 Units Remarks W/(m K) J/(mol K) J/(mol K) kJ/mol K At 298.2 K At 298.15 K and 100 kPa At 298.15 K kJ/mol J/(mol K) (Vl − Vs )/Vl at Tm K kJ/mol Table 2.1-22B(d) Elements of Group VIII(1) (CAS notation), or Group 8 (new IUPAC notation). Electronic, electromagnetic, and optical properties Element name Iron Ruthenium Osmium Hassium Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Fe 26 Ru 44 Os 76 Hs 108 Characteristics Electrical resistivity ρs Temperature coefficient Pressure coefficient Superconducting critical temperature Tcrit Superconducting critical field Hcrit Hall coefficient R Soft metal 89 65.1 × 10−4 −2.34 × 10−9 Brittle metal 81 42 × 10−4 8 × 10−10 Metal 76 45.8 × 10−4 −2.48 × 10−9 0.49 66 2.2 × 10−10 Thermoelectric coefficient Electronic work function Thermal work function Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol (SI) Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol (cgs) Mass magnetic susceptibility χmass (SI) −51.34 4.70 4.50 Ferromagnetic Ferromagnetic Ferromagnetic 4.71 4.73 490 39 5.37 × 10−6 0.66 65 4.83 138 11 0.65 × 10−6 Units Remarks nΩ m 1/K 1/hPa K Oe m3 /(A s) At RT µV/K V V cm3 /mol cm3 /mol cm3 /g At 300 K, B = 4–5 T At 295 K At 295 K At 295 K Part 2 1.5 Table 2.1-22B(c) Elements of Group VIII(1) (CAS notation), or Group 8 (new IUPAC notation). Thermal and thermody- namic properties 133 134 Part 2 The Elements Part 2 1.5 Table 2.1-22C Elements of Group VIII(1) (CAS notation), or Group 8 (new IUPAC notation). Allotropic and high-pressure modifications Element Iron Modification α-Fe γ -Fe δ-Fe ε-Fe Crystal system, Bravais lattice Structure type Lattice constant a Lattice constant c Space group Schoenflies symbol Strukturbericht type Pearson symbol Number A of atoms per cell Coordination number Shortest interatomic distance, solid Range of stability cub, bc W 286.65 cub, fc Cu 364.67 cub, bc W 291.35 Im3m Oh9 A2 cI2 2 8 248 RTP Fm3m Oh5 A1 cF4 4 12 258 > 1183 K Im3m Oh9 A2 cI2 2 8 254 > 1663 K hex, cp Mg 248.5 399.0 P63 /mmc 4 D6h A3 hP2 2 6+6 241 > 13.0 GPa Units pm pm pm Table 2.1-22D Elements of Group VIII(1) (CAS notation), or Group 8 (new IUPAC notation). Ionic radii (determined from crystal structures) Element Iron Ion Fe2+ Ruthenium Fe3+ Ru3+ Ru4+ Osmium Ru5+ Ru7+ Ru8+ Os4+ Os5+ Os6+ Os8+ Coordination number Units 4 63 49 6 61 55 8 92 78 38 68 62 57 36 39 63 58 55 pm pm pm 1 × 10−9 127 136 –NOP 4F 9/2 [Xe]4f14 5d7 6s2 6+, 4+, 3+, 2+ 1.57 (1.44) 9.1 102.90550(2) 0.001 × 10−6 125 134.5 –MNO 4F 9/2 [Kr]4d8 5s1 4+, 3+, 2+ 1.14 1.35 7.45890 18.08 31.06 40 × 10−6 5 × 10−11 116 125 –LMN 4F 9/2 [Ar]3d7 4s2 3+, 2+ 0.662 1.75 7.8810 17.083 33.50 51.3 −0.28 +0.6 +1.156 192.217(3) Ir 77 58.933200(9) Iridium Relative atomic mass A (atomic weight) Abundance in lithosphere Abundance in sea Atomic radius rcov Atomic radius rmet Electron shells Electronic ground state Electronic configuration Oxidation states Electron affinity Electronegativity χA 1st ionization energy 2nd ionization energy 3rd ionization energy 4th ionization energy Standard electrode potential E 0 Rh 45 Co 27 Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Rhodium Cobalt Element name –OPQ Mt 109 Meitnerium eV eV eV eV V V eV pm pm Units Reaction type Co2+ + 2e− = Co Reaction type Ir3+ + 3e− = Ir Reaction type Co + e− = Co− Allred and Rochow Mass ratio Mass ratio Covalent radius Metallic radius, CN = 12 Remarks 1.5 Data Part 2 1.5 for ionic radii) Table 2.1-23A Elements of Group VIII(2) (CAS notation), or Group 9 (new IUPAC notation). Atomic, ionic, and molecular properties (see Table 2.1-23D The Elements 135 136 Part 2 The Elements Part 2 1.5 Table 2.1-23B(a) Elements of Group VIII(2) (CAS notation), or Group 9 (new IUPAC notation). Crystallographic properties (see Table 2.1-23C for allotropic and high-pressure modifications) Element name Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Cobalt Co 27 Rhodium Rh 45 Modifaction Crystal system, Bravais lattice Structure type Lattice constant a Lattice constant c Space group Schoenflies symbol Strukturbericht type Pearson symbol Number A of atoms per cell Coordination number Shortest interatomic distance, solid ε-Co hex, cp Mg 250.71 406.94 P63 /mmc 4 D6h A3 hP2 2 6+6 250 Iridium Ir 77 Meitnerium Mt 109 Units cub, fc Cu 280.32 cub, fc Cu 383.91 Fm3m Oh5 A1 cF4 4 12 269 Fm3m Oh5 A1 cF4 4 12 271 Remarks pm pm pm Table 2.1-23B(b) Elements of Group VIII(2) (CAS notation), or Group 9 (new IUPAC notation). Mechanical properties Element name Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Cobalt Co 27 Modification Density , solid Density , liquid Molar volume Vmol Viscosity η, liquid Coefficient of linear thermal expansion α Surface tension, liquid Temperature coefficient Sound velocity, solid, transverse Sound velocity, solid, longitudinal Compressibility κ ε-Co 8.90 7.670 6.62 4.8 13.36 × 10−6 Elastic modulus E Shear modulus G Poisson number µ Elastic compliance s11 Elastic compliance s33 Elastic compliance s44 Elastic compliance s12 Elastic compliance s13 Elastic stiffness c11 Elastic stiffness c33 Elastic stiffness c44 Elastic stiffness c12 Elastic stiffness c13 Tensile strength Vickers hardness Rhodium Rh 45 Iridium Ir 77 Meitnerium Mt 109 Units 12.40 10.800 8.29 22.50 20.000 8.57 8.40 × 10−6 6.8 × 10−6 g/cm3 g/cm3 cm3 /mol mPa s 1/K 1.520 −0.92 × 10−3 3000 5730 0.525 × 10−5 1.97 −0.3 × 10−3 3470 6190 0.350 × 10−5 2.250 −0.31 × 10−3 3050 5380 0.258 × 10−5 N/m N/(m K) m/s m/s 1/MPa 204 77.3 0.32 5.11 3.69 14.1 −2.37 −0.94 295 335 71.0 159 111 255 1043 379 149 0.27 3.46 528 209 0.26 2.28 GPa GPa 5.43 −1.10 3.90 −0.67 413 580 184 194 256 242 951 1246 623 × 103 1760 1/TPa 1/TPa 1/TPa 1/TPa 1/TPa GPa GPa GPa GPa GPa MPa Remarks Near Tm Volume compressibility The Elements 1.5 Data namic properties Element name Cobalt Rhodium Iridium Meitnerium Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Co 27 Rh 45 Ir 77 Mt 109 Modification Thermal conductivity λ Molar heat capacity c p Standard entropy S0 Enthalpy difference H298 − H0 Melting temperature Tm Transition Enthalpy change ∆Hm Entropy change ∆Sm Relative volume change ∆Vm Boiling temperature Tb Enthalpy change ∆Hb ε-Co 100 24.811 30.040 4.7655 1768.0 α–liquid 16.200 9.163 Units 3184 376.6 150 24.98 31.556 2237.0 α–liquid 26.5935 11.888 0.12 3970 493.3 147 24.98 35.505 5.2677 2719.0 α–liquid 41.124 15.125 Remarks W/(m K) J/(mol K) J/(mol K) kJ/mol K kJ/mol J/(mol K) 1 K kJ/mol 4701 604.1 At 298 K At 298 K and 100 kPa (Vl − Vs )/Vl at Tm Table 2.1-23B(d) Elements of Group VIII(2) (CAS notation), or Group 9 (new IUPAC notation). Electronic, electromag- netic, and optical properties Element name Cobalt Rhodium Iridium Meitnerium Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Co 27 Rh 45 Ir 77 Mt 109 Modification Characteristics Electrical resistivity ρs Temperature coefficient Pressure coefficient Electrical resistivity ρl Resistivity ratio at Tm Superconducting critical temperature Tcrit Superconducting critical field Hcrit Hall coefficient R α-Co Hard metal 56 6.04 × 10−3 −0.904 × 10−9 1020 1.05 360 × 10−12 50.5 × 10−12 Thermoelectronic coefficient Electronic work function Thermal work function Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol (SI) Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol (cgs) Mass magnetic susceptibility χmass (SI) 17.5 4.97 4.37 Ferromagnetic 1.0 4.98 4.68 1282 × 10−6 Metal 43.0 4.62 × 10−3 −1.62 × 10−9 Brittle metal 47 4.11 × 10−3 −1.37 × 10−9 Units Remarks nΩ m 1/K 1/hPa nΩ m At RT 0.14 K 77 31.8 × 10−12 5.03 314 × 10−6 Oe m3 /(A s) At 300 K, B = 4.5–5.0 T µV/K V V cm3 /mol At 295 K Ferromagnetic 102 × 10−6 25 × 10−6 cm3 /mol At 295 K Ferromagnetic 13.6 × 10−6 1.67 × 10−6 cm3 /g 1.2 At 295 K Part 2 1.5 Table 2.1-23B(c) Elements of Group VIII(2) (CAS notation), or Group 9 (new IUPAC notation). Thermal and thermody- 137 138 Part 2 The Elements Part 2 1.5 Table 2.1-23C Elements of Group VIII(2) (CAS notation), or Group 9 (new IUPAC notation). Allotropic and high-pressure modifications Element Cobalt Modification ε-Co α-Co Crystal system, Bravais lattice Structure type Lattice constant a Lattice constant c Space group Schoenflies symbol Strukturbericht type Pearson symbol Number A of atoms per cell Coordination number Shortest interatomic distance, solid Range of stability hex, cp Mg 250.71 406.94 P63 /mmc 4 D6h A3 hP2 2 6+6 250 RTP cub, fc Cu 354.45 Units pm pm Fm3m Oh5 A1 cF4 4 12 251 > 661 K pm Table 2.1-23D Elements of Group VIII(2) (CAS notation), or Group 9 (new IUPAC notation). Ionic radii (determined from crystal structures) Element Cobalt Ion Co2+ Coordination number 4 6 8 56 65 90 Rhodium Co3+ 55 Rh3+ 67 Iridium Rh4+ 60 Rh5+ 55 Ir3+ 68 Ir4+ 63 Ir5+ 57 Units pm pm pm 5 × 10−9 130 137 170– 180 –NOP 3D 3 [Xe]4f14 5d9 6s1 4+, 2+ 2.13 (1.44) 9.0 18.563 +1.118 106.42(1) 0.01 × 10−6 128 138 160 –MNO 1S 0 [Kr]4d10 4+, 2+ 0.562 1.35 8.3369 19.43 32.93 +0.951 58.6934(2) 100 × 10−6 1.7 × 10−9 115 125 160 –LMN 3F 4 [Ar]3d8 4s2 3+, 2+ 1.16 1.75 7.6398 18.16884 35.19 54.9 −0.257 –OPQ Uun 110 eV eV eV eV V eV pm pm pm Units Reaction type Ni2+ + 2e− = Ni Reaction type Ni + e− = Ni− Allred and Rochow Mass ratio Mass ratio Covalent radius Metallic radius, CN = 12 van der Waals radius Remarks Nickel Ni 28 cub, fc Cu 352.41 Fm3m Oh5 A1 cF4 4 12 249 Element name Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Crystal system, Bravais lattice Structure type Lattice constant a Space group Schoenflies symbol Strukturbericht type Pearson symbol Number A of atoms per cell Coordination number Shortest interatomic distance, solid cub, fc Cu 389.01 Fm3m Oh5 A1 cF4 4 12 274 Pd 46 Palladium cub, fc Cu 392.33 Fm3m Oh5 A1 cF4 4 12 277 Pt 78 Platinum Uun 110 pm pm Units Remarks Table 2.1-24B(a) Elements of Group VIII(3) (CAS notation) or Group 10 (new IUPAC notation). Crystallographic properties 195.078(2) Pt 78 Relative atomic mass A (atomic weight) Abundance in lithosphere Abundance in sea Atomic radius rcov Atomic radius rmet Atomic radius rvdW Electron shells Electronic ground state Electronic configuration Oxidation states Electron affinity Electronegativity χA 1st ionization energy 2nd ionization energy 3rd ionization energy 4th ionization energy Standard electrode potential E 0 Platinum Ni 28 Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Pd 46 Nickel Element name Palladium Table 2.1-24A Elements of Group VIII(3) (CAS notation) or Group 10 (new IUPAC notation). Atomic, ionic, and molecular properties (see Table 2.1-24D Part 2 1.5 for ionic radii) The Elements 1.5 Data 139 140 Part 2 The Elements Part 2 1.5 Table 2.1-24B(b) Elements of Group VIII(3) (CAS notation), or Group 10 (new IUPAC notation). Mechanical properties Element name Nickel Palladium Platinum Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Ni 28 Pd 46 Pt 78 Density , solid Density , liquid Molar volume Vmol Viscosity η, liquid Surface tension, liquid Temperature coefficient Coefficient of linear thermal expansion α Sound velocity, solid, transverse Sound velocity, solid, longitudinal Compressibility κ 8.90 7.910 6.59 5.0 1.725 −0.98 × 10−3 13.3 × 10−6 12.00 10.700 8.85 21.40 19.700 9.10 1.50 −0.22 × 10−3 11.2 × 10−6 1.866 −0.17 × 10−3 9.0 × 10−6 Units g/cm3 g/cm3 cm3 /mol mPa s N/m N/(m K) 1/K 3080 5810 0.513 × 10−5 1900 4540 0.505 × 10−5 1690 4080 0.351 × 10−5 m/s m/s 1/MPa Elastic modulus E Shear modulus G Poisson number µ Elastic compliance s11 Elastic compliance s44 Elastic compliance s12 Elastic stiffness c11 Elastic stiffness c44 Elastic stiffness c12 Tensile strength Vickers hardness 220 78.5 0.31 7.67 8.23 −2.93 247 122 153 317 640 121 43.5 0.39 13.7 14.1 −6.0 221 70.8 171 170 60.9 0.39 7.35 13.1 −3.08 347 76.5 251 134 560 GPa GPa 461 Uun 110 1/TPa 1/TPa 1/TPa GPa GPa GPa MPa Remarks Volume compressibility At 293 K At 293 K Table 2.1-24B(c) Elements of Group VIII(3) (CAS notation), or Group 10 (new IUPAC notation). Thermal and thermodynamic properties Element name Nickel Palladium Platinum Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Ni 28 Pd 46 Pt 78 Thermal conductivity λ Molar heat capacity c p Standard entropy S0 Enthalpy difference H298 − H0 Melting temperature Tm Transition Enthalpy change ∆Hm Entropy change ∆Sm Relative volume change ∆Vm Boiling temperature Tb Enthalpy change ∆Hb 83 26.07 29.796 4.7870 1728.30 α–liquid 17.4798 10.114 71.8 25.98 37.823 5.4685 1828.0 α–liquid 16.736 9.155 71.6 25.85 41.631 5.7237 2041.50 α–liquid 22.1750 10.862 3157 369.24 3237 357.6 4100 509.8 Uun 110 Units W/(m K) J/(mol K) J/(mol K) kJ/mol K Remarks At 298 K At 298 K and 100 kPa kJ/mol J/(mol K) (Vl − Vs )/Vl at Tm K kJ/mol The Elements 1.5 Data magnetic, and optical properties. There is no Table 2.1-24C, because no allotropic or high-pressure modifications are known Element name Nickel Palladium Platinum Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Ni 28 Pd 46 Pt 78 Characteristics Electrical resistivity ρs Temperature coefficient Pressure coefficient Electrical resistivity ρl Resistivity ratio at Tm Hall coefficient R Ductile metal 59.0 69.2 × 10−4 1.82 × 10−9 850 1.3 −60 × 10−12 Ductile metal 101 37.7 × 10−4 −2.1 × 10−9 Ductile metal 98.1 39.6 × 10−4 −1.88 × 10−9 −86 × 10−12 Thermoelectronic coefficient Electronic work function Thermal work function Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol (SI) Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol (cgs) Mass magnetic susceptibility χmass (SI) −18 5.15 4.60 Ferromagnetic Ferromagnetic Ferromagnetic −9.54 5.12 4.99 6786 × 10−6 540 × 10−6 67.0 × 10−6 Uun 110 Units Remarks nΩ m 1/K 1/hPa nΩ m At RT −24.4 × 10−12 m3 /(A s) At 298 K, B = 0.3–4.6 T −3.50 5.65 5.30 2425 × 10−6 193 × 10−6 13.0 × 10−6 µV/K V V cm3 /mol cm3 /mol cm3 /g At 295 K At 295 K At 295 K Table 2.1-24D Elements of Group VIII(3) (CAS notation), or Group 10 (new IUPAC notation). Ionic radii (determined from crystal structures) Element Nickel Ion Ni2+ Coordination number 4 6 49 69 Palladium Ni3+ Pd2+ 56 64 86 Platinum Pd3+ 76 Pd4+ Pt2+ 62 60 80 Pt4+ 63 Units pm pm Part 2 1.5 Table 2.1-24B(d) Elements of Group VIII(3) (CAS notation), or Group 10 (new IUPAC notation). Electronic, electro- 141 Mass ratio. b 4.5 × 10−6 9 × 10−13 159 175 –NOP 5I 8 [Xe]4f10 6s2 3+ (1.10) 5.9389 11.67 22.8 41.4 1 × 10−6 1 × 10−13 159 176 –NOP 6H 15/2 [Xe]4f6 6s2 4+, 3+ (1.10) 5.8639 11.52 21.91 39.79 a 162.50(3) 158.92534(2) Relative atomic mass A (atomic weight) Abundance in lithosphere a Abundance in sea a Atomic radius rcov Atomic radius rmet Electron shells Electronic ground state Electronic configuration Oxidation states Electronegativity χA b 1st ionization energy 2nd ionization energy 3rd ionization energy 4th ionization energy According to Allred and Rochow. Dy 66 Dysprosium Tb 65 According to Allred and Rochow. Terbium b Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Mass ratio. 5.5 × 10−6 6 × 10−13 165 183 –NOP 4I 9/2 [Xe]4f3 6s2 4+, 3+ (1.07) 5.464 10.55 21.624 38.98 41.6 × 10−6 1 × 10−12 165 182 –NOP 3H 4 [Xe]4f1 5d1 6s2 4+, 3+ (1.08) 5.5387 10.85 20.198 36.758 Element name a 140.90765(2) Pr 59 Praseodymium 140.116(1) Ce 58 Chemical symbol Atomic number Z 1.2 × 10−6 2 × 10−13 158 174 –NOP 4I 15/2 [Xe]4f11 6s2 3+ (1.10) 6.0216 11.80 22.84 42.5 164.93032(2) Ho 67 Holmium 23.9 × 10−6 3 × 10−12 164 182 –NOP 5I 4 [Xe]4f4 6s2 3+ (1.07) 5.5250 10.73 22.1 40.4 144.24(3) Nd 60 Neodymium 2.5 × 10−6 8 × 10−13 157 173 –NOP 3H 6 [Xe]4f12 6s2 3+ (1.11) 6.1078 11.93 22.74 42.7 167.26(3) Er 68 Erbium 165 181 –NOP 6H 5/2 [Xe]4f5 6s2 3+ (1.07) 5.55 10.90 22.3 41.1 Radioactive [145] Pm 61 Promethium 0.2 × 10−6 2 × 10−13 156 172 –NOP 2F 7/2 [Xe]4f13 6s2 3+, 2+ (1.11) 6.18431 12.05 23.68 42.7 168.93421(2) Tm 69 Thulium 6.5 × 10−6 5 × 10−14 162 180 –NOP 7F 0 [Xe]4f6 6s2 3+, 2+ (1.07) 5.6437 11.07 23.4 41.4 150.36(3) Sm 62 Samarium 2.7 × 10−6 8 × 10−13 174 194 –NOP 1S 0 [Xe]4f14 6s2 3+, 2+ (1.06) 6.25416 12.1761 25.05 43.56 173.04(3) Yb 70 Ytterbium 1.1 × 10−6 1 × 10−14 185 200 –NOP 8S 7/2 [Xe]4f7 6s2 3+, 2+ (1.01) 5.6704 11.241 24.92 42.7 151.964(1) Eu 63 Europium 0.8 × 10−6 2 × 10−13 156 172 –NOP 2D 3/2 [Xe]4f14 5d1 6s2 3+ (1.14) 5.42585 13.9 20.9594 45.25 174.967(1) Lu 71 Lutetium 6.4 × 10−6 7 × 10−13 161 179 –NOP 9D 2 [Xe]4f7 5d1 6s2 3+ 1.11 6.1500 12.09 20.63 44.0 157.25(3) Gd 64 Gadolinium eV eV eV eV pm pm Units eV eV eV eV pm pm Units Part 2 Characteristics Relative atomic mass A (atomic weight) Abundance in lithosphere a Abundance in sea a Atomic radius rcov Atomic radius rmet Electron shells Electronic ground state Electronic configuration Oxidation states Electronegativity χA b 1st ionization energy 2nd ionization energy 3rd ionization energy 4th ionization energy Cerium Element name Part 2 1.5 Table 2.1-25A Lanthanides. Atomic, ionic, and molecular properties (see Table 2.1-25D for ionic radii) 142 The Elements 2.1.5.4 Elements of the Lanthanides Period Fm3m Oh5 A1 cF4 4 12 364 Terbium Tb 65 hex Mg 360.55 569.66 P63 /mmc 4 D6h A3 hP2 2 12 357 Element name Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Crystal system, Bravais lattice Structure type Lattice constant a Lattice constant c Space group Schoenflies symbol Strukturbericht type Pearson symbol Number A of atoms per cell Coordination number Shortest interatomic distance, solid cub, fc Cu 516.10 Ce 58 Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Modification Crystal system, Bravais lattice Structure type Lattice constant a Lattice constant c Space group Schoenflies symbol Strukturbericht type Pearson symbol Number A of atoms per cell Coordination number Shortest interatomic distance, solid Cerium Element name hex Mg 359.15 565.01 P63 /mmc 4 D6h A3 hP2 2 12 355 Dy 66 Dysprosium hex α-La 367.21 1183.26 P63 /mmc 4 D6h A3 hP4 4 12 Pr 59 Praseodymium hex Mg 357.78 561.78 P63 /mmc 4 D6h A3 hP2 2 12 353 Ho 67 Holmium hex α-La 365.82 1179.66 P63 /mmc 4 D6h A3 hP4 4 12 364 Nd 60 Neodymium hex Mg 355.92 558.50 P63 /mmc 4 D6h A3 hP2 2 12 351 Er 68 Erbium hex α-La 365 1165 P63 /mmc 4 D6h A3 hP4 4 12 362 Pm 61 cub, bc W 458.27 α-Sm hex Se 362.90 2620.7 hex Mg 353.75 555.40 P63 /mmc 4 D6h A3 hP2 2 12 349 Tm 69 Fm3m Oh5 A1 cF4 4 12 388 cub, fc Cu 548.48 Yb 70 Ytterbium 397 Im3m Oh9 A2 cI2 2 Eu 63 Europium Sm 62 Samarium Thulium Promethium hex Mg 350.52 554.94 P63 /mmc 4 D6h A3 hP2 2 12 347 Lu 71 Lutetium hex Mg 363.36 578.10 P63 /mmc 4 D6h A3 hP2 2 12 360 Gd 64 Gadolinium pm pm pm Units pm pm pm Units 1.5 Data Part 2 1.5 Table 2.1-25B(a) Lanthanides. Crystallographic properties (see Table 2.1-25C for allotropic and high-pressure modifications) The Elements 143 6.78 Density , solid Density , liquid Molar volume Vmol Viscosity η, liquid Surface tension, liquid Coefficient of linear thermal expansion α Sound velocity, solid, transverse Sound velocity, solid, longitudinal Volume compressibility κ Elastic modulus E Shear modulus G Poisson number µ Elastic compliance s11 Elastic compliance s33 Elastic compliance s44 Elastic compliance s12 Elastic compliance s13 Elastic stiffness c11 Elastic stiffness c33 Elastic stiffness c44 Elastic stiffness c12 Elastic stiffness c13 Tensile strength Vickers hardness a Ce 58 Chemical symbol Atomic number Z 1410 2660 3.15 × 10−5 35.2 13.2 0.31 26.6 19.3 73.6 −11.3 −3.8 49.4 57.4 13.6 23.0 14.3 169 400 6.77 6.609 20.80 0.431 0.7 6.79 × 10−6 Pr 59 Praseodymium The data for the elastic behavior of cerium concern γ -cerium. 117 275 17.3 14.3 26.0 57.8 −22.3 1230 3060 5.06 × 10−5 44.1 12.1 0.25 62.8 0.72 6.3 × 10−6 17.00 Cerium a 1440 2720 2.94 × 10−5 37.9 14.3 0.31 23.7 18.5 66.5 −9.5 −3.9 54.8 60.9 15.0 24.6 16.6 169 348 0.688 9.6 × 10−6 20.59 7.00 Nd 60 Neodymium 170 2.9 × 10−5 46 18 0.28 0.65 11 × 10−6 20.1 6.48 Pm 61 Promethium 157 412 1290 2700 3.27 × 10−5 53.9 12.7 0.35 0.6 10.4 × 10−6 20.00 7.54 Sm 62 Samarium 167 8.13 × 10−5 18.2 7.8 0.17 0.450 32 × 10−6 28.29 5.26 Eu 63 Europium 1680 2950 2.47 × 10−5 56.3 22.4 0.26 18.0 16.1 48.1 −5.7 −3.6 67.8 71.2 20.8 25.6 20.7 122 510–638 0.816 9.4 × 10−6 19.90 7.89 Gd 64 Gadolinium 1/TPa 1/TPa 1/TPa 1/TPa 1/TPa GPa GPa GPa GPa GPa MPa m/s m/s 1/MPa GPa GPa Units g/cm3 g/cm3 cm3 /mol mPa s N/m 1/K Part 2 1.5 Element name Part 2 Table 2.1-25B(b) Lanthanides. Mechanical properties 144 The Elements 8.54 19.00 0.650 10.0 × 10−6 1720 2960 2.50 × 10−5 63.1 25.5 0.24 16.0 14.5 41.2 −4.6 −3.2 74.0 78.6 24.3 25.5 21.8 8.27 19.31 0.65 7.0 × 10−6 1060 2920 2.40 × 10−5 57.5 22.8 0.26 17.4 15.6 46.0 −5.2 −3.6 69.2 74.4 21.8 25.0 21.8 About 122 863 Density , solid Density , liquid Molar volume Vmol Viscosity η, liquid Surface tension, liquid Coefficient of linear thermal expansion α Sound velocity, solid, transverse Sound velocity, solid, longitudinal Volume compressibility κ Elastic modulus E Shear modulus G Poisson number µ Elastic compliance s11 Elastic compliance s33 Elastic compliance s44 Elastic compliance s12 Elastic compliance s13 Elastic stiffness c11 Elastic stiffness c33 Elastic stiffness c44 Elastic stiffness c12 Elastic stiffness c13 Tensile strength Vickers hardness 544 Dy 66 Tb 65 Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Dysprosium Terbium Element name 1740 3040 2.42 × 10−5 67.1 26.7 0.26 15.3 14.0 38.6 −4.3 −2.9 76.5 79.6 25.9 25.6 21.0 About 132 481 0.650 11.2 × 10−6 18.75 8.80 Ho 67 Holmium 1810 3080 2.34 × 10−5 73.3 29.6 0.24 14.1 13.2 36.4 −4.2 −2.6 84.1 84.7 27.4 29.4 22.6 139 589 0.620 9.2 × 10−6 18.44 9.05 Er 68 Erbium About 140 520 2.42 × 10−5 74.0 30.4 0.27 0.62 13.3 × 10−6 18.12 9.33 Tm 69 Thulium 72.5 206 17.7 10.4 18.6 56.4 −31.9 1000 1820 7.24 × 10−5 18.4 7.16 0.28 89.2 6.98 6.292 24.84 0.424 0.85 25.0 × 10−6 Yb 70 Ytterbium 2.33 × 10−5 68.4 27.1 0.27 14.3 14.8 37.3 −4.2 −3.5 86.2 80.9 26.8 32.0 28.0 139 1160 8.12 × 10−6 17.78 9.840 Lu 71 Lutetium 1/TPa 1/TPa 1/TPa 1/TPa 1/TPa GPa GPa GPa GPa GPa MPa m/s m/s 1/MPa GPa GPa Units g/cm3 g/cm3 cm3 /mol mPa s N/m 1/K Part 2 1.5 Table 2.1-25B(b) Lanthanides. Mechanical properties, cont. The Elements 1.5 Data 145 Ce 58 11.4 26.4 69.454 7.2802 1072.0 δ–liquid 5.4601 5.093 0.011 3699 414.2 Thermal conductivity λ Molar heat capacity c p Standard entropy S0 Enthalpy difference H298 − H0 Melting temperature Tm Transition Enthalpy change ∆Hm Entropy change ∆Sm Relative volume change ∆Vm Boiling temperature Tb Enthalpy change ∆Hb 3785 296.8 7.4182 1204.0 β–liquid 6.8869 5.720 0.02 12.5 27.20 73.931 Pr 59 Praseodymium 3341 273.0 7.1337 1289.0 β–liquid 7.1421 5.541 0.09 16.5 27.45 71.086 Nd 60 Neodymium 3785 7.3000 1315.0 β–liquid 7.7000 5.856 72.00 17.9 Pm 61 Terbium Tb 65 11.1 28.91 73.8 9.4266 1632 β–liquid 10.1504 6.220 0.031 3496 330.9 Element name Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Thermal conductivity λ Molar heat capacity c p Standard entropy S0 Enthalpy difference H298 − H0 Melting temperature Tm Transition Enthalpy change ∆Hm Entropy change ∆Sm Relative volume change ∆Vm Boiling temperature Tb Enthalpy change ∆Hb 2835 230 8.8659 1685.15 β–liquid 11.3505 6.736 0.45 10.7 28.16 74.956 Dy 66 Dysprosium 2968 242.50 7.9956 1745.0 β–liquid 11.7570 6.738 0.074 16.2 27.15 75.019 Ho 67 Holmium 3136 261.4 7.3923 1802.0 α–liquid 19.9033 11.045 0.09 14 28.12 73.178 Er 68 Erbium 2220 190.7 7.3973 1818.0 α–liquid 16.8406 9.263 0.069 16.8 27.03 74.015 Tm 69 Thulium 2064 166.4 7.5730 1345.0 γ –liquid 8.6190 6.408 0.036 13.3 29.54 69.496 Sm 62 1870 144.7 8.0040 1095.0 α–liquid 9.2132 8.414 0.048 13.9 27.6 80.793 Eu 63 Europium 1467 128.83 6.7111 1097 γ –liquid 7.6567 6.980 0.051 38.5 26.74 59.831 Yb 70 Ytterbium Promethium Samarium Table 2.1-25B(c) Lanthanides. Thermal and thermodynamic properties, cont. Cerium Chemical symbol Atomic number Z 3668 355.9 6.3890 1936.0 α–liquid 18.6481 9.632 0.036 16.4 26.86 50.961 Lu 71 Lutetium 3569 359.4 9.0876 1586.15 β–liquid 9.6680 6.095 0.02 10.6 37.02 68.089 Gd 64 K kJ/mol kJ/mol J/(mol K) (Vl − Vs )/Vl at Tm Units Remarks W/(m K) J/(mol K) At 298.2 K J/(mol K) At 298.15 K and 100 kPa kJ/mol At 298.15 K K K kJ/mol kJ/mol J/(mol K) (Vl − Vs )/Vl at Tm Units Remarks W/(m K) J/(mol K) At 298.2 K J/(mol K) At 298.15 K and 100 kPa kJ/mol At 298.15 K K Gadolinium Part 2 1.5 Element name Part 2 Table 2.1-25B(c) Lanthanides. Thermal and thermodynamic properties 146 The Elements Ductile metal 1130 11.9 × 10−4 Characteristics a a a 5.49 × 10−3 72.9 × 10−3 3.09 916 × 10−3 Soft metal 814 17.1 × 10−4 −2.2 × 10−9 2210 Ho 67 Holmium 490 × 10−6 3.33 × 10−3 48 × 10−3 3.12 603 × 10−3 1.90 × 10−3 26.2 × 10−3 3.12 329 × 10−3 Ductile metal 670 19.5 × 10−4 −2.6 × 10−9 Tm 69 Thulium 106 × 10−6 1.28 × 10−3 Soft metal 810 20.1 × 10−4 −27 × 10−9 2260 −0.34 × 10−10 Er 68 Erbium The molar magnetic susceptibility is given for Tb and Dy for the α-phase [1.3]. 8.00 × 10−3 98 × 10−3 170 × 10−3 15.3 × 10−3 3.09 1.232 a 890 11.9 × 10−4 −2.3 × 10−9 2100 Metal Dy 66 Dysprosium 3.4 2.136 a 1930 Tb 65 Electrical resistivity ρs Temperature coefficient Pressure coefficient Electrical resistivity ρl Hall coefficient R Electronic work function Thermal work function Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol (SI) Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol (cgs) Mass magnetic susceptibility χmass (SI) Terbium Chemical symbol Atomic number Z 474 × 10−6 217 × 10−6 Element name 5.53 × 10−3 2.5 × 10−3 5.93 × 10−3 2.7 3.2 16.1 × 10−3 3.2 3.3 74.5 × 10−3 914 14.8 × 10−4 −3.57 × 10−9 Metal Sm 62 2.7 69.5 × 10−3 500 28 × 10−4 Metal Pm 61 Samarium −0.2 × 10−10 730 9.7 × 10−4 −45.2 × 10−9 Electrical resistivity ρs Temperature coefficient Pressure coefficient Electrical resistivity ρl Hall coefficient R Thermoelectric coefficient Electronic work function Thermal work function Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol (SI) Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol (cgs) Mass magnetic susceptibility χmass (SI) Nd 60 Promethium 1.92 × 10−10 4.39 2.88 2.6 31.4 × 10−3 Metal Characteristics Pr 59 Neodymium Reactive metal 610 21.3 × 10−4 −1.5 × 10−9 1550 0.971 × 10−10 Ce 58 Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Praseodymium Ductile reactive metal 650 17.1 × 10−4 −0.4 × 10−9 1130 0.709 × 10−10 Cerium Element name 4.9 × 10−6 67 × 10−6 2.50 842 × 10−6 Ductile metal 250 13 × 10−4 9.7 × 10−9 1080 −0.53 × 10−10 Yb 70 Ytterbium 2.81 × 10−3 30.9 × 10−3 2.5 2.54 388 × 10−3 2440 Soft metal very reactive 890 81.3 × 10−4 Eu 63 Europium Units cm3 /g cm3 /mol nΩ m 1/K 1/hPa nΩ m m3 /(A s) µV/K V V cm3 /mol Units 13 × 10−6 183 × 10−6 cm3 /g cm3 /mol 540 nΩ m 24 × 10−4 1/K −1.31 × 10−9 1/hPa nΩ m m3 /(A s) 3.3 V 3.14 V 2.30 × 10−3 cm3 /mol Metal Lu 71 Lutetium 14.9 × 10−3 185 × 10−3 3.1 3.07 2.324 1260 17.6 × 10−4 −4.5 × 10−9 1950 0.95 × 10−10 Soft metal Gd 64 Gadolinium At 295 K At 295 K At 295 K At 293 K, B < 1 T At RT Remarks At 295 K At 295 K At 295 K At 293 K, B < 1 T At RT Remarks Part 2 1.5 Table 2.1-25B(d) Lanthanides. Electronic, electromagnetic, and optical properties The Elements 1.5 Data 147 148 Part 2 The Elements Part 2 1.5 Table 2.1-25C Lanthanides. Allotropic and high-pressure modifications Element Cerium Praseodymium Modification α-Ce β-Ce γ -Ce Crystal system, Bravais lattice Structure type Lattice constant a Lattice constant c Space group Schoenflies symbol Strukturbericht type Pearson symbol Number A of atoms per cell Coordination number cub, fc hex Cu α-La 516.10 367.3 1180.2 Fm3m P63 /mmc 4 Oh5 D6h A1 A3 cF4 hP4 4 4 12 12 α -Ce Ce-III α-Pr β-Pr γ -Pr cub, fc cub, fc Cu Cu 482 orth α-U cub, bc W 413 cub, fc Cu 488 Fm3m Oh5 A1 cF4 4 12 Cmcm 17 D2h A20 oC4 4 2+2 +4 + 4 hex α-La 367.21 1183.26 P63 /mmc 4 D6h A3 hP4 4 12 Im3m Oh9 A2 cI2 2 8 Fm3m Oh5 A1 cF4 4 12 RTP 358 345 >1094 K >4.0 GPa Units Shortest interatomic distance, solid 364 Range of stability RTP >263 K Fm3m Oh5 A1 cF4 4 12 <95 K >1.5 GPa 5.1 GPa Element Neodymium Modification α-Nd β-Nd γ -Nd α-Pm β-Pm Crystal system, Bravais lattice Structure type Lattice constant a Lattice constant c Space group Schoenflies symbol Strukturbericht type Pearson symbol Number A of atoms per cell Coordination number Shortest interatomic distance, solid Range of stability hex α-La 365.82 1179.66 P63 /mmc 4 D6h A3 hP4 4 12 364 RTP cub, bc W 413 cub, fc Cu 480 cub, bc W Im3m Oh9 A2 cI2 2 8 358 > 1135 K Fm3m Oh5 A1 cF4 4 12 339 > 5.0 GPa hex α-La 365 1165 P63 /mmc 4 D6h A3 hP4 4 12 362 RTP Element Samarium Modification α-Sm β-Sm γ -Sm α-Gd β-Gd γ -Gd Crystal system, Bravais lattice Structure type Lattice constant a Lattice constant c Space group Schoenflies symbol Strukturbericht type Pearson symbol Number A of atoms per cell Coordination number Shortest interatomic distance, solid Range of stability trig α-Sm 362.90 2620.7 R3m 5 D3d A7 hR3 3 12 361 RTP cub, bc W hex α-La 361.8 1166 P63 /mmc 4 D6h A3 hP4 4 12 360 > 4.0 GPa hex, cp Mg 363.36 578.10 P63 /mmc 4 D6h A3 hP2 2 12 360 RTP cub, bc W 406 trig α-Sm 361 2603 R3m 5 D3d A7 hR3 3 pm pm pm Promethium Units pm pm Im3m Oh9 A2 cI2 2 8 pm > 1163 K Gadolinium Units Im3m Oh9 A2 cI2 2 8 353 > 1190 K Im3m Oh9 A2 cI2 2 8 351 > 1535 K pm pm pm > 3.0 GPa The Elements Element Terbium Dysprosium Modification α-Tb β-Tb Tb-II α-Dy β-Dy α -Dy γ -Dy Crystal system, Bravais lattice Structure type Lattice constant a Lattice constant b Lattice constant c Space group Schoenflies symbol Strukturbericht type Pearson symbol Number A of atoms per cell Coordination number Shortest interatomic distance, solid Range of stability hex, cp Mg 360.55 cub, bc W trig α-Sm 341 hex, cp Mg 359.15 cub, bc W orth trig α-Sm 343.6 2450 R3m 5 D3d A7 hR3 3 565.01 P63 /mmc 4 D6h A3 hP2 2 12 355 RTP Units 569.66 P63 /mmc 4 D6h A3 hP2 2 12 357 RTP Im3m Oh9 A2 cI2 2 >1589 K >6.0 GPa Im3m Oh9 A2 cI2 2 8 345 >1243 K Element Holmium Erbium Modification α-Ho β-Ho γ -Ho α-Er β-Er Crystal system, Bravais lattice Structure type Lattice constant a Lattice constant c Space group Schoenflies symbol Strukturbericht type Pearson symbol Number A of atoms per cell Coordination number Shortest interatomic distance, solid Range of stability hex, cp Mg 357.78 561.78 P63 /mmc 4 D6h A3 hP2 2 12 353 RTP cub, bc W trig α-Sm 334 2450 R3m 5 D3d A7 hR3 3 hex, cp Mg 355.92 558.50 P63 /mmc 4 D6h A3 hP2 2 12 351 RTP cub, bc W 359.5 618.4 567.8 Cmcm 17 D2h 2483.0 R3m 5 D3d oC4 4 hR3 3 <86 K >7.5 GPa pm pm pm pm Thulium α-Tm β-Tm Tm-II cub, bc W trig α-Sm Units hex, cp Mg 353.75 555.40 Im3m P63 /mmc 4 Oh9 D6h A2 A3 cI2 hP2 2 2 8 12 349 High tem- RTP perature Lutetium pm pm Element Im3m Oh9 A2 cI2 2 8 343 High tem- > 4.0 perature GPa Ytterbium Im3m Oh9 A2 cI2 2 8 R3m 5 D3d Modification α-Yb β-Yb γ -Yb α-Lu β-Lu Lu-II Crystal system, Bravais lattice Structure type Lattice constant a Lattice constant c Space group Schoenflies symbol Strukturbericht type Pearson symbol Number A of atoms per cell Coordination number Shortest interatomic distance, solid Range of stability cub, fc Cu 548.48 cub, bc W 444 trig α-Sm Im3m Oh9 A2 cI2 2 8 385 > 1005 K hex, cp Mg 350.52 554.94 P63 /mmc 4 D6h A3 hP2 2 12 347 RTP cub, bc W Fm3m Oh5 A1 cF4 4 12 388 RTP hex, cp Mg 387.99 638.59 P63 /mmc 4 D6h A3 hP2 2 6+6 388 < 270 K hR3 3 pm High tem- > 6.0 perature GPa Units pm pm Im3m Oh9 A2 cI2 2 8 385 > 1005 K R3m 5 D3d hR3 3 12 pm > 23 GPa 149 Part 2 1.5 Table 2.1-25C Lanthanides. Allotropic and high-pressure modifications, cont. 1.5 Data 150 Part 2 The Elements Part 2 1.5 Table 2.1-25D Lanthanides. Ionic radii (determined from crystal structures) Element Cerium Ion Ce3+ Coordination number 6 8 9 10 12 Praseodymium Ce4+ 101 114 87 97 125 134 107 114 NeoPromedymium thium Pr3+ Pr4+ Nd3+ 99 113 85 96 98 112 116 Samarium Gadolinium Pm3+ Sm2+ Sm3+ Eu2+ Eu3+ Gd3+ 109 119 127 95 107 94 105 96 108 117 125 135 127 124 Element Terbium Dysprosium Erbium Thulium Ion Tb3+ Tb4+ Dy2+ Dy3+ Er3+ Tm2+ 92 76 107 91 89 101 109 104 88 119 103 100 Coordination number 6 7 8 9 Europium Ytterbium Lutetium Tm3+ Yb2+ Lu3+ 88 102 99 114 Yb3+ 86 99 104 97 Units pm pm pm pm pm Units pm pm pm pm According to Allred and Rochow. 186 –OPQ 5I 8 [Rn]5f10 7s2 3+ (1.2) 6.30 170 –OPQ 6H 15/2 [Rn]5f9 7s2 4+, 3+ (1.2) 6.23 a Radioactive [251] Radioactive [247] Characteristics Relative atomic mass A (atomic weight) Atomic radius rmet Electron shells Electronic ground state Electronic configuration Oxidation states Electronegativity χA a 1st ionization energy Californium Bk 97 Cf 98 4 × 10−6 142 154 –OPQ 5L 6 [Rn]5f3 6d1 7s2 6+, 5+, 4+, 3+ (1.22) 6.19405 Radioactive 238.0289(1) U 92 Uranium –OPQ 3H 6 [Rn]5f12 7s2 (1.2) 6.50 (1.2) 6.42 Radioactive [257] Fm 100 Fermium 150 –OPQ 6L 11/2 [Rn]5f4 6d1 7s2 6+, 5+, 4+, 3+ (1.22) 6.2657 Radioactive [237] Np 93 Neptunium 186 –OPQ 5I 15/2 [Rn]5f11 7s2 Radioactive [252] Es 99 Einsteinium Reaction type Th4+ + 4e− = Th Berkelium c Chemical symbol Atomic number Z According to Allred and Rochow. (1.14) 5.89 Element name Mass ratio. c (1.11) 6.08 11.5 20.0 28.8 −1.899 Electronegativity χA b 1st ionization energy 2nd ionization energy 3rd ionization energy 4th ionization energy Standard electrode potential E 0 b 164 –OPQ 4K 11/2 [Rn]5f2 6d1 7s2 5+, 4+ 11.5 × 10−6 165 180 –OPQ 3F 2 [Rn]6d2 7s2 4+ a Radioactive 231.03588(2) Radioactive 232.0381(1) Characteristics Relative atomic mass A (atomic weight) Abundance in lithosphere a Atomic radius rcov Atomic radius rmet Electron shells Electronic ground state Electronic configuration Oxidation states Pa 91 Th 90 Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Protactinium Thorium Element name (1.2) 6.58 –OPQ 2F 7/2 [Rn]5f13 7s2 Radioactive [258] Md 101 Mendelevium 164 –OPQ 7F 0 [Rn]5f6 7s2 6+, 5+, 4+, 3+ (1.22) 6.06 Radioactive [244] Pu 94 Plutonium 6.65 –OPQ 1S 0 [Rn]5f14 7s2 Radioactive [259] No 102 Nobelium 173 –OPQ 8S 7/2 [Rn]5f7 7s2 6+, 5+, 4+, 3+ (1.2) 5.993 Radioactive [243] Am 95 Americium Units –OPQ 2D 5/2 [Rn]5f14 6d1 7s2 3+ Radioactive [262] Lr 103 Lawrencium (1.2) 6.02 eV pm Units eV eV eV eV V pm 174 pm –OPQ 9D 2 [Rn]5f7 6d1 7s2 3+ Radioactive [247] Cu 96 Curium 2.1.5.5 Elements of the Actinides Period Part 2 1.5 Table 2.1-26A Actinides. Atomic, ionic, and molecular properties (see Table 2.1-26D for ionic radii) The Elements 1.5 Data 151 Berkelium Bk 97 hex α-La 341.6 1106.9 P63 /mmc 4 D6h A3 hP4 4 Element name Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Crystal system, Bravais lattice Structure type Lattice constant a Lattice constant c Space group Schoenflies symbol Strukturbericht type Pearson symbol Number A of atoms per cell Fm3m Oh5 A1 cF4 4 12 360 cub, fc Cu 508.51 Th 90 Modification Crystal system, Bravais lattice Structure type Lattice constant a Lattice constant b Lattice constant c Lattice angle γ Space group Schoenflies symbol Strukturbericht type Pearson symbol Number A of atoms per cell Coordination number Shortest interatomic distance, solid Thorium Chemical symbol Atomic number Z hex α-La P63 /mmc 4 D6h A3 hP4 4 P63 /mmc 4 D6h A3 hP4 4 Es 99 Einsteinium Fm 100 Fermium Pnma 16 D2h Ac oP8 8 8+6 259–335 orth, P α-Np 666.3 472.3 488.7 α-U orth, C α-U 285.38 586.80 495.57 Cmcm 17 D2h A20 oC4 4 2+2+4+4 276 Np 93 Neptunium U 92 Uranium hex α-La Cf 98 Californium I4/mmm 17 D4h A6 tI2 2 8+2 321 324.2 tetr, I α-Pa 394.5 Pa 91 Protactinium Md 101 Mendelevium 257–278 mP16 16 α-Pu mon, P α-Pu 618.3 482.2 1096.8 101.78 P21 /m 2 C2h Pu 94 Plutonium No 102 Lr 103 Lawrencium P63 /mmc 4 D6h A3 hP4 4 6+6 349 P63 /mmc 4 D6h A3 hP4 4 6+6 347 Nobelium 1133.1 hex α-La 349.6 Cu 96 Curium 1124.1 hex α-La 346.8 Am 95 Americium pm pm Units pm pm pm pm deg Units Part 2 1.5 Element name Part 2 Table 2.1-26B(a) Actinides. Crystallographic properties (see Table 2.1-26C for allotropic and high-pressure modifications) 152 The Elements 15.0 15.40 Pa 91 Protactinium 0.219 294–687 50.9 45.5 77.0 −10.9 22.0 12.5 × 10−6 7.3 × 10−6 1630 2850 1.86 × 10−5 78.3 76 30.8 0.26 27.4 1.05 11.70 10.35 19.80 Th 90 Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Modification Density , solid Density , liquid Molar volume Vmol Viscosity η, liquid Surface tension, liquid Temperature coefficient Coefficient of linear thermal expansion α Sound velocity, solid, transverse Sound velocity, solid, longitudinal Volume compressibility κ Elastic modulus E Shear modulus G Poisson number µ Elastic compliance s11 Elastic compliance s22 Elastic compliance s33 Elastic compliance s44 Elastic compliance s55 Elastic compliance s66 Elastic compliance s12 Elastic compliance s13 Elastic compliance s23 Elastic stiffness c11 Elastic stiffness c22 Elastic stiffness c33 Elastic stiffness c44 Elastic stiffness c55 Elastic stiffness c66 Elastic stiffness c12 Elastic stiffness c13 Elastic stiffness c23 Tensile strength Vickers hardness Thorium Element name 1.53 −0.14 × 10−3 12.6 × 10−6 1940 3370 0.785 × 10−5 177 70.6 0.25 4.91 6.73 4.79 8.04 13.6 13.4 −1.19 0.08 −2.61 215 199 267 124 73.4 74.3 46 22 108 0.585 1960 18.90 17.907 12.56 U 92 Uranium 92.7 45 0.18 68 0.525 2500–2800 55 × 10−6 α-Pu 19.80 16.623 12.3 7.4 0.55 Pu 94 Plutonium 27.5 × 10−6 11.71 20.40 Np 93 Neptunium 17.78 13.60 Am 95 Americium 18.3 13.510 Cu 96 Curium 1/TPa 1/TPa 1/TPa 1/TPa 1/TPa 1/TPa 1/TPa 1/TPa 1/TPa GPa GPa GPa GPa GPa GPa GPa GPa GPa GPa cm3 /mol mPa s N/m N/(m K) 1/K m/s m/s 1/MPa GPa GPa g/cm3 Units 1.5 Data Part 2 1.5 Table 2.1-26B(b) Actinides. Mechanical properties The Elements 153 Bk 97 14.790 16.70 Density , solid Molar volume Vmol 9.310 26.96 Cf 98 Californium 8.840 28.5 Es 99 Bk 97 About 10 (76.15) 1256 Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Thermal conductivity λ Standard entropy S0 Melting temperature Tm Transition Enthalpy change ∆Hm Entropy change ∆Sm Enthalpy of boiling ∆Hb About 10 80.542 1213 Cf 98 Berkelium Californium Element name α-U 22.0 27.66 50.200 6.3640 1408.0 γ –liquid 9.1420 6.493 0.022 4407 464.1 U 92 About 10 89.471 1133.0 β–liquid 9.4056 8.302 Es 99 Einsteinium α-Pa About 47 (27.61) 51.882 6.4392 1844.78 β–liquid 12.3412 6.690 α-Th 77.0 27.32 51.800 6.3500 2022.99 β–liquid 13.8072 6.825 0.05 5061 514.1 Modification Thermal conductivity λ Molar heat capacity c p Standard entropy S0 Enthalpy difference H298 − H0 Melting temperature Tm Transition Enthalpy change ∆Hm Entropy change ∆Sm Relative volume change ∆Vm Boiling temperature Tb Enthalpy change ∆Hb 481 Pa 91 Th 90 Chemical symbol Atomic number Z 423.4 α-Np 6.3 29.62 50.459 6.6065 917.0 γ –liquid 3.1986 3.488 Np 93 3.26 1.02 87.236 1800 Fm 100 Fermium Protactinium Uranium Thorium Element name Fm 100 Fermium 1100 Md 101 1100 No 102 Nobelium 2880 238.5 3503 260.0 Am 95 About 10 25.9 55.396 6.4070 1449.0 γ –liquid 14.3930 9.933 Mendelevium No 102 1900 Lr 103 Lawrencium 395.7 About 10 (27.70) 71.965 6.1337 1618.0 β–liquid 14.6440 9.051 Cu 96 Remarks Lr 103 Lawrencium Units g/cm3 cm3 /mol (Vl − Vs )/Vl at Tm kJ/mol J/(mol K) kJ/mol Units Remarks W/(m K) J/(mol K) At 298.15 K and 100 kPa K K kJ/mol kJ/mol J/(mol K) W/(m K) J/(mol K) At 298 K J/(mol K) At 298.15 K and 100 kPa kJ/mol K Units Nobelium Americium Curium Md 101 Mendelevium α-Pu 6.74 32.84 54.461 6.9023 913.0 ε–liquid 2.8240 3.093 Pu 94 Neptunium Plutonium Einsteinium Table 2.1-26B(c) Actinides. Thermal and thermodynamic properties Berkelium Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Part 2 1.5 Element name Part 2 Table 2.1-26B(b) Actinides. Mechanical properties, cont. 154 The Elements a Berkelium Bk 97 Metal Element name Chemical symbol Atomic number Z Characteristics At 298 K, B = 0.3–0.7 T. 7.2 × 10−6 Metal Cf 98 Californium Metal Es 99 Fm 100 50 × 10−6 Metal Md 101 Mendelevium 31.7 × 10−6 525 × 10−6 Fermium 575 × 10−6 Einsteinium 21.6 × 10−6 409 × 10−6 6.60 × 10−3 No 102 Nobelium Lr 103 Lawrencium cm3 /g cm3 /mol V V cm3 /mol 277 × 10−6 nΩ m 1/K 1/Pa K Units 97 × 10−6 Metal, very reactive 860 3.47 3.47 5.14 × 10−3 680 33 × 10−4 Metal Cu 96 Curium 4.8 3.48 × 10−3 0.69 × 10−6 Metal, very toxic 1414 Am 95 Americium 3.67 3.42 1.22 × 10−3 7.23 × 10−3 Reactive metal Pu 94 Plutonium m3 /(A s) µV/K 177 Ductile metal 280 28.2 × 10−4 Np 93 Neptunium 0.34 × 10−10 5.0 147 27.5 × 10−4 −3.4 × 10−9 1.37 Electrical resistivity ρs Temperature coefficient Pressure coefficient Superconducting critical temperature Tcrit Superconducting critical field Hcrit Hall coefficient R a Thermoelectronic coefficient Electronic work function Thermal work function Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol (SI) Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol (cgs) Mass magnetic susceptibility χmol (SI) Toxic metal U 92 Uranium −1.2 × 10−10 Soft metal Characteristics Pa 91 Protactinium Oe Th 90 Chemical symbol Atomic number Z 162 Thorium Element name At RT Remarks Part 2 1.5 Table 2.1-26B(d) Actinides. Electronic, electromagnetic, and optical properties The Elements 1.5 Data 155 338.7 P421 2 7 D4h Ad tP4 4 8+6 275–356 >553 K Pnma 16 D2h Ac oP8 8 8+6 260–336 RTP 489.6 Im3m Oh9 A2 cI2 2 8+6 305 >850 K 928.4 1046.3 785.9 92.13 I2/m 3 C2h mI34 34 259–310 >395 K mP16 16 257–278 RTP mon β-Pu > 1443 K Im3m Oh9 A2 cI2 2 2+2+4+4 cub, bc W β-Pa 618.3 482.2 1096.8 101.78 P21 /m 2 C2h mon, P orth, P α-Np 666.3 472.3 488.7 Crystal system, Bravais lattice Structure type Lattice constant a Lattice constant b Lattice constant c Lattice angle γ Space group Schoenflies symbol Strukturbericht type Pearson symbol Number A of atoms per cell Coordination number Shortest interatomic distance, solid Range of stability cub, bc W 352 α-Pu α-Np Modification tetr Plutonium Neptunium 324.2 I4/mmm 17 D4h A6 tI2 2 8+2 321 RTP Element γ -Np Im3m Oh9 A2 cI2 2 8 356 > 1673 K Fm3m Oh5 A1 cF4 4 12 360 RTP β-Np cub, bc W 411 cub, fc Cu 508.51 Crystal system, Bravais lattice Structure type Lattice constant a Lattice constant b Lattice constant c Space group Schoenflies symbol Strukturbericht type Pearson symbol Number A of atoms per cell Coordination number Shortest interatomic distance, solid Range of stability tetr, I In 394.5 α-Pa α-Th Modification β-Th Protactinium Thorium oF8 8 4+2+4 303 >508 K Fddd 24 D2h 315.87 576.82 1016.2 orth γ -Pu I4/mmm 17 D4h A6 tI2 2 4+8 333 >726 K 446.30 tetr In 332.61 δ -Pu tP30 30 12 287–353 > 935 K 565.4 P42 /mmm 14 C2h 1075.9 tetr β-U Fm3m Oh5 A1 cF4 4 12 328 >592 K cub, fc Cu 463.71 δ-Pu orth, C α-U 285.38 586.80 495.57 Cmcm 17 D2h A20 oC4 4 2+2+4+4 276 RTP α-U Uranium Im3m Oh9 A2 cI2 2 8+6 315 >744 K cub, bc W 570.3 ε-Pu Im3m Oh9 A2 cI2 2 8 347 > 1045 K cub, bc W 352.4 γ -U pm pm pm pm deg Units pm pm pm pm Units Part 2 1.5 Element Part 2 Table 2.1-26C Actinides. Allotropic and high-pressure modifications 156 The Elements The Elements Element Americium Curium Modification α-Am β-Am γ -Am α-Cm β-Cm Crystal system, Bravais lattice Structure type Lattice constant a Lattice constant b Lattice constant c Space group Schoenflies symbol Strukturbericht type Pearson symbol Number A of atoms per cell Coordination number Shortest interatomic distance, solid Range of stability hex α-La 346.8 cub, fc Cu 489.4 hex α-La 349.6 cub, fc Cu 438.1 1124.1 P63 /mmc 4 D6h A3 hP4 4 6+6 347 RTP Fm3m Oh5 A1 cF4 4 12 346 > 878 K orth α-U 306.3 596.8 516.9 Cmcm 17 D2h A20 oC4 4 1133.1 P63 /mmc 4 D6h A3 hP4 4 6+6 350 RTP Fm3m Oh5 A1 cF4 4 12 310 > 1449 K Units > 15.0 GPa Element Berkelium Californium Modification α-Bk β-Bk α-Cf β-Cf α-Es β-Es Crystal system, Bravais lattice Structure type Lattice constant a Lattice constant c Space group Schoenflies symbol Strukturbericht type Pearson symbol Number A of atoms per cell Coordination number Shortest interatomic distance, solid Range of stability hex α-La 341.6 1106.9 P63 /mmc 4 D6h A3 hP4 4 cub, fc Cu 499.7 hex α-La cub, fc Cu hex α-La cub, fc Cu Fm3m Oh5 A1 cF4 4 12 353 > 1183 K P63 /mmc 4 D6h A3 hP4 4 pm pm pm pm Einsteinium Units RTP pm pm Fm3m Oh5 A1 cF4 4 12 406 > 1213 K P63 /mmc 4 D6h A3 hP4 4 Fm3m Oh5 A1 cF4 4 RTP > 1093 K pm Table 2.1-26D Actinides. Ionic radii (determined from crystal structures) Element Thorium Protactinium Ion Th4+ Pa3+ Coordination number 2 4 6 8 10 12 94 105 113 121 104 Pa4+ 90 Uranium Pa5+ 78 U3+ 103 U4+ 89 100 117 Neptunium U5+ 76 U6+ 45 52 73 86 Np3+ Np4+ Np5+ Np6+ 101 87 75 72 Units pm pm pm pm pm pm 157 Part 2 1.5 Table 2.1-26C Actinides. Allotropic and high-pressure modifications, cont. 1.5 Data 158 Part 2 The Elements Part 2 1 Table 2.1-26D Actinides. Ionic radii (determined from crystal structures), cont. Element Plutonium Americium Curium Ion Pu3+ Pu4+ Pu5+ Pu6+ Am3+ Am4+ Cm3+ Cm4+ Coordination number 6 8 100 86 74 71 98 109 85 95 97 85 95 Element Berkelium Ion Bk3+ Bk4+ Cf Coordination number 6 8 96 83 93 95 Units pm pm Californium 3+ Cf 82 92 4+ Units pm pm References 1.1 1.2 W. Martienssen (Ed.): Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, Landolt–Börnstein, New Series III and IV (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1970–2003) R. Blachnik (Ed.): Elemente, anorganische Verbindungen und Materialien, Minerale, D’Ans-Lax, Taschenbuch für Chemiker und Physiker, Vol. 3, 4th edn. (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1998) 1.3 1.4 D. R. Lide (Ed.): CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 80th edn. (CRC Press, Boca Raton 1999) Lehrstuhl für Werkstoffchemie, T.H. Aachen: Thermodynamic Properties of Inorganic Materials, Landolt– Börnstein, New Series IV/19 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1999)