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45
This section provides tables of the physical and
physicochemical properties of the elements.
Emphasis is given to properties of the elements
in the condensed state. The tables are structured
according to the Periodic Table of the elements.
Most of the tables deal with the properties of
elements of one particular group (column) of
the Periodic Table. Only the elements of the first
period (hydrogen and helium), the lanthanides,
and the actinides are arranged according to
the periods (rows) of the Periodic Table. This
synoptic representation is intended to provide an
immediate overview of the trends in the data for
chemically related elements.
2.1.1
Introduction ......................................
2.1.1.1 How to Use This Section ...........
45
45
2.1.2 Description of Properties Tabulated .....
2.1.2.1 Parts A of the Tables ................
2.1.2.2 Parts B of the Tables ................
2.1.2.3 Parts C of the Tables ................
2.1.2.4 Parts D of the Tables ................
46
46
46
48
49
2.1.3 Sources ..............................................
49
2.1.4 Tables of the Elements
in Different Orders..............................
49
2.1.5 Data .................................................. 54
2.1.5.1 Elements of the First Period...... 54
2.1.5.2 Elements of the Main Groups
and Subgroup I to IV ................ 59
2.1.5.3 Elements of the Main Groups
and Subgroup V to VIII ............. 98
2.1.5.4 Elements of the Lanthanides
Period ................................... 142
2.1.5.5 Elements of the Actinides Period 151
References .................................................. 158
2.1.1 Introduction
2.1.1.1 How to Use This Section
To find properties of a specific element or group of elements, start from one of Tables 2.1-1 – 2.1-5 and proceed
in one of the following ways:
1. If you know the name of the element, refer to
Table 2.1-1, where an alphabetical list of the elements is given, together with the numbers of the
pages where the properties of these elements will
be found.
2. If you know the chemical symbol of the element,
refer to Table 2.1-2, where an alphabetical list of
element symbols is given, together with the numbers
of the pages where the properties of the corresponding elements will be found.
3. If you know the atomic number Z of the element,
refer to Table 2.1-3, where a list of the elements in
order of atomic number is given, together with the
numbers of the pages where the properties of these
elements will be found.
4. If you know the group of the Periodic Table that
contains the element of interest, refer to Table 2.1-4,
which gives the numbers of the pages where the
properties of the elements of each group will be
found.
5. If you wish to look up the element in the Periodic
Table, refer to Table 2.1-5, where the element symbol and the atomic number will be found. Then use
Table 2.1-2 or Table 2.1-3 to find the numbers of the
pages where the properties of the element of interest
are tabulated.
6. Alternatively you can also find the name and
the chemical symbol of the element you are
looking for in the alphabetic index at the end
of the volume. The index again will give you
the first number of those pages on which
Part 2 1
The Elements
2.1. The Elements
46
Part 2
The Elements
Part 2 1.2
you can find the properties of the element
described.
The data-tables corresponding to the Periodes and
Groups of the Periodic Table are subdivided in the
following way:
A. Atomic, ionic, and molecular properties.
B. Materials data:
(a) Crystallographic properties.
(b) Mechanical properties.
(c) Thermal and thermodynamic properties.
(d) Electronic, electromagnetic, and optical properties.
C. Allotropic and high-pressure modifications.
D. Ionic radii.
2.1.2 Description of Properties Tabulated
2.1.2.1 Parts A of the Tables
The properties tabulated in parts A of the tables concern the atomic, ionic, and molecular properties of the
elements:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
The relative atomic mass, or atomic weight, A.
The abundance in the lithosphere and in the sea.
The atomic radius: the radius rcov for single covalent
bonding (after Pauling), the radius rmet for metallic
bonding with a coordination number of 12 (after
Pauling), the radius rvdW for van der Waals bonding
(after Bondi), and, for some elements, the radius ros
of the outer-shell orbital are given.
The completely and partially occupied electron
shells in the atom.
The symbol for the electronic ground state.
The electronic configuration.
The oxidation states.
The electron affinity.
The electronegativity X A (after Allred and Rochow).
The first, second, third, and fourth ionization energies and the standard electrode potential E 0 .
The internuclear distance in the molecule.
The dissociation energy of the molecule.
2.1.2.2 Parts B of the Tables
Parts B of the tables contain data on the macroscopic
properties of the elements. Most of the data concern the
condensed phases. If not indicated otherwise, the data
in this section apply to the standard state of the element,
that is, they are valid at standard temperature and pressure (STP, i. e. T = 298.15 K and p = 100 kPa = 1 bar).
For those elements which are stable in the gas phase at
STP, data are given for the macroscopic properties in the
gas phase.
The quantities describing the physical and physicochemical properties of materials can be divided into
two classes. The first class contains all those quantities
which are not directly connected with external (generalized) forces, these quantities have well-defined values
even in the absence of external forces. Some examples
are the electronic ground-state configuration of the atom,
the coordination number in the crystallized state and the
surface tension in the liquid state. The second class contains those quantities which describe the response of the
material to externally applied (generalized) forces F.
Such a force might be a mechanical stress field, an electric or magnetic field, a field gradient, or a temperature
gradient. The response of the material to the external
force might be observed via a suitable observable O,
such as a mechanical strain, an electric current density, a dielectric polarization, a magnetization, or a heat
current density. Assuming homogeneous conditions, the
dependence of the observable O on the force F can be
used to define material-specific parameters χ, which are
also called physical properties of the material. Some examples are the elastic moduli or compliance constants,
the electrical conductivity, the dielectric constant, the
magnetic susceptibility, and the thermal conductivity.
In the linear-response regime, that is, under weak
external forces F, these parameters χ are considered
as being independent of the strength of the forces. The
dependence of an observable O on a force F is then the
simple proportionality
O = χF .
(1.1)
For strong external fields, the dependence of the response on the strength of the forces can be expressed
by a power expansion in the forces, which then – in
addition to the linear parameters χ – defines nonlinear
field-dependent materials properties χ (nl) (F ), where
χ (nl) (F ) = χ + χ (1) F + . . . .
(1.2)
In general, the class of materials properties that describe the response to externally applied forces have
tensor character. The rank of the property tensor χ de-
The Elements
Subdivisions B(a) of the Tables
These parts deal with the crystallographic properties.
Here you will find the crystal system and the Bravais
lattice in which the element is stable in its standard
state; the structure type in which the element crystallizes;
the lattice constants a, b, c, α, β, γ (symmetry reduces
the number of independent lattice constants); the space
group; the Schoenflies symbol; the Strukturbericht type;
the Pearson symbol; the number A of atoms per cell;
the coordination number; and the shortest interatomic
distance between atoms in the solid state and in the
liquid state.
Basic concepts of crystallography are explained in
Chapt. 1.3.
Subdivisions B(b) of the Tables
These parts cover the mechanical properties. At the top
of the table, you will find the density of the material in
the solid state (s ) and in the liquid state (l ), and the
molar volume Vmol in the solid state. Here, one mole
is the amount of substance which contains as many elementary particles (atoms or molecules) as there are
atoms in 0.012 kg of the carbon isotope with a relative atomic mass of 12. This number of particles is
called Avogadro’s number and is approximately equal to
6.022 × 1023 . The next three rows present the viscosity η,
the surface tension, and its temperature dependence, in
the liquid state. The next properties are the coefficient
of linear thermal expansion α and the sound velocity,
both in the solid and in the liquid state. A number
of quantities are tabulated for the presentation of the
elastic properties. For isotropic materials, we list the
volume compressibility κ = −(1/V )( dV/ dP), and in
some cases also its reciprocal value, the bulk modulus (or compression modulus); the elastic modulus (or
Young’s modulus) E; the shear modulus G; and the Poisson number (or Poisson’s ratio) µ. Hooke’s law, which
expresses the linear relation between the strain ε and the
stress σ in terms of Young’s modulus, reads σ = Eε. For
monocrystalline materials, the components of the elastic
compliance tensor s and the components of the elastic
stiffness tensor c are given. The elastic compliance tensor s and the elastic stiffness tensor c are both defined
by the generalized forms of Hooke’s law, σ = cε and
ε = sσ. At the end of the list, the tensile strength, the
Vickers hardness, and the Mohs hardness are given for
some elements.
Subdivisions B(c) of the Tables
The thermal and thermodynamic properties are tabulated in these subdivisions of the tables. The properties
tabulated are:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
The thermal conductivity λ.
The molar heat capacity at constant pressure, c p .
The standard entropy S0 , that is, the molar entropy
of the element at 298.15 K and 100 kPa.
The enthalpy difference H298 − H0 , that is, the difference between the molar enthalpies of the element
at 298.15 K and at 0 K.
The melting temperature Tm .
The molar enthalpy change ∆Hm and molar entropy
change ∆Sm at the melting temperature.
The relative volume change ∆Vm = (Vl − Vs )/Vl on
melting.
The boiling temperature Tb .
The molar enthalpy change ∆Hb of boiling, and, for
some elements, the molar enthalpy of sublimation.
In addition, the critical temperature Tc , the critical
pressure pc , the critical density c , the triple-point temperature Ttr , and the triple-point pressure ptr are given
for some elements. For the element helium, the table
also contains data for the λ point, at which liquid helium
passes from the normal-fluid phase helium I (above the
λ point) to the superfluid phase helium II (below the
λ point), for 4 He and 3 He.
47
Part 2 1.2
pends on the rank of the external force F and that of
the observable O considered. In the case of Ohm’s law,
j = σ E, in which the current density j and the electric field strength E are vectors, the conductivity tensor
σ is of rank 2; in the case of the generalized Hooke’s
law, ε = sσ, the strain tensor ε and the stress tensor σ
both are of rank 2, so that the elastic compliance tensor s is of rank 4. A vector can be considered as a tensor
of rank 1, and a scalar, correspondingly, as a tensor
of rank 0. A second-rank tensor, such as the electrical
conductivity σ, in general has nine components in threedimensional space; a tensor of rank n in general has
3n components in three-dimensional space. Symmetry,
however, of both the underlying crystal lattice and the
physical phenomenon (for example, action = reaction),
may reduce the number of independent nonvanishing
components in the tensor. The tensor components reflect the crystal symmetry by being invariant under those
orthogonal transformations which are elements of the
point group of the crystal. In cubic crystals, for example,
physical properties described by tensors of rank 2 are
characterized by only one nonvanishing tensor component. Therefore cubic crystals are isotropic with respect
to their electrical conductivity, their heat conductivity,
and their dielectric properties.
1.2 Description of Properties Tabulated
48
Part 2
The Elements
Part 2 1.2
Throughout Sect. 2.1, temperature is measured in
units of kelvin (K), the unit of thermodynamic temperature. 1 K is defined as the fraction 1/273.16 of the
thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water. To convert data given in kelvin into degrees Celsius
(◦ C), the following equation can be used:
T(◦ C) = (T(K) − 273.15 K)(◦ C/K) .
This can be expressed in words as follows: the Celsius
scale is shifted towards higher temperatures by 273.15 K
relative to the kelvin scale, such that the temperature
273.15 K becomes 0 ◦ C and the temperature 0 K becomes − 273.15 ◦ C. To convert data given in kelvin into
degrees Fahrenheit (◦ F), the following equation can be
used:
T(◦ F) = (9/5)(T(K) − 273.15 K)(◦ F/K) + 32 ◦ F .
This can be expressed approximately in words as follows: the Fahrenheit scale is shifted relative to the kelvin
scale and also differs by a scaling so that its degrees are
smaller than those of the kelvin scale by nearly a factor
of 2.
Subdivisions B(d) of the Tables
These subdivisions of the tables present data on the electronic, electromagnetic, and optical properties of the
elements. Data are given for the following:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
The electrical resistivity ρs in the solid state, and its
temperature and pressure dependence.
The electrical resistivity ρl in the liquid state, and
the resistivity ratio ρl /ρs at the melting temperature.
The critical temperature Tcr and critical field strength
Hcr for superconductivity.
The electronic band gap ∆E.
The Hall coefficient R, together with the range of
magnetic field strength B over which it was measured.
The thermoelectric coefficient.
The electronic work function.
The thermal work function.
The intrinsic charge carrier concentration.
The electron and hole mobilities.
The static dielectric constant ε of the element in the
solid state, and in some cases also in the liquid state.
The molar magnetic susceptibility χmol and the mass
magnetic susceptibility χmass of the element in the
solid state, and in some cases also in the liquid state.
The susceptibilities are given in the definitions of
both the SI system and the cgs system (see below).
The refractive index n in the solid and liquid states.
The magnetic susceptibility is the parameter that
describes the response of the material to an externally
applied magnetic field H, as measured by the observable magnetization M, in the linear regime, via M = χH.
Three different forms of the term “magnetization” are in
use, depending on the specific application: first, the volume magnetization Mvol , equal to the magnetic dipole
moment divided by the volume of the sample; second,
the molar magnetization, or magnetization related to the
number of particles, Mmol , equal to the magnetic dipole
moment divided by the number of particles measures in
moles; and third, the mass magnetization Mmass , equal to
the magnetic dipole moment divided by the mass of the
sample. Correspondingly, there are three different magnetic susceptibilities. The volume susceptibility χvol is
a dimensionless number because in this case M and H
are both measured in the same units, namely A/m in the
SI system and gauss in the cgs system. The dimensionless character of χvol might be the reason why, in physics
textbooks, mostly only this susceptibility is mentioned.
The other two susceptibilities, the molar susceptibility
χmol and the mass susceptibility χmass , are more useful
for practical applications. In both the SI system and the
cgs system, the molar susceptibility is measured in units
of cm3 /mol, and the mass susceptibility is measured in
units of cm3 /g. In this Handbook, data are given for the
molar and mass susceptibilities.
Although susceptibilities have the same dimensions
in the SI and cgs systems, the numerical values in the
cgs system are smaller than those in the SI system by
a factor of 4π. This is due to the different definitions of
the quantities dipole moment and magnetization in the
two systems. The difference can be seen most clearly
in the general relations between the magnetization M
and the field strengths B and H in the two systems.
In the SI system, this relation reads B = µ0 (H + M),
whereas in the cgs system, it reads B = H + 4πM. Because of this difference, the magnetic-susceptibility data
in Sect. 2.1.5 are given for both the SI and the cgs
definitions.
2.1.2.3 Parts C of the Tables
Parts C of the tables present crystallographic data
for allotropic and high-pressure modifications of the
elements. The left-hand columns contain data for allotropic modifications that are stable at a pressure of
100 kPa over the temperature ranges indicated, and
the right-hand columns contain data for modifications
stable at higher pressures as indicated. The modifications stable at 100 kPa are denoted by Greek letters
The Elements
2.1.2.4 Parts D of the Tables
Parts D of the tables contain data on ionic radii determined from crystal structures. The first row lists the
elements, and the second row lists the positive and negative ions for which data are given. The remaining rows
give the ionic radii of these ions for the most common
coordination numbers.
2.1.3 Sources
Most of the data presented here have been taken from
Landolt–Börnstein [1.1]. Additional data have been
taken from the D’Ans-Lax series [1.2] and the CRC
Handbook of Chemistry and Physics [1.3].
2.1.4 Tables of the Elements in Different Orders
Table 2.1-1 The elements ordered by their names
Element
Symbol
Actinium
Aluminium
Americium
Antimony
Argon
Arsenic
Astatine
Barium
Berkelium
Beryllium
Bismuth
Bohrium
Boron
Bromine
Cadmium
Calcium
Californium
Carbon
Cerium
Cesium
Chlorine
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Curium
Darmstadtium
Dubnium
Dysprosium
Einsteinium
Erbium
Europium
Ac
Al
Am
Sb
Ar
As
At
Ba
Bk
Be
Bi
Bh
B
Br
Cd
Ca
Cf
C
Ce
Cs
Cl
Cr
Co
Cu
Cm
Ds
Db
Dy
Es
Er
Eu
Atomic
Number
Page
89
13
95
51
18
33
85
56
97
4
83
107
5
35
48
20
98
6
58
55
17
24
27
29
96
110
105
66
99
68
63
84
78
151
98
128
98
118
68
151
68
98
124
78
118
73
68
151
88
142
59
118
114
135
65
151
139
105
142
151
142
142
Element
Symbol
Gold
Hafnium
Hassium
Helium
Holmium
Hydrogen
Indium
Iodine
Iridium
Iron
Krypton
Lanthanum
Lawrencium
Lead
Lithium
Lutetium
Magnesium
Manganese
Meitnerium
Mendelevium
Mercury
Molybdenum
Neodymium
Neon
Neptunium
Nickel
Niobium
Nitrogen
Nobelium
Osmium
Oxygen
Au
Hf
Hs
He
Ho
H
In
I
Ir
Fe
Kr
La
Lr
Pb
Li
Lu
Mg
Mn
Mt
Md
Hg
Mo
Nd
Ne
Np
Ni
Nb
N
No
Os
O
Atomic
Number
Page
79
72
108
2
67
1
49
53
77
26
36
57
103
82
3
71
12
25
109
101
80
42
60
10
93
28
41
7
102
76
8
65
94
131
54
142
54
78
118
135
131
128
84
151
88
59
142
68
124
135
151
73
114
142
128
151
139
105
98
151
131
108
Element
Symbol
Praseodymium
Promethium
Protactinium
Radium
Radon
Rhenium
Rhodium
Roentgenium
Rubidium
Ruthenium
Rutherfordium
Samarium
Scandium
Seaborgium
Selenium
Silicon
Silver
Sodium
Strontium
Sulfur
Tantalum
Technetium
Tellurium
Terbium
Thallium
Thorium
Thulium
Tin
Titanium
Tungsten
Uranium
Pr
Pm
Pa
Ra
Rn
Re
Rh
Rg
Rb
Ru
Rf
Sm
Sc
Sg
Se
Si
Ag
Na
Sr
S
Ta
Tc
Te
Tb
Tl
Th
Tm
Sn
Ti
W
U
49
Part 2 1.4
in front of the chemical symbol of the element (normally starting with α for the modification stable over
the lowest temperature range), and the high-pressure
modifications are denoted by Roman numerals after
the chemical symbol. In these parts of the tables,
“RT” stands for “room temperature”, and “RTP” stands
for “room temperature and standard pressure”, i. e.
100 kPa.
1.4 Tables of the Elements in Different Orders
Atomic
Number
Page
59
61
91
88
86
75
45
111
37
44
104
62
21
106
34
14
47
11
38
16
73
43
52
65
81
90
69
50
22
74
92
142
142
151
68
128
124
135
59
131
94
142
84
114
108
88
65
59
68
108
105
124
108
142
78
151
142
88
94
114
151
50
Part 2
The Elements
Part 2 1.4
Table 2.1-1 The elements ordered by their names, cont.
Element
Symbol
Fermium
Fluorine
Francium
Gadolinium
Gallium
Germanium
Fm
F
Fr
Gd
Ga
Ge
a
Atomic
Number
Page
100
9
87
64
31
32
151
118
59
142
78
88
Element
Symbol
Palladium
Phosphorus
Platinum
Plutonium
Polonium
Potassium
Pd
P
Pt
Pu
Po
K
Atomic
Number
Page
46
15
78
94
84
19
139
98
139
151
108
59
Atomic
Number
64
32
1
2
80
72
67
108
53
49
77
19
36
57
3
103
71
101
12
25
42
109
7
11
41
60
10
28
102
93
8
76
15
91
82
46
61
Page
Element
Symbol
Vanadium
Xenon
Ytterbium
Yttrium
Zinc
Zirconium
V
Xe
Yb
Y
Zn
Zr
Element
Symbol
Po
Pr
Pt
Pu
Ra
Rb
Re
Rf
Rg
Rh
Rn
Ru
S
Sb
Sc
Se
Sg
Si
Sm
Sn
Sr
Ta
Tb
Tc
Te
Th
Ti
Tl
Tm
U
V
W
Xe
Y
Yb
Zn
Zr
Atomic
Number
Page
23
54
70
39
30
40
105
128
142
84
73
94
Atomic
Number
84
59
78
94
88
37
75
104
111
45
86
44
16
51
21
34
106
14
62
50
38
73
65
43
52
90
22
81
69
92
23
74
54
39
70
30
40
Page
See Tungsten.
Table 2.1-2 The elements ordered by their chemical symbols
Element
Actinium
Silver
Aluminium
Americium
Argon
Arsenic
Astatine
Gold
Boron
Barium
Beryllium
Bohrium
Bismuth
Berkelium
Bromine
Carbon
Calcium
Cadmium
Cerium
Californium
Chlorine
Curium
Cobalt
Chromium
Cesium
Copper
Dubnium
Darmstadtium
Dysprosium
Erbium
Einsteinium
Europium
Fluorine
Iron
Fermium
Francium
Gallium
Symbol
Ac
Ag
Al
Am
Ar
As
At
Au
B
Ba
Be
Bh
Bi
Bk
Br
C
Ca
Cd
Ce
Cf
Cl
Cm
Co
Cr
Cs
Cu
Db
Ds
Dy
Er
Es
Eu
F
Fe
Fm
Fr
Ga
Atomic
Number
89
47
13
95
18
33
85
79
5
56
4
107
83
97
35
6
20
48
58
98
17
96
27
24
55
29
105
110
66
68
99
63
9
26
100
87
31
Page
84
65
78
151
128
98
118
65
78
68
68
124
98
151
118
88
68
73
142
151
118
151
135
114
59
65
105
139
142
142
151
142
118
131
151
59
78
Element
Gadolinium
Germanium
Hydrogen
Helium
Mercury
Hafnium
Holmium
Hassium
Iodine
Indium
Iridium
Potassium
Krypton
Lanthanum
Lithium
Lawrencium
Lutetium
Mendelevium
Magnesium
Manganese
Molybdenum
Meitnerium
Nitrogen
Sodium
Niobium
Neodymium
Neon
Nickel
Nobelium
Neptunium
Oxygen
Osmium
Phosphorus
Protactinium
Lead
Palladium
Promethium
Symbol
Gd
Ge
H
He
Hg
Hf
Ho
Hs
I
In
Ir
K
Kr
La
Li
Lr
Lu
Md
Mg
Mn
Mo
Mt
N
Na
Nb
Nd
Ne
Ni
No
Np
O
Os
P
Pa
Pb
Pd
Pm
142
88
54
54
73
94
142
131
118
78
135
59
128
84
59
151
142
151
68
124
114
135
98
59
105
142
128
139
151
151
108
131
98
151
88
139
142
Polonium
Praseodymium
Platinum
Plutonium
Radium
Rubidium
Rhenium
Rutherfordium
Roentgenium
Rhodium
Radon
Ruthenium
Sulfur
Antimony
Scandium
Selenium
Seaborgium
Silicon
Samarium
Tin
Strontium
Tantalum
Terbium
Technetium
Tellurium
Thorium
Titanium
Thallium
Thulium
Uranium
Vanadium
Tungsten
Xenon
Yttrium
Ytterbium
Zinc
Zirconium
108
142
139
151
68
59
124
94
135
128
131
108
98
84
108
114
88
142
88
68
105
142
124
108
151
94
78
142
151
105
114
128
84
142
73
94
The Elements
1.4 Tables of the Elements in Different Orders
Element
Symbol
Atomic
Number
Page
Element
Symbol
Hydrogen
Helium
H
1
He
2
Lithium
Li
Beryllium
Boron
Atomic
Number
Page
Element
Symbol
54
Strontium
54
Yttrium
3
59
Zirconium
Be
4
68
B
5
78
Atomic
Number
Page
Sr
38
68
Rhenium
Y
39
84
Osmium
Re
75
124
Os
76
Zr
40
94
131
Iridium
Ir
77
135
Niobium
Nb
41
Molybdenum
Mo
42
105
Platinum
Pt
78
139
114
Gold
Au
79
65
Carbon
C
6
88
Technetium
Tc
43
124
Mercury
Hg
80
73
Nitrogen
N
7
98
Ruthenium
Ru
44
131
Thallium
Tl
81
78
Oxygen
O
8
108
Rhodium
Rh
45
135
Lead
Pb
82
88
Fluorine
F
9
118
Palladium
Pd
46
139
Bismuth
Bi
83
98
Neon
Ne
10
128
Silver
Ag
47
65
Polonium
Po
84
108
Sodium
Na
11
59
Cadmium
Cd
48
73
Astatine
At
85
118
Magnesium
Mg
12
68
Indium
In
49
78
Radon
Rn
86
128
Aluminium
Al
13
78
Tin
Sn
50
88
Francium
Fr
87
59
Silicon
Si
14
88
Antimony
Sb
51
98
Radium
Ra
88
68
Phosphorus
P
15
98
Tellurium
Te
52
108
Actinium
Ac
89
84
Sulfur
S
16
108
Iodine
I
53
118
Thorium
Th
90
151
Chlorine
Cl
17
118
Xenon
Xe
54
128
Protactinium
Pa
91
151
Argon
Ar
18
128
Cesium
Cs
55
59
Uranium
U
92
151
Potassium
K
19
59
Barium
Ba
56
68
Neptunium
Np
93
151
Calcium
Ca
20
68
Lanthanum
La
57
84
Plutonium
Pu
94
151
Scandium
Sc
21
84
Cerium
Ce
58
142
Americium
Am
95
151
Titanium
Ti
22
94
Praseodymium
Pr
59
142
Curium
Cm
96
151
Vanadium
V
23
105
Neodymium
Nd
60
142
Berkelium
Bk
97
151
Chromium
Cr
24
114
Promethium
Pm
61
142
Californium
Cf
98
151
Manganese
Mn
25
124
Samarium
Sm
62
142
Einsteinium
Es
99
151
Iron
Fe
26
131
Europium
Eu
63
142
Fermium
Fm
100
151
Cobalt
Co
27
135
Gadolinium
Gd
64
142
Mendelevium
Md
101
151
Nickel
Ni
28
139
Terbium
Tb
65
142
Nobelium
No
102
151
Copper
Cu
29
65
Dysprosium
Dy
66
142
Lawrencium
Lr
103
151
Zinc
Zn
30
73
Holmium
Ho
67
142
Rutherfordium
Rf
104
94
Gallium
Ga
31
78
Erbium
Er
68
142
Dubnium
Db
105
105
Germanium
Ge
32
88
Thulium
Tm
69
142
Seaborgium
Sg
106
114
Arsenic
As
33
98
Ytterbium
Yb
70
142
Bohrium
Bh
107
124
Selenium
Se
34
108
Lutetium
Lu
71
142
Hassium
Hs
108
131
Bromine
Br
35
118
Hafnium
Hf
72
94
Meitnerium
Mt
109
135
139
Krypton
Kr
36
128
Tantalum
Ta
73
105
Darmstadtium
Ds
110
Rubidium
Rb
37
59
Tungsten
W
74
114
Roentgenium
Rg
111
Part 2 1.4
Table 2.1-3 The elements ordered by their atomic numbers
51
52
Part 2
The Elements
Part 2 1.4
Table 2.1-4 The elements ordered according to the Periodic Table
Page
Elements of the first period
1 Hydrogen
1 Deuterium
54
1 Tritium
2 Helium-4
2 Helium-3
19 Potassium
37 Rubidium
55 Cesium
79 Gold
111 Roentgenium
20 Calcium
38 Strontium
Elements of Group IA
3 Lithium
11 Sodium
59
87 Francium
Elements of Group IB
29 Copper
47 Silver
65
Elements of Group IIA
4 Beryllium
12 Magnesium
68
56 Barium
88 Radium
Elements of Group IIB
30 Zinc
48 Cadmium
73
80 Mercury
Elements of Group IIIA
5 Boron
13 Aluminium
78
31 Gallium
49 Indium
57 Lanthanum
89 Actinium
32 Germanium
50 Tin
72 Hafnium
104 Rutherfordium
33 Arsenic
51 Antimony
73 Tantalum
105 Dubnium
34 Selenium
52 Tellurium
74 Tungsten
106 Seaborgium
35 Bromine
53 Iodine
75 Rhenium
107 Bohrium
36 Krypton
54 Xenon
76 Osmium
108 Hassium
77 Iridium
109 Meitnerium
78 Platinum
110 Darmstadtium
81 Thallium
Elements of Group IIIB
21 Scandium
39 Yttrium
84
Elements of Group IVA
6 Carbon
14 Silicon
88
82 Lead
Elements of Group IVB
22 Titanium
40 Zirconium
94
Elements of Group VA
7 Nitrogen
15 Phosphorus
98
83 Bismuth
Elements of Group VB
23 Vanadium
41 Niobium
105
Elements of Group VIA
8 Oxygen
16 Sulfur
108
84 Polonium
Elements of Group VIB
24 Chromium
42 Molybdenum
114
Elements of Group VIIA
9 Fluorine
17 Chlorine
118
85 Astatine
Elements of Group VIIB
25 Manganese
43 Technetium
124
Elements of Group VIIIA
10 Neon
18 Argon
128
86 Radon
Elements of Group VIII(1)
26 Iron
44 Ruthenium
131
Elements of Group VIII(2)
27 Cobalt
45 Rhodium
135
Elements of Group VIII(3)
28 Nickel
46 Palladium
139
Lanthanides
142
58 Cerium
59 Praseodymium
60 Neodymium
61 Promethium
62 Samarium
63 Europium
64 Gadolinium
65 Terbium
66 Dysprosium
67 Holmium
68 Erbium
69 Thulium
70 Ytterbium
71 Lutetium
90 Thorium
91 Protactinium
92 Uranium
93 Neptunium
94 Plutonium
95 Americium
96 Curium
97 Berkelium
98 Californium
99 Einsteinium
100 Fermium
101 Mendelevium
102 Nobelium
103 Lawrencium
Actinides
151
The Elements
1.4 Tables of the Elements in Different Orders
Part 2 1.4
Table 2.1-5 Periodic Table of the elements
Periodic Table of the Elements
IUPAC Notation
CAS Notation
Atomic Number
Element Symbol
18
VIIIA
2
He
Unstable Nuclei
Main Groups
1
IA
1
2
IIA
13
IIIA
14
IVA
15
VA
16
VIA
17
VIIA
2
H
3
4
Li
11
19
37
55
87
12
Na
38
Rb
56
Cs
88
Fr
13
Mg
20
K
5
Be
31
Ca
49
Sr
14
Al
32
Ga
50
In
81
Ba
6
B
82
Tl
7
C
15
Si
51
Sn
83
Pb
84
Bi
35
Se
52
Sb
17
S
34
As
9
O
16
P
33
Ge
8
N
53
Te
85
Po
10
F
18
VIIIA
Shells
He
K
Ne
K–L
Ar
K–L–M
Kr
–L–M–N
Xe
–M–N–O
Rn
–N–O–P
18
Cl
36
Br
54
I
86
At
–O–P–Q
Ra
Subgroups
3
IIIB
21
39
57
89
4
IVB
22
Sc
40
Y
72
La
5
VB
23
Ti
41
Zr
73
Hf
104
Ac
V
Nb
Ta
105
Rf
Db
6
VIB
24
Cr
42
Mo
74
W
106
Sg
7
VIIB
8
VIII (1)
25
26
Mn
43
75
44
Tc
76
Re
107
27
Fe
45
Ru
Co
Rh
77
Os
108
Bh
9
VIII (2)
Ir
109
Hs
Mt
10
VIII (3)
28
46
Ni
Pd
78
Pt
110
Ds
11
IB
29
47
79
30
Cu
48
Ag
80
Au
111
12
IIB
Shells
Zn
–L–M–N
Cd
–M–N–O
Hg
–N–O–P
112
Rg
–O–P–Q
Lanthanides (Shells –N–O–P)
58
Ce
59
Pr
60
Nd
61
Pm
62
Sm
63
Eu
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
Lu
Actinides (Shells –O–P–Q)
90
Th
91
Pa
92
U
93
Np
94
Pu
95
Am
Cm
Bk
Cf
Es
Fm
Md
53
No
Lr
54
Part 2
The Elements
Part 2 1.5
2.1.5 Data
2.1.5.1 Elements of the First Period
Table 2.1-6A Elements of the first period (hydrogen and helium). Atomic, ionic, and molecular properties
Element name
Hydrogen
Special name
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Hydrogen
H
1
Helium
Deuterium Tritium
2 H or D
3 H or T
1
1
Helium 4 Helium 3
4 He
3 He
2
2
Units Remarks
Characteristics
Radioactive
Half-life
12.32
Relative atomic mass A
(atomic weight)
1.00794(7)
2.01408
Abundance in lithosphere
1400 × 10−6 1.4 × 10−4
Abundance in sea
110 × 10−3
Atomic radius rcov
30
3.01605
y
4.002602(2)
4.2 × 10−7
Mass ratio
Mass ratio
Atomic radius rmet
pm
Covalent radius
140
pm
Metallic radius, CN a = 12
140
pm
van der Waals radius
Atomic radius rvdW
140
Electron shells
K
K
K
K
K
Electronic ground state
2S
1/2
1s1
2S
1/2
Electronic configuration
1s1
2S
1/2
1s1
1S
0
1s2
1S
0
1s2
Oxidation states
1−, 1+
Electron affinity
0.754
0.19
Electronegativity χA
2.20
3.20
1st ionization energy
13.59844
24.58741
eV
54.41778
eV
2nd ionization energy
Standard electrode potential E 0
0.00000
eV
Allred and Rochow
V
Reaction 2H+ + 2e− = H2
Molecular form in gaseous state H2
Internuclear distance
in molecule
74.166
pm
Dissociation energy
4.475
eV
a
Coordination number.
Extrapolated to T = 0 K
The Elements
1.5 Data
high-pressure modifications, see Table 2.1-6C)
Element name
Hydrogen
Helium
Special name
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Hydrogen
H
1
State
H2 at 4.2 K
At 1.5 K
Crystal system, Bravais lattice
hex
hex
Structure type
Mg
Mg
Lattice constant a
377.1
357.7
Lattice constant c
615.6
584.2
Deuterium
or D
1
2H
Tritium
or T
1
3H
Helium 4
4 He
2
Helium 3
3 He
2
Units
Space group
P63 /mmc
P63 /mmc
Schoenflies symbol
4
D6h
4
D6h
Strukturbericht type
A3
AQ3
Pearson symbol
hP2
hP2
Number A of atoms per cell
2
2
Coordination number
12
12
Shortest interatomic distance, solid
357
pm
pm
Remarks
Part 2 1.5
Table 2.1-6B(a) Elements of the first period (hydrogen and helium). Crystallographic properties (for allotropic and
55
56
Part 2
The Elements
Part 2 1.5
Table 2.1-6B(b) Elements of the fist period (hydrogen and helium). Mechanical properties
Element name
Hydrogen
Special name
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Hydrogen
H
1
2H
State
H2
D2
Density , liquid
Density , gas
0.0899 × 10−3
Helium
Deuterium
or D
1
Tritium
or T
1
3H
0.162
0.260
0.0032 a
0.0031 a
Molar volume Vmol , gas 13.26
Viscosity η, gas
8.67
Sound velocity, gas
1237
Sound velocity, liquid
1340
Elastic modulus E
0.2
Elastic compliance s11
2930 (4.2 K)
1400 (4.2 K)
Elastic compliance s33
2000 (4.2 K)
995 (4.2 K)
Elastic compliance s44
9090 (4.2 K)
4350 (4.2 K)
Helium 4
4 He
2
Helium 3
3 He
2
Units
Remarks
g/cm3
Near Tm
0.1785 × 10−3
g/cm3
At 273 K b
32.07
cm3 /mol
969 (STP)
0.1
mPa s
At 293 K,
101 kPa
m/s
STP
m/s
At Tm , 12 MHz
GPa
Solid state,
estimated
+226 × 103 (1.6 K)
+202 × 103 (0.4 K)
1/TPa
+46 × 103 (1.6 K)
+108 × 103 (0.4 K)
1/TPa
−107 × 103
−91.6 × 103 (0.4 K)
1/TPa
Elastic compliance s12
−1240 (4.2 K) −490 (4.2 K)
Elastic compliance s13
−166 (4.2 K)
−81 (4.2 K)
Elastic stiffness c11
0.042 (4.2 K)
0.82 (4.2 K)
Elastic stiffness c33
0.51 (4.2 K)
1.02 (4.2 K)
Elastic stiffness c44
0.11 (4.2 K)
0.23 (4.2 K)
+21.7 × 10−3 (1.6 K) +9.2 × 10−3 (0.4 K)
Elastic stiffness c12
0.18 (4.2 K)
0.29 (4.2 K)
+28.1 × 10−3 (1.6 K) +16.4 × 10−3 (0.4 K) GPa
Elastic stiffness c13
0.05 (4.2 K)
Solubility in water αW
0.0178 b
a
b
At 25 K.
101.3 kPa H2 pressure.
(1.6 K)
+31.1 × 10−3 (1.6 K) +20.0 × 10−3 (0.4 K) GPa
0.0086
GPa
The Elements
1.5 Data
Element name
Hydrogen
Helium
Special name
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Hydrogen
H
1
State
H2 gas
He gas
Thermal conductivity λ
0.171
Molar heat capacity c p
Deuterium Tritium
3 H or T
or D
1
1
2H
Helium 4
4 He
2
Helium 3
3 He
2
Units
Remarks
143.0 × 10−3
W/(m K)
At 300 K
14.418
20.786
J/(mol K)
At 298 K
Standard entropy S0
130.680
126.152
J/(mol K)
At 298 K and 100 kPa
Enthalpy difference H298 − H0
8.4684
6.1965
kJ/mol
At 298 K
Melting temperature Tm
13.81
0.95 a
K
Enthalpy change ∆Hm
Boiling temperature T b
Enthalpy change ∆H b
18.65
20.65
23.65
25.05
0.12
20.30
0.021
4.215
kJ/mol
3.2
K
0.46
0.082
kJ/mol
Sublimation enthalpy
0.376
0.060
kJ/mol
Critical temperature Tc
33.2
38.55
5.23
K
Critical pressure pc
1.297
1.645
0.229
MPa
Critical density c
0.03102
69.3 × 10−3
g/cm3
Triple-point temperature Ttr
14.0
b
K
Triple-point pressure ptr
7.2
λ point
a
b
At 2.6 MPa.
He does not have a triple point.
39.95
kPa
2.184
0.0027
K
At 0 K
Part 2 1.5
Table 2.1-6B(c) Elements of the first period (hydrogen and helium). Thermal and thermodynamic properties
57
58
Part 2
The Elements
Part 2 1.5
Table 2.1-6B(d) Elements of the first period (hydrogen and helium). Electronic, electromagnetic, and optical properties
Element name
Hydrogen
Special name
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Hydrogen
H
1
Helium
State
Characteristics
Dielectric constant (ε − 1), gas
Dielectric constant ε, liquid
Dielectric constant ε, solid
Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol , gas
(SI system)
Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol , gas
(cgs system)
Mass magnetic susceptibility χmass , liquid
(SI system)
Mass magnetic susceptibility χmass , liquid
(cgs system)
Mass magnetic susceptibility χmass , gas
(SI system)
Refractive index (n − 1), gas
H2 gas
Light gas
+264 × 10−6
1.225
He gas
Noble gas
+68 × 10−6
1.048 (3.15 K)
−50.1 × 10−6
−25.4 × 10−6
cm3 /mol At 295 K
−3.99 × 10−6
−2.02 × 10−6
cm3 /mol At 295 K
Refractive index n, liquid
Deuterium Tritium Helium 4
2 H or D
3 H or T 4 He
1
1
2
Helium 3
3 He
2
Units
Remarks
At 273 K
At 20.30 K
−68.4 × 10−6
cm3 /mol At 20.3 K
−5.44 × 10−6
cm3 /mol At 20.3 K
−25 × 10−6
−5.9 × 10−6
132 × 10−6
36 × 10−6
1.112
1.026 (3.7 K)
cm3 /g
At 295 K
At 273.15 K,
101 × 105 Pa,
λ = 589.3 nm
λ = 589.3 nm
Table 2.1-6C Elements of the first period (hydrogen and helium). Allotropic and high-pressure modifications
Element
Hydrogen
Modification
α-H (H2 )
β-H (H2 )
α-He
Helium
β-He
γ -He
Crystal system, Bravais lattice
Structure type
Lattice constant a
Lattice constant c
Space group
Schoenflies symbol
Strukturbericht type
Pearson symbol
Number A of atoms per cell
Coordination number
Shortest interatomic distance, solid
Range of stability
cub, fc
Cu
533.4
cub, bc
W
4110
< 1.25 K
< 13.81 K
hex, cp
Mg
357.7
584.2
P63 /mmc
4
D6h
A3
hP2
2
12
357
< 0.95 K
cub, fc
Cu
4240
Fm3m
Oh5
A1
cF4
4
12
hex, cp
Mg
377.1
615.6
P63 /mmc
4
D6h
A3
hP2
2
12
Fm3m
Oh5
A1
cF4
4
12
300
1.6 K;
0.125 GPa
Im3m
Oh9
A2
cI2
2
8
356
1.73 K;
0.03 GPa
Units
pm
pm
pm
2S
1/2
[Ne]3s1
156
158.6
180
KL
2S
1/2
[He]2s1
1+
0.618
0.97
5.39172
75.64018
122.45429
Atomic radius rcov
Atomic radius rmet
Atomic radius ros
Atomic radius rvdW
Electron shells
Electronic ground state
Electronic configuration
Oxidation states
Electron affinity
Electronegativity χA
1st ionization energy
2nd ionization energy
3rd ionization energy
Standard electrode
potential E 0
−3.040
KLM
123
Abundance in sea
4th ionization energy
10 770 × 10−6
0.18 × 10−6
−2.71
98.91
71.6200
47.2864
5.13908
1.01
0.548
1+
230
171.3
192
157
28 300 × 10−6
65 × 10−6
Abundance in lithosphere
−2.931
60.91
45.806
31.63
4.34066
0.91
0.501
1+
[Ar]4s1
2S
1/2
–LMN
280
216.2
238
203
380 × 10−6
25 900 × 10−6
−2.98
52.6
40
27.285
4.17713
0.89
0.486
1+
[Kr]5s1
2S
1/2
–MNO
244
228.7
250
216
0.12 × 10−6
280 × 10−6
85.4678(3)
Rb
37
Rubidium
−2.92
23.15745
3.89390
0.86
0.472
1+
[Xe]6s1
2S
1/2
–NOP
262
251.8
272
253
4 × 10−10
3.2 × 10−6
132.90545(2)
Cs
55
Cesium
Fr
87
Francium
4.0727
(0.86)
0.46
1+
[Rn]7s1
2S
1/2
–OPQ
244.7
[223]
22.989770(2)
6.941(2)
39.0983(1)
K
19
Potassium
Radioactive
Na
11
Sodium
Relative atomic mass A
(atomic weight)
Li
3
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Characteristics
Lithium
Element name
V
eV
eV
eV
eV
eV
pm
pm
pm
pm
Units
Reaction type
Li+ + e− = Li
Allred and Rochow
van der Waals radius
Outer-shell orbital radius
Metallic radius, CN = 12
Covalent radius
Mass ratio
Mass ratio
Remarks
2.1.5.2 Elements of the Main Groups and Subgroup I to IV
Part 2 1.5
Table 2.1-7A Elements of Group IA (CAS notation), or Group 1 (new IUPAC notation). Atomic, ionic, and molecular
properties (see Table 2.1-7D for ionic radii)
The Elements
1.5 Data
59
60
Part 2
The Elements
Part 2 1.5
Table 2.1-7B(a) Elements of Group IA (CAS notation), or Group 1 (new IUPAC notation). Crystallographic properties
(see Table 2.1-7C for allotropic and high-pressure modifications)
Element name
Lithium
Sodium
Potassium Rubidium
Cesium
Francium
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Li
3
Na
11
K
19
Cs
55
Fr
87
Modification
β-Li
β-Na
Crystal system, Bravais lattice
cub, bc
cub, bc
cub, bc
cub, bc
cub, bc
Structure type
W
W
W
W
W
Lattice constant a
350.93
420.96
532.1
570.3
614.1
Space group
Im3m
Im3m
Im3m
Im3m
Im3m
Schoenflies symbol
Oh9
Oh9
Oh9
Oh9
Oh9
Strukturbericht type
A2
A2
A2
A2
A2
Pearson symbol
cI2
cI2
cI2
cI2
cI2
Number A of atoms per cell
2
2
2
2
2
Coordination number
8
8
8
8
8
Shortest interatomic distance, solid
303
371
462
487
524
Rb
37
Units Remarks
Shortest interatomic distance, liquid
Cs -I
497 (313 K)
pm
pm
pm
0.532
0.508 (453 K)
13.00
0.566 (473 K)
0.396
Density , solid
Density , liquid
Molar volume Vmol
Viscosity η, liquid
Surface tension, liquid
13.4 × 10−5
233
−250
8.93 × 10−5
11.5
4.24
0.36
315
104
−144
13.4
9.6
11.3
0.6
Compressibility κ
Elastic modulus E
Shear modulus G
Poisson number µ
Elastic compliance s11
Elastic compliance s44
Elastic compliance s12
Elastic stiffness c11
Elastic stiffness c44
Elastic stiffness c12
Tensile strength
Mohs hardness
0.6
3310
6030
Sound velocity, solid,
longitudinal
Vickers hardness
1620
2820
Sound velocity, solid,
transverse
6.33
4.30
7.59
549
0.34
2.94
6.80
2395 (371 K)
3.18
1.90
3.69
−620
526
1339
0.35
1.28
3.52
23.7 × 10−5
2600
1230
83 × 10−6
−0.06 × 10−3
−0.05 × 10−3
70.6 × 10−6
0.116
0.64
45.36
0.827
0.862
K
19
Potassium
0.193
0.565 (416 K)
23.68
0.927
0.970
Na
11
Sodium
Sound velocity, liquid
Coefficient of linear
thermal expansion α
56 × 10−6
Li
3
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Temperature coefficient
Lithium
Element name
0.37
2.44
1.60
2.96
−600
625
1330
0.29
0.91
2.35
33.0 × 10−5
1430
770
1260
90 × 10−6
0.092
0.52
55.79
1.470
1.532
Rb
37
Rubidium
0.15
0.99 (280 K)
1.44 (280 K)
1.60 (280 K)
−450 (280 K)
690 (280 K)
1190 (280 K)
0.30
0.65
1.69
0.75 × 10−5
1090
590
967
97 × 10−6
−0.046 × 10−3
0.060
70.96
1.847
1.87
Cs
55
Cesium
9.25
2.410
Fr
87
Francium
MPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
1/TPa
1/TPa
1/TPa
GPa
GPa
1/MPa
m/s
m/s
m/s
1/K
N/(m K)
N/m
mPa s
cm3 /mol
g/cm3
g/cm3
Units
Volume compressibility
At Tm ,
At 12 MHz
At 298 K
Near Tm
Remarks
Part 2 1.5
Table 2.1-7B(b) Elements of Group IA (CAS notation), or Group 1 (new IUPAC notation). Mechanical properties
The Elements
1.5 Data
61
453.69
Melting temperature Tm
25.3
0.210
Critical pressure pc
Critical density c
99.2
1156
2500
147.7
1620
0.027
7.002
2.5970
370.87
6.4600
51.300
28.24
141
Na
11
Sodium
Critical temperature Tc
Enthalpy change ∆Hb
Boiling temperature Tb
0.0151
4.6320
Enthalpy difference H298 − H0
Relative volume change ∆Vm
29.120
Standard entropy S0
6.612
24.77
Molar heat capacity c p
Entropy change ∆Sm
84.7
Thermal conductivity λ
3.0000
Li
3
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Enthalpy change ∆Hm
Lithium
Element name
0.190
16.1
2280
79.1
1040
0.0291
6.890
2.3208
336.86
7.0880
64.680
29.58
102.4
K
19
Potassium
75.7
970
0.0228
7.016
2.1924
312.47
7.4890
76.776
31.062
58.2
Rb
37
Rubidium
0.410
11.3
2010
67.7
947
0.0263
6.950
2.0960
301.59
7.7110
85.230
32.18
35.9
Cs
55
Cesium
950 (estimated)
300
10.000
101.00
Fr
87
Francium
g/cm3
MPa
K
kJ/mol
K
J/(mol K)
kJ/mol
K
kJ/mol
J/(mol K)
J/(mol K)
W/(m K)
Units
(Vl − Vs )/Vl at Tm
At 298 K and 100 kPa
At 298 K
At 300 K
Remarks
Part 2 1.5
Table 2.1-7B(c) Elements of Group IA (CAS notation), or Group 1 (new IUPAC notation). Thermal and thermodynamic
Part 2
properties
62
The Elements
261 × 10−6
6.7 × 10−6
0.024 (134 nm)
201 × 10−6
16 × 10−6
8.8 × 10−6
4.22
0.0045
14.2 × 10−6
25.6 × 10−6
a
B = 1–3 T
20.8 × 10−6
2.30
178 × 10−6
Molar magnetic
susceptibility
χmol , solid (SI)
Molar magnetic
susceptibility
χmol , solid (cgs)
Mass magnetic
susceptibility
χmass , solid (SI)
Mass magnetic
susceptibility
χmass , liquid (SI)
Refractive index n, solid
Refractive index n, liquid
2.75
1.44
−2.1 × 10−10
2.15
Soft, reactive
metal
61
67.3 × 10−4
−69.7 × 10−9
129.7
1.56
−4.2 × 10−10
12
2.39
Reactive
metal
42
54.6 × 10−4
−38.3 × 10−9
K
19
Potassium
Thermal work function
Very reactive
metal
85.5
48.9 × 10−4
−2.1 × 10−9
240 at Tm
1.68
−1.70 × 10−10
14.37
Characteristics
Na
11
Sodium
2.28
Li
3
Electrical resistivity ρs
Temperature coefficient
Pressure coefficient
Electrical resistivity ρl
Resistivity ratio at Tm
Hall coefficient Ra
Thermoelectric
coefficient
Electronic work function
Lithium
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
2.49 × 10−6
17 × 10−6
214 × 10−6
2.13
2.05
Soft, reactive
metal
116
63.7 × 10−4
−62.9 × 10−9
220
1.612
−5.92 × 10−10
−8.26
Rb
37
Rubidium
cm3 /g
2.6 × 10−6
cm3 /mol
cm3 /mol
V
V
m3 /(A s)
µV/K
nΩ m
1/K
1/hPa
nΩ m
Units
cm3 /g
Alkali
metal
Fr
87
Francium
2.8 × 10−6
29 × 10−6
364 × 10−6
1.87
1.94
Alkali
metal
188
50.3 × 10−4
0.5 × 10−9
367
1.66
−7.8 × 10−10
0.2
Cs
55
Cesium
λ = 589.3 nm
λ = 589.3 nm
At 295 K
At 295 K
At 295 K
Solid, at 293 K
Solid
Solid
Liquid
ρl /ρs at Tm
At 300 K
Remarks
Part 2 1.5
Element name
Table 2.1-7B(d) Elements of Group IA (CAS notation), or Group 1 (new IUPAC notation). Electronic, electromagnetic, and optical properties
The Elements
1.5 Data
63
Fm3m
Oh5
A1
cF4
4
12
310
Im3m
Oh9
A2
cI2
2
8
303
RT
< 72 K
< 36 K
hex, cp
Mg
376.7
615.4
P63 /mmc
4
D6h
A3
hP2
2
12
377
RT
Im3m
Oh9
A2
cI2
2
8
371
cub, bc
W
420.96
β-Na
RTP
Im3m
Oh9
A2
cI2
2
8
524
cub, bc
W
614.1
Cs-I
Cesium
> 2.37 GPa
Fm3m
Oh5
A1
cF4
4
12
457
cub, fc
Cu
598.4
Cs-II
59
76
92
137
138
151
164
139
K+
Potassium
99
102
118
124
Na+
Li+
Ion
Coordination number
4
6
8
9
10
12
Sodium
Lithium
Element
167
174
181
188
166
172
Cs+
Cesium
152
161
Rb+
Rubidium
180
Fr+
Francium
Units
pm
pm
pm
pm
pm
pm
Table 2.1-7D Elements of Group IA (CAS notation), or Group 1 (new IUPAC notation). Ionic radii (determined from
crystal structures)
cub, fc
Cu
Crystal system, Bravais lattice
Structure type
Lattice constant a
Lattice constant c
Space group
Schoenflies symbol
Strukturbericht type
Pearson symbol
Number A of atoms per cell
Coordination number
Shortest interatomic
distance, solid
Range of stability
cub, bc
W
309.3
α-Na
hex, cp
Mg
311.1
509.3
P63 /mmc
4
D6h
A3
hP2
2
6+6
310
Sodium
γ -Li
α-Li
β-Li
Lithium
Modification
> 4.22 GPa
Fm3m
Oh5
A1
cF4
4
12
410
cub, fc
Cu
580.0
Cs-III
pm
pm
Units
Part 2 1.5
Element
Part 2
Table 2.1-7C Elements of Group IA (CAS notation), or Group 1 (new IUPAC notation). Allotropic and high-pressure modifications
64
The Elements
The Elements
1.5 Data
Element name
Copper
Silver
Gold
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Cu
29
Ag
47
Au
79
Relative atomic mass Ar
(atomic weight)
Abundance in lithosphere
Abundance in sea
Atomic radius rcov
Atomic radius rmet
Atomic radius rvdW
Electron shells
Electronic ground state
Electronic configuration
Oxidation states
Electron affinity
Electronegativity χA
1st ionization energy
2nd ionization energy
3rd ionization energy
4th ionization energy
Standard electrode
potential E 0
63.546(3)
107.8682(2)
196.96655(2)
70 × 10−6
5 × 10−10
117
128
140
–LMN
2S
1/2
[Ar]3d10 4s1
2+, 1+
1.24
1.75
7.72638
20.29240
36.841
57.38
+0.521
+0.342
+0.153
2.0 × 10−6
4 × 10−11
134
144
170
–MNO
2S
1/2
[Kr]4d10 5s1
1+
1.30
1.42
7.57624
21.49
34.83
3 × 10−9
4 × 10−12
134
144
170
–NOP
2S
1/2
[Xe]4f14 5d10 6s1
3+, 1+
2.309
(1.42)
9.22567
20.5
+0.7996
+1.692
+1.498
+1.401
Units
Remarks
pm
pm
pm
Mass ratio
Mass ratio
Covalent radius
Metallic radius, CN = 12
van der Waals radius
eV
Allred and Rochow
eV
eV
eV
eV
V
V
V
V
V
Reaction type Cu+ + e− = Cu
Reaction type Cu2+ + 2e− = Cu
Reaction type Cu2+ + e− = Cu+
Reaction type Au3+ + 3e− = Au
Reaction type Au3+ + 2e− = Au+
Table 2.1-8B(a) Elements of Group IB (CAS notation), or Group 11 (new IUPAC notation). Crystallographic properties
Element name
Copper
Silver
Gold
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Cu
29
Ag
47
Au
79
Crystal system, Bravais lattice
Structure type
Lattice constant a
Space group
Schoenflies symbol
Strukturbericht type
Pearson symbol
Number A of atoms per cell
Coordination number
Shortest interatomic distance, solid
Shortest interatomic distance, liquid
cub, fc
Cu
361.49
Fm3m
Oh5
A1
cF4
4
12
255.6
257 (1363 K)
cub, fc
Cu
408.61
Fm3m
Oh5
A1
cF4
4
12
288
cub, fc
Cu
407.84
Fm3m
Oh5
A1
cF4
4
12
288
Units
Remarks
pm
At 298 K
pm
pm
At 293 K
Part 2 1.5
Table 2.1-8A Elements of Group IB (CAS notation), or Group 11 (new IUPAC notation). Atomic, ionic, and molecular
properties (see Table 2.1-8D for ionic radii)
65
66
Part 2
The Elements
Part 2 1.5
Table 2.1-8B(b) Elements of Group IB (CAS notation), or Group 11 (new IUPAC notation). Mechanical properties
Element name
Copper
Silver
Gold
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Cu
29
Ag
47
Au
79
Density , solid
Density , liquid
Molar volume Vmol
Viscosity η, liquid
Surface tension, liquid
Temperature coefficient
Coefficient of linear thermal
expansion α
Sound velocity, solid, transverse
Sound velocity, solid, longitudinal
Compressibility κ
8.960
8.000
7.09
3.36
1.300
−0.18 × 10−3
16.5 × 10−6
10.50
9.345
10.27
3.62
0.923
−0.13 × 10−3
19.2 × 10−6
19.30
17.300
10.19
5.38
1.128
−0.10 × 10−3
14.16 × 10−6
Units
g/cm3
g/cm3
cm3 /mol
mPa s
N/m
N/(m K)
1/K
2300
4760
0.702 × 10−5
1690
3640
0.95 × 10−5
1190
3280
0.563 × 10−5
m/s
m/s
1/MPa
Elastic modulus E
Shear modulus G
Poisson number µ
Elastic compliance s11
Elastic compliance s44
Elastic compliance s12
Elastic stiffness c11
Elastic stiffness c44
Elastic stiffness c12
Tensile strength
Vickers hardness
128
46.8
0.34
15.0
13.3
−6.3
169
75.3
122
209
369
80.0
29.5
0.38
23.0
22.0
−9.8
122
45.5
92
125
251
78.0
26.0
0.42
23.4
23.8
−10.8
191
42.2
162
110
216
GPa
GPa
1/TPa
1/TPa
1/TPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
MPa
Remarks
At Tm
At 298 K
Volume
compressibility
At 293 K
At 293 K
Table 2.1-8B(c) Elements of Group IB (CAS notation), or Group 11 (new IUPAC notation). Thermal and thermodynamic
properties
Element name
Copper
Silver
Gold
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Cu
29
Ag
47
Au
79
Thermal conductivity λ
Molar heat capacity c p
Standard entropy S0
Enthalpy difference H298 − H0
Melting temperature Tm
Enthalpy change ∆Hm
Entropy change ∆Sm
Relative volume change
Boiling temperature Tb
Enthalpy change ∆Hb
1401
24.443
33.150
5.0040
1357.77
13.263
9.768
+0.0415
2843
300.7
429
25.36
42.551
5.7446
1234.93
11.297
9.148
0.038
2436
250.6
317
25.42
47.488
6.0166
1337.33
12.552
9.386
0.051
3130
334.4
Units
W/(m K)
J/(mol K)
J/(mol K)
kJ/mol
K
kJ/mol
J/(mol K)
Remarks
At 300 K
At 298 K
At 298 K and 100 kPa
(Vl − Vs )/Vl at Tm
K
kJ/mol
The Elements
1.5 Data
and optical properties. There is no Table 2.1-8C, because no allotropic or high-pressure modifications are known
Element name
Copper
Silver
Gold
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Cu
29
Ag
47
Au
79
Characteristics
Electrical resistivity ρs
Temerature coefficient
Pressure coefficient
Electrical resistivity ρl
Resistivity ratio
Hall coefficient R
Metal
16.78
43.8 × 10−4
−1.86 × 10−9
21.5
2.07
−0.536 × 10−10
Noble metal
147
43 × 10−4
−3.38 × 10−9
−0.84 × 10−10
Noble metal
20.5
40.2 × 10−4
−2.93 × 10−9
312
2.28
−0.704 × 10−10
Thermoelectric coefficient
Electronic work function
Thermal work function
Molar magnetic susceptibility chi mol , solid (SI)
Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol , solid (cgs)
Mass magnetic susceptibility χmass , solid (SI)
Mass magnetic susceptibilityχmass , liquid (SI)
1.72
4.65
4.39
−68.6 × 10−6
1.42
4.26
4.31
−245 × 10−6
1.72
5.1
4.25
−352 × 10−6
µV/K
V
V
cm3 /mol
At 295 K
−5.46 × 10−6
−19.5 × 10−6
−28 × 10−6
cm3 /mol
At 295 K
−1.081 × 10−6
−2.27 × 10−6
−1.78 × 10−6
cm3 /g
At 295 K
−1.2 × 10−6
−2.83 × 10−6
−2.16 × 10−6
cm3 /g
Units
Remarks
nΩ m
1/K
1/hPa
nΩ m
At 293 K
m3 /(A s)
ρl /ρs at Tm
B = 0.3–2.2 T,
298 K
Table 2.1-8D Elements of Group IB (CAS notation), or Group 11 (new IUPAC notation). Ionic radii (determined from
crystal structures)
Element
Copper
Ion
Cu+
Coordination number
2
4
6
8
46
60
77
Silver
Cu2+
57
73
Ag+
100
115
128
Gold
Ag2+
79
94
Au+
137
Au3+
64
85
Units
pm
pm
pm
pm
Part 2 1.5
Table 2.1-8B(d) Elements of Group IB (CAS notation), or Group 11 (new IUPAC notation). Electronic, electromagnetic,
67
20 900 × 10−6
1290 × 10−6
136
160
170
KLM
1S
0
[Ne]2s2
2+
Not stable
1.23
7.64624
15.03528
80.1437
109.2655
−2.372
6 × 10−6
6 × 10−13
89
112
KL
1S
0
[He]2s2
2+
Not stable
1.47
9.32263
18.21116
153.89661
217.71865
−1.847
24.3050(6)
Mg
12
Magnesium
9.012182(3)
Be
4
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Characteristics
Relative atomic mass A
(atomic weight)
Abundance in lithosphere
Abundance in sea
Atomic radius rcov
Atomic radius rmet
Atomic radius rvdW
Electron shells
Electronic ground state
Electronic configuration
Oxidation states
Electron affinity
Electronegativity χA
1st ionization energy
2nd ionization energy
3rd ionization energy
4th ionization energy
Standard electrode
potential E 0
Beryllium
Element name
–LMN
1S
0
[Ar]4s2
2+
0.0246
1.04
6.11316
11.87172
50.9131
67.27
−2.868
26 300 × 10−6
412 × 10−6
174
197
40.078(4)
Ca
20
Calcium
–MNO
1S
0
[Kr]5ss2
2+
0.048
0.99
5.69484
11.03013
42.89
57
−2.89
150 × 10−6
8.0 × 10−6
191
215
87.62(1)
Sr
38
Strontium
−2.90
–NOP
1S
0
[Xe]6s2
2+
0.15
0.97
5.21170
10.00390
430 × 10−6
2 × 10−9
198
224
137.327(7)
Ba
56
Barium
(0.97)
5.27892
10.14716
–OPQ
1S
0
[Rn]7s2
2+
230
Radioactive
[226]
Ra
88
Radium
eV
eV
eV
eV
V
eV
pm
pm
pm
Units
Reaction type
Be++ + 2e− = Be
Allred and Rochow
Mass ratio
Mass ratio
Covalent radius
Metallic radius, CN = 12
van der Waals radius
Remarks
Part 2 1.5
(see Table 2.1-9D for ionic radii)
Part 2
Table 2.1-9A Elements of Group IIA (CAS notation), or Group 2 (new IUPAC notation). Atomic, ionic, and molecular properties
68
The Elements
The Elements
1.5 Data
Element name
Beryllium
Magnesium Calcium Strontium
Barium
Radium
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Be
4
Mg
12
Ba
56
Ra
88
Modification
Crystal system, Bravais lattice
Structure type
Lattice constant a
Lattice constant c
Space group
Schoenflies symbol
Strukturbericht type
Pearson symbol
Number A of atoms per cell
Coordination number
Shortest interatomic
distance, solid
α-Be
hex
Mg
228.57
358.39
P63 /mmc
4
D6h
A3
hP2
2
12
222
Ca
20
Sr
38
α-Ca
cub, fc
Cu
558.84
α-Sr
cub, fc
Cu
608.4
cub, bc
W
502.3
cub, bc
W
514.8
Fm3m
Oh5
A1
cF4
4
12
393
Fm3m
Oh5
A1
cF4
4
12
430
Im3m
Oh9
A2
cI2
2
8
434
Im3m
Oh9
A2
cI2
2
8
446
Units Remarks
hex
Mg
320.93
521.07
P63 /mmc
4
D6h
A3
hP2
2
6+6
319
pm
pm
pm
Part 2 1.5
Table 2.1-9B(a) Elements of Group IIA (CAS notation), or Group 2 (new IUPAC notation). Crystallographic properties
(see Table 2.1-9C for allotropic and high-pressure modifications)
69
5700
2.88 × 10−5
12 720
0.765 × 10−5
286
133
0.12
3.45
2.87
6.16
−0.28
−0.05
292
349
163
24
6
228–352
1670
1060–1300
Elastic modulus E
Shear modulus G
Poisson number µ
Elastic compliance s11
Elastic compliance s33
Elastic compliance s44
Elastic compliance s12
Elastic compliance s13
Elastic stiffness c11
Elastic stiffness c33
Elastic stiffness c44
Elastic stiffness c12
Elastic stiffness c13
Tensile strength
Vickers hardness
Brinell hardness
b
At 348 K.
Estimated.
3170
8330
a
26.1 × 10−6
11.5 × 10−6
1.1 (1770 K)
1.74
1.590
13.98
1.23
0.563 (954 K)
1.85
1.420 (1770 K)
4.88
Density , solid
Density , liquid
Molar volume Vmol
Viscosity η, liquid
Surface tension γ , liquid
Temperature coefficient
Coefficient of linear
thermal expansion α
Sound velocity,
solid, transverse
Sound velocity,
solid, longitudinal
Compressibility κ
300– 500
44.4
16.9
0.28
22.0
19.7
60.9
−7.8
−5.0
59.3
61.5
16.4
25.7
21.4
90
Mg
12
Be
4
Magnesium
Beryllium
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
7.97 × 10−5
15.7
6.03
0.28
218
135
−90
10.94
7.41
7.69
140
19.6 a
7.85 a
0.31 a
104
71
−42
22.8
14
16.0
130
2780
1520
23 × 10−6
0.303
2.60
2.375
34.50
Sr
38
Strontium
5.73 × 10−5 a
4180
2210
1.55
1.365
25.86
1.06
0.361
−0.068 × 103
22 × 10−6
Ca
20
Calcium
42
9.5
8.0
12.6
105
−61
12.8
4.84
0.28
157
10.0 × 10−5
2080
1160
0.276
−0.095
20.7 × 10−6
3.50
3.325
38.21
Ba
56
Barium
13.2 b
20.2 × 10−6
0.45
45.2
5.000
Ra
88
Radium
1/TPa
1/TPa
1/TPa
1/TPa
1/TPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
1/MPa
m/s
m/s
Units
g/cm3
g/cm3
cm3 /mol
mPa s
N/m
N/(m K)
1/K
At 293 K
Volume
compressibility
Remarks
Part 2 1.5
Element name
Part 2
Table 2.1-9B(b) Elements of Group IIA (CAS notation), or Group 2 (new IUPAC notation). Mechanical properties
70
The Elements
4.9957
923.00
8.4768
9.184
0.042
1366
127.4
1.9500
1560.0
7.8950
5.061
2741
291.58
Enthalpy difference
H298 − H0
Melting temperature Tm
Enthalpy change ∆Hm
Entropy change ∆Sm
Relative volume
change ∆Vm
Boiling temperature Tb
Enthalpy change ∆Hb
1773
153.6
1115.0
8.5395
7.659
0.047
5.7360
200
25.940
41.588
Calcium
Ca
20
1685
137.19
1050.0
7.4310
7.077
6.5680
35.3
26.4
55.694
Strontium
Sr
38
2118
141.5
1000.0
7.1190
7.119
6.9100
18.4
28.09
62.500
Barium
Ba
56
136.7
969.00
7.7000
7.946
7.2000
69.000
18.6
Radium
Ra
88
Thermoelectric
coefficient
Electronic work function
Thermal work function
Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol , solid (SI)
Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol , solid (cgs)
Mass magnetic susceptibility χmass , solid (SI)
Refractive index n, solid
Light metal
28
90.0 × 10−4
−1.6 × 10−9
27.4
Characteristics
Electrical resistivity ρs
Temperature coefficient
Pressure coefficient
Electrical resistivity ρl
Resistivity ratio
Hall coefficient R
13.1 × 10−6
6.8 × 10−6
−9.0 × 10−6
−13 × 10−6
0.37
3.97
3.46
165 × 10−6
14 × 10−6
40.0 × 10−6
2.87
2.76
503 × 10−6
13.2 × 10−6
92.0 × 10−6
2.74
2.35
1.16 × 10−3
1.9 × 10−6
20.6 × 10−6
2.56
2.29
259 × 10−6
Metal
Radium
Ra
88
nΩ m
1/K
1/hPa
nΩ m
Units
cm3 /g
cm3 /mol
V
V
cm3 /mol
µV/K
−8.2
Soft metal
500
64.9 × 10−4
−3.0 × 10−9
Barium
Ba
56
−0.4
Soft metal
303
38.2 × 10−4
5.56 × 10−9
Strontium
Sr
38
m3 /(A s)
Metal
31.6
41.7 × 10−4
15.2 × 10−9
Calcium
Ca
20
K
kJ/mol
K
kJ/mol
J/(mol K)
kJ/mol
Units
W/(m K)
J/(mol K)
J/(mol K)
1.78
−0.83 × 10−10
Light metal
39.4
41.2 × 10−4
−4.7 × 10−9
Magnesium
Mg
12
4.98
3.37
−113 × 10−6
2.4 × 10−10
Beryllium
Be
4
Element name
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Table 2.1-9B(d) Elements of Group IIA (CAS notation), or Group 2 (new IUPAC notation). Electronic, electromagnetic,
and optical properties
171
24.895
32.671
200
16.44
9.500
Thermal conductivity λ
Molar heat capacity c p
Standard entropy S0
Magnesium
Mg
12
Beryllium
Be
4
Element name
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
λ = 589 nm
At 295 K
At 295 K
At 295 K
ρl /ρs at Tm
At 300 K,
B = 1T
At RT
Remarks
(Vl − Vs )/Vl
at Tm
At 298 K
At 298 K
and 100 kPa
Remarks
1.5 Data
Part 2 1.5
Table 2.1-9B(c) Elements of Group IIA (CAS notation), or Group 2 (new IUPAC notation). Thermal and thermodynamic properties
The Elements
71
12
393
RT
8
221
> 1523 K
12
222
RT
Coordination number
Shortest interatomic
distance, solid
Range of stability
> 1010 K
8
388
Im3m
Oh9
A2
cI2
2
cub, bc
W
448.0
γ -Ca
RT
12
430
Fm3m
Oh5
A1
cF4
4
cub, fc
Cu
608.4
α-Sr
Strontium
> 486 K
12
hex, cp
Mg
428
705
P63 /mmc
4
D6h
A3
hP2
2
β-Sr
> 878 K
8
422
Im3m
Oh9
A2
cI2
2
cub, bc
W
487
γ -Sr
> 3.5 GPa
8
Im3m
Oh9
A2
cI2
2
cub, bc
W
443.7
Sr-II
27
45
57
72
89
Mg2+
Be2+
Ion
Coordination number
4
6
8
10
12
Magnesium
Beryllium
Element
100
112
123
134
Ca2+
Calcium
118
126
136
144
Sr2+
Strontium
148
170
161
Ra2+
Radium
135
142
Ba2+
Barium
Table 2.1-9D Elements of Group IIA (CAS notation), or Group 2 (new IUPAC notation). Ionic radii (determined from crystal structures)
Fm3m
Oh5
A1
cF4
4
Im3m
Oh9
A2
cI2
2
hex, cp
Mg
228.57
358.39
P63 /mmc
4
D6h
A3
hP2
2
Crystal system, Bravais lattice
Structure type
Lattice constant a
Lattice constant c
Space group
Schoenflies symbol
Strukturbericht type
Pearson symbol
Number A of atoms per cell
cub, fc
Cu
558.84
α-Ca
cub, bc
W
255.15
Calcium
α-Be
β-Be
Beryllium
Modification
Units
pm
pm
pm
pm
pm
pm
pm
pm
Units
Part 2 1.5
Element
Part 2
Table 2.1-9C Elements of Group IIA (CAS notation), or Group 2 (new IUPAC notation). Allotropic and high-pressure modifications
72
The Elements
The Elements
1.5 Data
properties (see Table 2.1-10D for ionic radii)
Element name
Zinc
Cadmium
Mercury
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Zn
30
Cd
48
Hg
80
Relative atomic mass A
(atomic weight)
Abundance in lithosphere
Abundance in sea
Atomic radius rcov
Atomic radius rmet
Atomic radius rvdW
Electron shells
Electronic ground state
Electronic configuration
Oxidation states
Electron affinity
Electronegativity χA
1st ionization energy
2nd ionization energy
3rd ionization energ
4th ionization energy
Standard electrode
potential E 0
65.39(2)
112.411(8)
200.59(2)
80 × 10−6
4.9 × 10−9
125
134
140
–LMN
1S
0
[Ar]3d10 4s2
2+
Not stable
1.66
9.39405
17.96440
39.723
59.4
0.18 × 10−6
1 × 10−10
141
149
160
–MNO
1S
0
[Kr]4d10 5s2
2+
Not stable
1.46
8.99367
16.90832
37.48
0.5 × 10−6
3 × 10−11
144
162
150
–NOP
1S
0
[Xe]4f14 5d10 6s2
2+, 1+
Not stable
(1.44)
10.43750
18.756
34.2
+0.7973
−0.7618
−0.403
Units
Remarks
pm
pm
pm
Mass ratio
Mass ratio
Covalent radius
Metallic radius, CN = 12
van der Waals radius
eV
Allred and Rochow
eV
eV
eV
eV
V
V
Reaction type Hg2+ + 2e− = 2Hg
Reaction type Cu2+ + 2e− = Cu
Table 2.1-10B(a) Elements of Group IIB (CAS notation), or Group 12 (new IUPAC notation). Crystallographic properties
(see Table 2.1-10 for allotropic and high-pressure modifications)
Element name
Zinc
Cadmium
Mercury
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Zn
30
Cd
48
Hg
80
Modification
Crystal system, Bravais lattice
Structure type
Lattice constant a
Lattice constant c
Lattice angle α
Space group
Schoenflies symbol
Strukturbericht type
Pearson symbol
Number A of atoms per cell
Coordination number
Shortest interatomic
distance, solid
hex
Mg
266.44
494.94
hex
Mg
297.88
561.67
P63 /mmc
4
D6h
A3
hP2
2
6+6
266
P63 /mmc
4
D6h
A3
hP2
2
6+6
297
α-Hg
trig, R
α-Hg
300.5 (225 K)
70.53 (225 K)
R3m
5
D3d
A 10
hR1
1
6+6
299
(at 234 K)
Units
Remarks
pm
pm
deg
At 298 K
At 298 K
pm
At 293 K
Part 2 1.5
Table 2.1-10A Elements of Group IIB (CAS notation), or Group 12 (new IUPAC notation). Atomic, ionic, and molecular
73
74
Part 2
The Elements
Part 2 1.5
Table 2.1-10B(b) Elements of Group IIB (CAS notation), or Group 12 (new IUPAC notation). Mechanical properties
Element name
Zinc
Cadmium
Mercury
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Zn
30
Cd
48
Hg
80
Density , solid
Density , liquid
Molar volume Vmol
Viscosity η, liquid
Surface tension, liquid
Temperature coefficient
Coefficient of linear
thermal expansion α
Sound velocity, liquid
Sound velocity, solid,
transverse
Sound velocity, solid,
longitudinal
Compressibility κ
Elastic modulus E
Shear modulus G
Poisson number µ
Elastic compliance s11
Elastic compliance s33
Elastic compliance s44
Elastic compliance s12
Elastic compliance s13
Elastic compliance s14
Elastic stiffness c11
Elastic stiffness c33
Elastic stiffness c44
Elastic stiffness c12
Elastic stiffness c13
Elastic stiffness c14
Tensile strength
Brinell hardness
7.14
6.570
9.17
2.95
0.816
0.25 × 10−3
25.0 × 10−6
8.65
8.02
13.00
2.29
0.564
0.39 × 10−3
29.8 × 10−6
2790
2290
2200a
1690
3890
2980
1.65 × 10−5
92.7
34.3
0.29
8.22
27.7
25.3
0.60
−7.0
2.14 × 10−5
62.3
24.5
0.30
12.4
34.6
53.1
−1.2
−9.1
165
61.8
39.6
31.1
50.0
114.1
49.9
19.0
41.0
40.3
20–40
280–330
71
180–230
a
At 594 K
13.53 (25 ◦ C)
14.81
1.55
0.476
−0.20 × 10−3
18.1
1451
Units
g/cm3
g/cm3
cm3 /mol
mPa s
N/m
N/(m K)
1/K
Remarks
m/s
m/s
12 MHza
At Tm
At 298.15 K
m/s
3.77 × 10−5
25
1/MPa
GPa
GPa
154 (83 K)
45 (83 K)
151 (83 K)
−119 (83 K)
−21 (83 K)
−100 (83 K)
36.0 (83 K)
50.5 (83 K)
12.9 (83 K)
28.9 (83 K)
30.3 (83 K)
4.7 (83 K)
1/TPa
1/TPa
1/TPa
1/TPa
1/TPa
1/TPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
MPa
Volume compressibility
293 K
The Elements
1.5 Data
Element name
Zinc
Cadmium
Mercury
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Zn
30
Cd
48
Hg
80
State
Thermal conductivity λ
Molar heat capacity c p
Standard entropy S0
Enthalpy difference
H298 − H0
Melting temperature Tm
Enthalpy change ∆Hm
Entropy change ∆Sm
Relative volume change
Boiling temperature Tb
Enthalpy change ∆Hb
Critical temperature Tc
Critical pressure pc
Critical density c
Solid
121
25.44
41.631
5.6570
Solid
96.8
25.98
51.800
6.2470
Liquid
8.34
27.983
75.900
9.3420
692.68
7.3220
10.571
0.0730
1180
115.3
594.22
6.1923
10.421
0.0474
1040
97.40
234.32
2.2953
9.796
0.037
629
59.2
1750
167
5.700
Units
Remarks
W/(m K)
J/(mol K)
J/(mol K)
kJ/mol
At 300 K
At 298 K
At 298 K and 100 kPa
K
kJ/mol
J/(mol K)
(Vl − Vs )/Vl at Tm
K
kJ/mol
K
MPa
g/cm3
Part 2 1.5
Table 2.1-10B(c) Elements of Group IIB (CAS notation), or Group 12 (new IUPAC notation). Thermal and thermodynamic
properties
75
76
Part 2
The Elements
Part 2 1.5
Table 2.1-10B(d) Elements of Group IIB (CAS notation), or Group 12 (new IUPAC notation). Electronic, electromagnetic,
and optical properties
Element name
Zinc
Cadmium
Mercury
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Zn
30
Cd
48
Hg
80
Characteristics
Electrical resistivity ρs
Temperature coefficient
Pressure coefficient
Electrical resistivity ρl
Resistivity ratio
Superconducting critical
temperature Tcrit
Superconducting critical
field Hcrit
Hall coefficient R
Ductile metal
54.3
41.7 × 10−4
−6.3 × 10−9
326
2.1
0.88
Soft metal
68
46.2 × 10−4
−7.32 × 10−9
337
1.97
0.55
Noble metal
53
30
0.63 × 10−10
Thermoelectric coefficient
Electronic work function
Thermal work function
Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol , solid (SI)
Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol , solid (cgs)
Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol , liquid (SI)
Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol , liquid (cgs)
Mass magnetic suscepti-,
bility χmass , solid (SI)
Mass magnetic susceptibility χmass , liquid (SI)
Refractive index (n − 1), gas
Refractive index n, solid
1.19 (λ = 550 nm)
958 (298 K)
3.74–4.94
4.15 K
Units
Remarks
nΩ m
1/K
1/hPa
nΩ m
At 293 K
K
ρl /ρs at Tm
α-Hg
412
Oe
α-Hg
0.589 × 10−10
−0.73 × 10−10
m3 /(A s)
B = 0.3–2.2 T
298 K
2.9
4.22
3.74
−115 × 10−6
2.8
4.04
3.92
−248 × 10−6
−3.4
µV/K
V
V
cm3 /mol
At 295 K
−9.15 × 10−6
−19.7 × 10−6
cm3 /mol
At 295 K
cm3 /mol
At 295 K
cm3 /mol
At 295 K
At 295 K
−303 × 10−6
(234 K)
−24.1 × 10−6
(234 K)
−421 × 10−6
−33.5 × 10−6
−1.38 × 10−6
−2.21 × 10−6
cm3 /g
−1.32 × 10−6
−1.83 × 10−6
cm3 /g
+1882 × 10−6
(Hg2 vapor)
1.8 (578 nm)
The Elements
1.5 Data
Element
Mercury
Modification
α-Hg
β-Hg
Crystal system, Bravais lattice
Structure type
Lattice constant a
Lattice constant c
Lattice angle α
Space group
Schoenflies symbol
Strukturbericht type
Pearson symbol
Number A of atoms per cell
Coordination number
Shortest interatomic distance, solid
Range of stability
trig, R
α-Hg
300.5 (225 K)
tetr
In
399.5
282.5
Units
70.53 (225 K)
R3m
5
D3d
A10
hR1
1
6+6
299
< 234.2 K
pm
pm
14/mmm
17
D4h
tI2
2
2+8
283
77 K,
high pressure
pm
Table 2.1-10D Elements of Group IIB (CAS notation), or Group 12 (new IUPAC notation). Ionic radii (determined from
crystal structures)
Element
Zinc
Cadmium
Mercury
Ion
Zn2+
Cd2+
Hg+
Coordination number
2
4
6
8
12
60
74
90
78
95
110
131
119
Hg2+
69
96
102
114
Units
pm
pm
pm
pm
pm
Part 2 1.5
Table 2.1-10C Elements of Group IIB (CAS notation), or Group 12 (new IUPAC notation). Allotropic and high-pressure
modifications
77
KL
2P
1/2
[He]2s2 2p1
3+
0.277
2.01
8.29803
25.15484
37.93064
259.37521
81 300 × 10−6
0.002 × 10−6
125
143
10 × 10−6
4.4 × 10−6
81
89
Atomic radius rvdW
Electron shells
Electronic ground state
Electronic configuration
Oxidation states
Electron affinity
Electronegativity χA
1st ionization energy
2nd ionization energy
3rd ionization energy
4th ionization energy
Standard electrode
potential E 0
26.981538(2)
10.811(7)
Relative atomic mass A
(atomic weight)
Abundance in lithosphere
Abundance in sea
Atomic radius rcov
Atomic radius rmet
190
–LMN
2P
1/2
[Ar]3d10 4s2 4p1
3+
0.3
1.82
5.99930
20.5142
30.71
64
−0.560
−1.662
15 × 10−6
3 × 10−11
125
153
69.723(1)
Ga
31
Gallium
205
KLM
2P
1/2
[Na]3s2 3p1
3+
0.441
1.47
5.98577
18.82856
28.44765
119.992
Al
13
B
5
Aluminium
Boron
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
−0.338
190
–MNO
2P
1/2
[Kr]4d10 5s2 5p1
3+
0.3
1.49
5.78636
18.8698
28.03
54
0.06 × 10−6
1 × 10−13
150
167
114.818(3)
In
49
Indium
+1.252
−0.336
200
–NOP
2P
1/2
[Xe]4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1
3+, 1+
0.2
1.44
6.10829
20.428
29.83
0.3 × 10−6
1 × 10−11
155
170
204.3833(2)
Tl
81
Thallium
V
V
eV
eV
eV
eV
V
eV
pm
pm
pm
Units
Reaction type
Tl+ + e− = Tl
Reaction type
Al3+ + 3e− = Al
Reaction type
Tl3+ + 2e− = Tl+
Allred and Rochow
Mass ratio
Mass ratio
Covalent radius
Metallic radius,
CN = 12
van der Waals radius
Remarks
Part 2 1.5
Element name
Part 2
Table 2.1-11A Elements of Group IIIA (CAS notation), or Group 13 (new IUPAC notation). Atomic, ionic, and molecular
properties (see Table 2.1-11D for ionic radii)
78
The Elements
The Elements
1.5 Data
Element name
Boron
Aluminium
Gallium
Indium
Thallium
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
B
5
Al
13
Ga
31
In
49
Tl
81
Modification
Crystal system, Bravais lattice
Structure type
Lattice constant a
Lattice constant b
Lattice constant c
Space group
Schoenflies symbol
Strukturbericht type
Pearson symbol
Number A of atoms per cell
Coordination number
Shortest interatomic
distance, solid
β-B
trig, R
β-B
α-Al
cub, fc
Cu
361.49
α-Ga
orth, C
α-Ga
451.92
765.86
452.58
Cmca
18
D2h
A11
oC8
8
1+2+2+2
247
Units
R3m
5
D3d
hR105
105
162–192
Fm3m
Oh5
A1
cF4
4
12
286
tetr, I
In
459.90
hex
Mg
345.63
494.70
I4/mmm
17
D4h
A6
tI2
2
4+8
325
552.63
P63 /mmc
4
D6h
A3
hP2
2
pm
pm
pm
pm
Remarks
Part 2 1.5
Table 2.1-11B(a) Elements of Group IIIA (CAS notation), or Group 13 (new IUPAC notation). Crystallographic properties
(see Table 2.1-11C for allotropic and high-pressure modifications)
79
2.46
Density , solid
Density , liquid
Molar volume Vmol
Viscosity η, liquid
Surface tension γ , liquid
Temperature coefficient
Coefficient of linear
thermal expansion α
Sound velocity, liquid
Sound velocity, solid,
transverse
Sound velocity, solid,
longitudinal
Compressibility κ
a
Estimated.
Elastic modulus E
Shear modulus G
Poisson number µ
Elastic compliance s11
Elastic compliance s22
Elastic compliance s33
Elastic compliance s44
Elastic compliance s55
Elastic compliance s66
Elastic compliance s12
Elastic compliance s13
Elastic compliance s23
B
5
−5.8
35.3
70.2
27.8
0.34
16.0
178a
3030
6360
9.81
6.67
0.47
12.2
14.0
8.49
28.6
23.9
24.8
−4.4
−1.7
−2.4
1.96 × 10−5
2740
750
4650
3130
1.33 × 10−5
18.3 × 10−6
5.91
6.200
11.81
1.70
0.718
Ga
31
Gallium
2.70
2.39
10.00
1.38
0.860
−0.135 × 10−3
23.03 × 10−6
Al
13
Aluminium
0.539 × 10−5
5 × 10−6
4.62
Boron
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
7.89
2.67
0.45
104
31.1
139
−83
−11.6
196.2
153.7
83.2
−46.0
−94.5
3.41 × 10−5
1630
480
0.447
−0.07 × 10−3
28 × 10−6
11.85
11.29
17.24
Tl
81
Thallium
10.6
3.68
0.45
148.8
2.70 × 10−5
2460
2215
710
7.31
6.990
15.71
1.65
0.556
−0.09 × 10−3
33 × 10−6
In
49
Indium
1/TPa
1/TPa
1/TPa
1/TPa
1/TPa
1/TPa
1/TPa
1/TPa
1/TPa
GPa
GPa
1/MPa
m/s
m/s
m/s
Units
g/cm3
g/cm3
cm3 /mol
mPa s
N/m
N/(m K)
1/K
Volume
compressibility
At 12 MHz
At Tm
At Tm
At Tm
Remarks
Part 2 1.5
Element name
Part 2
Table 2.1-11B(b) Elements of Group IIIA (CAS notation), or Group 13 (new IUPAC notation). Mechanical properties
80
The Elements
The Elements
1.5 Data
Element name
Boron
Aluminium
Gallium
Indium
Thallium
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
B
5
Al
13
Ga
31
In
49
Tl
81
Elastic stiffness c11
Elastic stiffness c22
Elastic stiffness c33
Elastic stiffness c44
Elastic stiffness c55
Elastic stiffness c66
Elastic stiffness c12
Elastic stiffness c13
Elastic stiffness c23
Elastic stiffness c14
Tensile strength
Vickers hardness
Brinell hardness
Mohs hardness
467
108
45.1
41.9
473
198
28.3
44.6
6.51
54.9
7.20
241
62
100
90.2
135
35.0
41.8
40.3
37
33
31
12.0
40.0
41.0
36.6
29.9
15.1
16–24a
49 000
90–100
167
a
8.9
9
Units
GPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
MPa
Remarks
At 293 K
0.9
9.3
1.5–2.5
Amorphous.
Table 2.1-11B(c) Elements of Group IIIA (CAS notation), or Group 13 (new IUPAC notation). Thermal and thermodynamic
properties
Element name
Boron
Aluminium
Gallium
Indium
Thallium
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
B
5
Al
13
Ga
31
In
49
Tl
81
State
Thermal conductivity λ
Thermal conductivity
(liquid) λl
Molar heat capacity c p
Standard entropy S0
Crystalline
27.0
81.6
46.1
Units
Remarks
W/(m K)
W/(m K)
At Tm
237
90
33.5
11.20
5.900
24.392
28.300
26.15
40.727
26.732
57.650
26.32
64.300
J/(mol K)
J/(mol K)
Enthalpy difference
H298 − H0
Melting temperature Tm
Enthalpy change ∆Hm
Entropy change ∆Sm
Volume change ∆Vm
1.2220
4.5400
5.5720
6.6100
6.832
kJ/mol
2348.00
50.200
21.380
933.47
10.7110
11.474
0.065
302.91
5.5898
18.454
−0.034
429.75
3.2830
7.639
0.025
577.00
4.1422
7.179
0.0323
K
kJ/mol
J/(mol K)
Boiling temperature Tb
Enthalpy change ∆Hb
4138
480.5
2790
294.0
2478
258.7
2346
231.45
1746
164.1
K
kJ/mol
At 298 K
At 298 K
and 100 kPa
(Vl − Vs )/Vl
at Tm
Part 2 1.5
Table 2.1-11B(b) Elements of Group IIIA (CAS notation), or Group 13 (new IUPAC notation). Mechanical properties , cont.
81
Part 2 1.5
6500 × 109
Electrical resistivity ρs
Temperature coefficient
Pressure coefficient
Electrical resistivity ρl
Resistivity ratio at Tm
Superconducting critical
temperature Tcr
Superconducting critical
field Hcr
Electronic band gap ∆E
Electronic work function
Thermal work function
Intrinsic charge carrier
concentration
Electron mobility
Hole mobility
Hall coefficient R
a
At 300 K.
Thermoelectric coefficient
Dielectric constant ε, solid
Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol , solid (SI)
Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol , solid (cgs)
Mass magnetic susceptibility χmass , solid (SI)
Mass magnetic susceptibility χmass , liquid (SI)
Refractive index n, solid
Semiconductor
Characteristics
−3.9 × 10−6
+7.9 × 10−6
3.2 (λ=1 µm)
−21.6 × 10−6
16.5 × 10−6
−6.7 × 10−6
−271 × 10−6
−0.63 × 10−10
207 × 10−6
−0.6
−0.343 × 10−10
4.35
4.12
51
99
4.28
3.74
136
39.6 × 10−4
−2.47 × 10−9
258
1.9
1.09
Soft metal
Ga
31
Gallium
25.0
46 × 10−4
−4.06 × 10−9
200
1.64
1.2
Light metal
Al
13
Aluminium
13 (0.5 MHz)
−84.2 × 10−6
1
55
1.5
4.79
5.71
+5 × 1014
B
5
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
a
Boron
Element name
−1.4 × 10−6
−10.2 × 10−6
−128 × 10−6
2.4
−0.24 × 10−10
4.08
4.0
293
80.0
49.0 × 10−4
−12.2 × 10−9
331
2.18
3.4
Soft metal
In
49
Indium
cm3 /g
cm3 /g
−1.72 × 10−6
cm3 /mol
cm3 /mol
µV/K
cm2 /(V s)
cm2 /(V s)
m3 /(A s)
eV
V
V
1/cm3
−3.13 × 10−6
−50.0 × 10−6
−628 × 10−6
0.4
0.240 × 10−10
4.05
3.76
Oe
K
2.4
171
nΩ m
1/K
1/hPa
nΩ m
Units
Soft metal,
toxic
150
51.7 × 10−4
−3.4 × 10−9
740
Tl
81
Thallium
At 300 K
At Tm
At 295 K
At 295 K
At 295 K
B=1.0–1.8 T
300 K
At 430 K
ρl /ρs at Tm
a
Remarks
Part 2
Table 2.1-11B(d) Elements of Group IIIA (CAS notation), or Group 13 (new IUPAC notation). Electronic, electromagnetic, and optical properties
82
The Elements
> 20.5 GPa
439.8
P63 /mmc
4
D6h
A3
hP2
2
12
RTP
> 1.2 GPa
A6
tI2
2
4+8
281
445.8
I4/mmm
tetr
In
280.8
β-Ga
220 K,
> 3.0 GPa
260–308
oC40
40
orth
γ -Ga
1059.3
1352.3
520.3
Cmcm
17
D2h
γ -Ga
Thallium
RTP
552.63
P63 /mmc
4
D6h
A3
hP2
2
hex, cp
Mg
345.63
α-Tl
> 503 K
Im3m
Oh9
A2
cI2
2
8
336
cub, bc
W
387.9
β-Tl
High pressure
Fm3m
Oh5
A1
cF4
4
12
cub, fc
Cu
γ -Tl
39
48
54
62
80
62
In3+
Indium
47
Ga3+
Al3+
Ion
Coordination number
4
5
6
8
12
Gallium
Aluminium
Element
150
159
170
Tl+
Thallium
89
98
75
Tl3+
Units
pm
pm
pm
pm
pm
Table 2.1-11D Elements of Group IIIA (CAS notation), or Group 13 (new IUPAC notation). Ionic radii (determined from crystal structures)
RTP
Fm3m
Oh5
A1
cF4
4
12
286
orth, C
α-Ga
451.92
765.86
452.58
Cmca
18
D2h
A11
oC8
8
1+2+2+2
247
cub, fc
Cu
404.96
Crystal system, Bravais lattice
Structure type
Lattice constant a
Lattice constant b
Lattice constant c
Space group
Schoenflies symbol
Strukturbericht type
Pearson symbol
Number A of atoms per cell
Coordination number
Shortest interatomic
distance, solid
Range of stability
hex, cp
Mg
269.3
Gallium
α-Ga
α-Al
Modification
β-Al
Aluminium
Element
pm
pm
pm
Units
Part 2 1.5
Table 2.1-11C Elements of Group IIIA (CAS notation), or Group 13 (new IUPAC notation). Allotropic and high-pressure modifications
The Elements
1.5 Data
83
Part 2 1.5
88.90585(2)
28.1 × 10−6
3 × 10−12
162
178
–MNO
2D
3/2
[Kr]4d1 5s2
3+
0.307
1.11
6.217
12.24
20.52
60.597
5 × 10−6
6 × 10−13
144
166
–LMN
2D
3/2
[Ar]3d1 4s2
3+
0.188
1.20
6.56144
12.79967
24.75666
73.4894
Y
39
Yttrium
44.955910(8)
Sc
21
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Characteristics
Relative atomic mass A
(atomic weight)
Abundance in lithosphere
Abundance in sea
Atomic radius rcov
Atomic radius rmet
Electron shells
Electronic ground state
Electronic configuration
Oxidation states
Electron affinity
Electronegativity χA
1st ionization energy
2nd ionization energy
3rd ionization energy
4th ionization energy
Standard electrode
potential E 0
Scandium
Element name
ionic radii)
18.3 × 10−6
3 × 10−12
169
187
–NOP
2D
3/2
[Xe]5d1 6s2
3+
0.5
1.08
5.5770
11.060
19.1773
49.95
−2.522
138.9055(2)
La
57
Lanthanum
(1.00)
5.17
12.1
188
–OPQ
2D
3/2
[Rn]6d1 7s2
3+
Radioactive
[227]
Ac
89
Actinium
eV
eV
eV
eV
V
eV
pm
pm
Units
Reaction type La3+ + 3e− = La
Allred and Rochow
Mass ratio
Mass ratio
Covalent radius
Metallic radius, CN = 12
Remarks
Part 2
Table 2.1-12A Elements of Group IIIB (CAS notation), or Group 3 (new IUPAC notation). Atomic, ionic, and molecular properties (see Table 2.1-12D for
84
The Elements
The Elements
1.5 Data
(see Table 2.1-12C for allotropic and high-pressure modifications)
Element name
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Scandium
Sc
21
Yttrium
Y
39
Lanthanum
La
57
Modification
Crystal system, Bravais lattice
Structure type
Lattice constant a
Lattice constant c
Space group
Schoenflies symbol
Strukturbericht type
Pearson symbol
Number A of atoms per cell
Coordination number
Shortest interatomic distance, solid
α-Sc
hex
Mg
330.88
526.80
P63 /mmc
4
D6h
A3
hP2
2
12
166
α-Y
hex
Mg
364.82
573.18
P63 /mmc
4
D6h
A3
hP2
2
6+6
α-La
hex
α-La
377.40
1217.1
P63 /mmc
4
D6h
A3
hP4
4
12
364
Actinium
Ac
89
Units
Remarks
pm
pm
pm
Table 2.1-12B(b) Elements of Group IIIB (CAS notation), or Group 3 (new IUPAC notation). Mechanical properties
Element name
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Scandium
Sc
21
Yttrium
Y
39
Lanthanum
La
57
Actinium
Ac
89
Density , solid
Molar volume Vmol
Surface tension, liquid
Coefficient of linear
thermal expansion α
Sound velocity, solid,
transverse
Sound velocity, solid,
longitudinal
Compressibility κ
2.989
15.04
0.9
10.0 × 10−6
4.50
19.89
0.9
10.6 × 10−6
6.70
22.60
0.71
4.9 × 10−6
10.07
2420
1540
m/s
4280
2770
m/s
2.22 × 10−5
2.62 × 10−5
3.96 × 10−5
1/MPa
Elastic modulus E
Shear modulus G
Poisson number µ
Elastic compliance s11
Elastic compliance s33
Elastic compliance s44
Elastic compliance s12
Elastic compliance s13
Elastic stiffness c11
Elastic stiffness c33
Elastic stiffness c44
Elastic stiffness c12
Elastic stiffness c13
Tensile strength
Vickers hardness
75.2
29.7
0.28
12.5
10.6
36.1
−4.3
−2.2
99.3
107
27.7
39.7
29.4
256
350
66.3
25.5
0.27
15.4
14.4
41.1
−5.1
−2.7
77.9
76.9
24.3
29.2
20
250–380
40
39.2
14.9
0.28
51.7 b
a
Estimated.
b For lanthanum in its metastable fcc phase at room temperature.
55.7 b
−19.2 b
34.5 b
18.0 b
20.4 b
491
25a
Units
g/cm3
cm3 /mol
N/m
1/K
GPa
GPa
1/TPa
1/TPa
1/TPa
1/TPa
1/TPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
MPa
Remarks
Volume
compressibility
Part 2 1.5
Table 2.1-12B(a) Elements of Group IIIB (CAS notation), or Group 3 (new IUPAC notation). Crystallographic properties
85
86
Part 2
The Elements
Part 2 1.5
Table 2.1-12B(c) Elements of Group IIIB (CAS notation), or Group 3 (new IUPAC notation). Thermal and thermodynamic
properties
Element name
Scandium
Yttrium
Lanthanum
Actinium
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Sc
21
Y
39
La
57
Ac
89
Thermal conductivity λ
Molar heat capacity c p
Standard entropy S0
15.8
25.52
34.644
17.2
26.53
44.788
13.5
27.11
56.902
27.2
62.000
Units
W/(m K)
J/(mol K)
J/(mol K)
Enthalpy difference
H298 − H0
Melting temperature Tm
Enthalpy change ∆Hm
Entropy change ∆Sm
Relative volume
change ∆Vm
Boiling temperature Tb
Enthalpy change ∆Hb
5.2174
5.9835
6.6651
6.7000
kJ/mol
1814.00
14.0959
7.771
1795.15
11.3942
6.347
1193.00
6.1965
5.194
0.006
1323.00
12.000
9.070
K
kJ/mol
J/(mol K)
3730
413.7
3473
293
3104
314.2
3611
363.3
Remarks
At 298 K
At 298 K
and 100 kPa
(Vl − Vs )/Vl at Tm
K
kJ/mol
−0.770 × 10−10
2.2
3.1
3.07
2359 × 10−6
188 × 10−6
27.0 × 10−6
505
28.2 × 10−4
−0.67 × 10−10
−3.6
3.5
3.23
3710 × 10−6
295 × 10−6
88 × 10−6
Electrical resistivity ρs
Temperature coefficient
Pressure coefficient
Electrical resistivity ρl
Superconducting critical
temperature Tcrit
Superconducting critical
field Hcrit
Hall coefficient R
Thermoelectric coefficient
Electronic work function
Thermal work function
Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol , solid (SI)
Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol , solid (cgs)
Mass magnetic susceptibility χmass , solid (SI)
+11 × 10−6
+95.9 × 10−6
3.5
3.3
+1205 × 10−6
−0.8 × 10−10
Very reactive
metal
540
21.8 × 10−4
−1.7 × 10−9
1350
5.0
Lanthanum
La
57
Actinium
Ac
89
cm3 /g
cm3 /mol
m3 /(A s)
µV/K
V
V
cm3 /mol
nΩ m
1/K
1/hPa
nΩ m
K
Units
hex, cp
Mg
364.82
573.18
P63 /mmc
4
D6h
A3
hP2
2
6+6
RT
Im3m
Oh9
A2
cI2
2
8
> 1607 K
RT
Yttrium
α-Y
cub, bc
W
Crystal system, Bravais lattice
Structure type
Lattice constant a
Lattice constant c
Space group
Schoenflies symbol
Strukturbericht type
Pearson symbol
Number A of atoms per cell
Coordination number
Shortest interatomic
distance, solid
Range of stability
β-Sc
hex, cp
Mg
330.88
526.80
P63 /mmc
4
D6h
A3
hP2
2
12
Scandium
α-Sc
Element
Modification
modifications
> 1752 K
Im3m
Oh9
A2
cI2
2
8
356
cub, bc
W
β-Y
RTP
hex
α-La
377.40
1217.1
P63 /mmc
4
D6h
A3
hP4
4
12
374
Lanthanum
α-La
> 613 K
Fm3m
Oh5
A1
cF4
4
12
375
cub, fc
Cu
530.45
β-La
> 2.0 GPa
Fm3m
Oh5
A1
cF4
4
12
Im3m
Oh9
A2
cI2
2
8
369
> 1141 K
cub, fc
Cu
517
β -La
At 295 K
At 295 K
pm
pm
pm
Units
At 293 K, B = 0.5–1.0 T
At RT
Remarks
cub, bc
W
426.5
γ -La
Table 2.1-12C Elements of Group IIIB (CAS notation), or Group 3 (new IUPAC notation). Allotropic and high-pressure
Reactive
metal
550
27.1 × 10−4
Soft metal
Characteristics
Yttrium
Y
39
Scandium
Sc
21
Part 2 1.5
Element name
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Table 2.1-12B(d) Elements of Group IIIB (CAS notation), or Group 3 (new IUPAC notation). Electronic, electromagnetic, and optical properties
The Elements
1.5 Data
87
136
12
pm
pm
pm
pm
[Ar]3d
277 200 × 10−6
2 × 10−6
KLM
3P
0
[Ne]3s2 3p2
320 × 10−6
28 × 10−6
77
91
170
KL
3P
0
1s2 2s2 2p2
4+, 4−, 2+
1.26
2.50
11.26030
24.38332
47.8878
64.4939
392.087
Abundance in lithosphere
Abundance in sea
Atomic radius rcov
Atomic radius rmet
Atomic radius rvdW
Electron shells
Electronic ground state
Electronic configuration
Oxidation states
Electron affinity
Electronegativity χA
1st ionization energy
2nd ionization energy
3rd ionization energy
4th ionization energy
5th ionization energy
Standard electrode
potential E 0
3P
0
28.0855(3)
166.767
45.14181
33.49302
16.34585
8.15169
1.74
1.39
4+
210
132
117
10
4s2 4p2
93.5
45.7131
34.2241
15.93462
7.900
2.02
1.23
4+
–LMN
234
137
122
5 × 10−11
7 × 10−6
72.61(2)
Ge
32
12.0107(8)
Germanium
Relative atomic mass A
(atomic weight)
Si
14
C
6
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Silicon
Carbon
Element name
ionic radii)
10
5s2 5p2
−0.126
−0.137
+0.151
68.8
42.32
31.9373
15.0322
7.41666
1.55
0.364
4+, 2+
[Xe]4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2
3P
0
–NOP
200
175
154
3 × 10−11
16 × 10−6
207.2(1)
Pb
82
Lead
72.28
40.73502
30.50260
14.63225
7.34381
1.72
1.11
4+, 2+
[Kr]4d
3P
0
–MNO
158
220
140
1 × 10−11
40 × 10−6
118.710(7)
Sn
50
Tin
V
V
eV
eV
eV
eV
eV
eV
pm
pm
pm
Units
Reaction type
Sn4+ + 2e− = Sn2+
Reaction type
Sn2+ + 2e− = Sn
Allred and Rochow
van der Waals radius
Metallic radius,
CN = 12
Covalent radius
Mass ratio
Mass ratio
Remarks
Table 2.1-13A Elements of Group IVA (CAS notation), or Group 14 (new IUPAC notation). Atomic, ionic, and molecular properties (see Table 2.1-13D for
127
108
10
9
116
pm
102
87
112
8
103
Units
90
Ac3+
Actinium
75
La3+
Lanthanum
6
Y3+
Sc3+
Ion
Part 2
Coordination number
Yttrium
Scandium
Element
Part 2 1.5
Table 2.1-12D Elements of Group IIIB (CAS notation), or Group 3 (new IUPAC notation). Ionic radii (determined from crystal structures)
88
The Elements
Diamond
cub
Diamond
356.71
Modification
Crystal system, Bravais lattice
Structure type
Lattice constant a
a
RT, > 60 GPa
RTP
335.45
670.90
P63 /mmc
4
D6v
A9
hP4
4
3
142.10
hex
C
246.12
Graphite
Fd3m
Oh7
A4
cF8
8
4
235
cub, fc
Diamond
543.102
(22.5 ◦ C)
Si
14
Silicon
Fd3m
Oh7
A4
cF8
8
4
244
cub, fc
Diamond
565.9(1)
RT
Ge
32
Germanium
302
β-Sn,a
white tin, Sn I
tetr, I
β-Sn
581.97
(300 K)
317.49
I41 /amd
19
D4h
A5
tI4
4
Sn
50
Tin
At ambient pressure Sn crystallizes in the diamond structure (gray tin, α-Sn) and below 17 ◦ C in the β-tin structure
(white tin, β-Sn, Sn-I) at room temperature. If it is alloyed with In or Hg, the simple hexagonal γ -Sn structure is observed
Range of stability
8
4
154.45
Fd3m
Oh7
C
6
Lattice constant c
Space group
Schoenflies symbol
Strukturbericht type
Pearson symbol
Number A of atoms per cell
Coordination number
Shortest interatomic
distance, solid
Carbon
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Fm3m
Oh5
A1
cF4
4
12
349
cub, fc
Cu
495.02
Pb
82
Lead
pm
pm
pm
pm
Units
Graphite,
within layers
Graphite,
between layers
Remarks
Part 2 1.5
Element name
Table 2.1-13B(a) Elements of Group IVA (CAS notation), or Group 14 (new IUPAC notation). Crystallographic properties (see Table 2.1-13C for allotropic
and high-pressure modifications)
The Elements
1.5 Data
89
a
10.2 × 10−6
8433
180
15
124.5
690
2350
63.9
79.6
165.6
−2.15
12.7
48.3
67.1
129
−2.64
14.9
74.9
79.9
29.6
0.34
9.73
13.4 × 10−6
4580
1790
710
2270
1650
56.6
52.9
19.9
0.33
41.6
14.9
45.6
42.8
31.2
4.6
72.30
88.40
22.03
24.00
59.40
35.78
18.3 × 10−6
700
39
41.4
14.8
48.8
−43.0
68.0
15.8
5.54
0.44
93.7
23.7 × 10−6
2050
11.4
10.678
18.26
1.67
0.470
−0.26 × 10−3
29.1 × 10−6
β-Sn (white)
7.30
6.978
16.24
2.71
0.545
−0.075 × 10−3
21.2 × 10−6
3300
Pb
82
Lead
Sn
50
Tin
At 298 K, parallel to layer planes. The corresponding value perpendicular to the layer planes is 2.9 × 10−6 /K
10
578
1079
−0.16
−0.33
1060
36.5
4
−0.0987
1.732
7.73
2.25 × 10−6
0.98
27.5
250
11 220
2420
5845
0.951
1.56 × 10−6
1.06 × 10−6
0.650
−0.20 × 10−3
5.57 × 10−6
98.0
112
80.5
3450
3.42
5.32
5.500
13.64
Ge
32
Germanium
2.33
2.525
12.06
2.0
0.735
−0.5 × 10−3
2.56 × 10−6
444
545
1.9 × 10−6
Diamond
3.513
Modification
Density , solid
Density , liquid
Molar volume Vmol
Viscosity η, liquid
Surface tension γ , liquid
Temperature coefficient
Coefficient of linear
thermal expansion α
Sound velocity, liquid
Sound velocity,
solid, transverse
Sound velocity,
solid, longitudinal
Compressibility κ
Si
14
Silicon
1/TPa
1/TPa
1/TPa
1/TPa
1/TPa
1/TPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
MPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
1/MPa
m/s
m/s
m/s
g/cm3
g/cm3
cm3 /mol
mPa s
N/m
N/(m K)
1/K
Units
At 300 K
At 300 K
At 300 K
At 300 K
At 300 K
At 300 K
Volume
compressibility
At 295 K
At Tm , 12 MHz
At 298 K
At 293 K
At 293 K
Remarks
Part 2
Bulk modulus B0
Elastic modulus E
Shear modulus G
Poisson number µ
Elastic compliance s11
Elastic compliance s33
Elastic compliance s44
Elastic compliance s66
Elastic compliance s12
Elastic compliance s13
Elastic stiffness c11
Elastic stiffness c33
Elastic stiffness c44
Elastic stiffness c66
Elastic stiffness c12
Elastic stiffness c13
Tensile strength
Vickers hardness
Mohs hardness
5.3
C
6
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
a
Graphite
2.266
Carbon
Element name
Part 2 1.5
Table 2.1-13B(b) Elements of Group IVA (CAS notation), or Group 14 (new IUPAC notation). Mechanical properties
90
The Elements
6.11
2.360
0.5188
Molar heat capacity c p
Standard entropy S0
Enthalpy difference
H298 − H0
Melting temperature Tm
Enthalpy change ∆Hm
Entropy change ∆Sm
Relative volume
change ∆Vm
Boiling temperature Tb
Enthalpy change ∆Hb
Transformation
temperature
b
Perpendicular to layer planes.
Parallel to layer planes.
Diamond
1000– 2320
Modification
Thermal conductivity λ
a
C
6
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
1900– 2100
Carbon
Element name
3.2170
1687.00
50.208
29.762
−0.10
3505
383.3
4765.30
117.3690
24.630
3915
710.9
20.00
18.810
83.7
1.0540
Graphite
5.7a
1960b
8.519
5.742
Si
14
Silicon
3107
331
1211.0
36.9447
30.498
−0.054
4.6360
33.347
31.090
58.6
Ge
32
Germanium
2876
295.8
505.08
7.01940
14.243
0.028
6.3230
2019
177.58
600.61
4.7739
7.948
0.032
6.8700
26.51
64.800
35.2
β-Sn (white)
66.6
27.17
51.180
Pb
82
Lead
Sn
50
Tin
K
kJ/mol
K
K
kJ/mol
J/(mol K)
kJ/mol
W/(m K)
W/(m K)
J/(mol K)
J/(mol K)
Units
Transforms
to graphite
(Vl − Vs )/Vl
at Tm
At 300 K
At 300 K
At 298 K
At 298 K and
100 kPa
Remarks
Part 2 1.5
Table 2.1-13B(c) Elements of Group IVA (CAS notation), or Group 14 (new IUPAC notation). Thermal and thermodynamic properties
The Elements
1.5 Data
91
Part 2 1.5
Diamond
Very hard
insulator
1011
Modification
Characteristics
c
b
a
−6.3 × 10−6
−6.17 × 10−6
B = 1.0–1.6 T.
At 11 K and 1 MHz.
The values for Sn apply to gray Sn.
2.4173
−6.0 × 10−6
−5.88 × 10−6
4.24
−1.8 × 10−6
−3.12 × 10−6
−39.2 × 10−6
−75.4 × 10−6
−74.1 × 10−6
1.107
−2.3 × 10−4
4.95
4.1
1900
480
11.7b
−100
Hard
semicondor
12.0
4.81
4.00
−487 × 10−10
11.06
1.4 × 10−5
Graphite
Soft conductor
Si
14
Silicon
5.9(1)
1800
1400
5.68
5.4
C
6
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
4.00 (25 µm)
−1.328 × 10−6
−11.6 × 10−6
−146 × 10−6
16
5.0
4.56
3800
1820
16.0
0.1
302.5
0.6642
710
0.071
0.45
Semicondor
Ge
32
Germanium
1.0
1.7
−4.4 × 10−6
−3.3 × 10−6
−37.4 × 10−6
−470 × 10−6
24
4.42
4.11
2.01
−1.39 × 10−6
−23 × 10−6
−289 × 10−6
4.25
3.83
0.09 × 10−10
−0.1
803
309
0.041 × 10−10
0.1
1.94
7.2
3.72
192 × 10−9
42.8 × 10−4
−12.5 × 10−9
Soft metal
β-Sn(white)
Ductile metal
110 × 10−9
46.5 × 10−4
−9.2 × 10−9
Pb
82
Lead
Sn
50
Tin
cm3 /g
cm3 /g
cm3 /mol
cm3 /mol
m3 /(A s)
µV/K
eV
eV/K
V
V
cm2 /(V s)
cm2 /(V s)
Oe
K
Ωm
1/K
1/hPa
nΩ m
Units
λ = 589 nm
At 295 K
At 295 K
At 295 K
At 300 K
At 300 K
At 300 K
ρl /ρs at Tm
At 293 K
Remarks
Part 2
Electrical resistivity ρs
Temperature coefficient
Pressure coefficient
Electrical resistivity ρl
Resistivity ratio
Superconducting critical
temperature Tcrit
Superconducting critical
field Hcrit
Hall coefficient R a
Thermoelectric coefficient
Electronic band gap ∆E
Temperature dependence
Electronic work function
Thermal work function
Electron mobility
Hole mobility
Dielectric constant ε,
static, solid
Dielectric constant ε,
high-frequency, solid
Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol , solid c (SI)
Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol , solid c (cgs)
Mass magnetic susceptibility χmass , solid (SI)
Mass magnetic susceptibility χmass , liquid (SI)
Refractive index n, solid
Refractive index n, liquid
Carbon
Element name
Table 2.1-13B(d) Elements of Group IVA (CAS notation), or Group 14 (new IUPAC notation). Electronic, electromagnetic, and optical properties
92
The Elements
Decompressed β-Si.
Decompressed β-Ge.
> 16.0 GPa
a
RTP
Fd3m
Oh7
A4
cF8
8
4
245
> 12.0 GPa
tetr
β-Sn
488.4
269.2
I41 /amd
19
D4h
A5
tI4
4
4+2
253
β-Ge
b
tP12
12
4+2+2
249
593
698
P43 21 2
D48
tetr
γ -Ge
> 12.0 GPa
cI16
16
Im3m
cub, bc
γ -Si
692
δ-Ge
Fd3m
Oh7
A4
c8
8
4
281
< 291 K
tI2
2
> 9 GPa
302
RT
Fm3m
Oh5
A1
cF4
4
12
349
RTP
cub, fc
Cu
495.02
cub, fc
Diamond
648.92
Crystal system, Bravais lattice
Structure type
Lattice constant a
Lattice constant c
Space group
Schoenflies symbol
Strukturbericht type
Pearson symbol
Number A of atoms per cell
Coordination number
Shortest interatomic distance, solid
Range of stability
tetr
In
370
337
Pb I
tetr, I
β-Sn
583.16
318.15
I41 /amd
19
D4h
A5
tI4
4
Lead
γ -Sn
α-Sn
(gray tin)
Modification
β-Sn
(white tin)
Tin
Element
> 10.3 GPa
hex, cp
Mg
326.5
538.7
P63 /mmc
4
D6h
A3
hP2
2
Pb II
pm
pm
Units
Table 2.1-13C Elements of Group IVA (CAS notation), or Group 14 (new IUPAC notation). Allotropic and high-pressure modifications, cont.
b
a
> 9.5 GPa
cI16
Im3m
Oh9
cub, fc
Diamond
565.74
RTP
Fd3m
Oh7
A4
cF8
8
4
235
636
hex
α-La
380
628
P63 /mmc
4
D6v
A3
hP4
4
tetr
β-Sn
468.6
258.5
I41 /amd
19
D4h
A5
tI4
4
4+2
243
cub, fc
Diamond
543.06
Crystal system, Bravais lattice
Structure type
Lattice constant a
Lattice constant c
Space group
Schoenflies symbol
Strukturbericht type
Pearson symbol
Number A of atoms per cell
Coordination number
Shortest interatomic
distance, solid
Range of stability
cub
α-Ge
δ-Si
Germanium
γ -Si
α-Si
β-Si
Silicon
Modification
pm
pm
Units
Part 2 1.5
Element
Table 2.1-13C Elements of Group IVA (CAS notation), or Group 14 (new IUPAC notation). Allotropic and high-pressure modifications
The Elements
1.5 Data
93
26
40
73
Ge2+
Germanium
39
53
Ge4+
55
69
81
Sn4+
Tin
119
129
140
149
Pb2+
Lead
65
78
94
Pb4+
pm
Units
pm
pm
pm
a
220 × 10−6
3 × 10−11
145
160
–MNO
3F
2
[Kr]4d2 5s2
4+
0.426
1.22
6.63390
13.13
22.99
34.34
−1.553a
4400 × 10−6
1 × 10−9
132
147
–LMN
3F
2
[Ar]3d2 4s2
4+, 3+
0.079
1.32
6.8282
13.5755
27.4917
43.2672
−1.630
−0.368
−0.04
Reaction type ZrO2 + 4H+ + 4e− = Zr + 2H2 O.
91.224(2)
Zr
40
Zirconium
47.867(1)
Ti
22
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Characteristics
Relative atomic mass A
(atomic weight)
Abundance in lithosphere
Abundance in sea
Atomic radius rcov
Atomic radius rmet
Electron shells
Electronic ground state
Electronic configuration
Oxidation states
Electron affinity
Electronegativity χA
1st ionization energy
2nd ionization energy
3rd ionization energy
4th ionization energy
Standard electrode
potential E 0
Titanium
Element name
ionic radii)
4.5 × 10−6
7 × 10−12
144
156
–NOP
3F
2
[Xe]4f14 5d2 6s2
4+
near 0
(1.23)
6.82507
14.9
23.3
33.33
178.49(2)
Hf
72
Hafnium
–OPQ
3F
2
Radioactive
[261]
Rf
104
Rutherfordium
eV
eV
eV
eV
V
V
V
eV
pm
pm
Units
Reaction type Ti2+ + 2e− = Ti
Reaction type Ti3+ + e− = Ti2+
Reaction type Ti4+ + e− = Ti3+
Allred and Rochow
Mass ratio
Mass ratio
Covalent radius
Metallic radius, CN = 12
Remarks
Table 2.1-14A Elements of Group IVB (CAS notation), or Group 4 (new IUPAC notation). Atomic, ionic, and molecular properties (see Table 2.1-14D for
15
16
Si4+
C4+
Coordination number
4
6
8
10
12
Silicon
Carbon
Ion
Part 2 1.5
Element
Part 2
Table 2.1-13D Elements of Group IVA (CAS notation), or Group 14 (new IUPAC notation). Ionic radii (determined from crystal structures)
94
The Elements
The Elements
1.5 Data
Element name
Titanium
Zirconium
Hafnium
Rutherfordium
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Ti
22
Zr
40
Hf
72
Rf
104
Modification
Crystal system, Bravais lattice
Structure type
Lattice constant a
Lattice constant c
Space group
Schoenflies symbol
Strukturbericht type
Pearson symbol
Number A of atoms per cell
Coordination number
Shortest interatomic distance, solid
α-Ti
hex
Mg
295.03
468.36
P63 /mmc
4
D6h
A3
hP2
2
12
291
α-Zr
hex
Mg
323.17
514.76
P63 /mmc
4
D6h
A3
hP2
2
6+6
α-Hf
hex
Mg
319.46
505.11
P63 /mmc
4
D6h
A3
hP2
2
12
318
Units
Remarks
pm
pm
pm
Table 2.1-14B(b) Elements of Group IVB (CAS notation), or Group 4 (new IUPAC notation). Mechanical properties
Element name
Titanium
Zirconium
Hafnium
Rutherfordium
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Ti
22
Zr
40
Hf
72
Rf
104
Density , solid
Density , liquid
Molar volume Vmol
Surface tension, liquid
Temperature coefficient
Coefficient of linear
thermal expansion α
Sound velocity, solid, transverse
Sound velocity,
solid, longitudinal
Compressibility κ
4.50
4.110
10.55
1.65
0.26 × 10−3
8.35 × 10−6
6.49
5.80
14.02
1.48
−0.2 × 10−3
5.78 × 10−6
13.10
12.00
13.41
1.63
−0.21 × 10−3
5.9 × 10−6
Units
g/cm3
g/cm3
cm3 /mol
N/m
N/(m K)
1/K
2920
6260
1950
4360
2000
3671
m/s
m/s
0.779 × 10−5 1.08 × 10−5
0.80 × 10−5
1/MPa
Elastic modulus E
Shear modulus G
Poisson number µ
Elastic compliance s11
Elastic compliance s33
Elastic compliance s44
Elastic compliance s12
Elastic compliance s13
Elastic stiffness c11
Elastic stiffness c33
Elastic stiffness c44
Elastic stiffness c12
Elastic stiffness c13
Tensile strength
Vickers hardness
102
37.3
0.35
9.69
6.86
21.5
−4.71
−1.82
160
181
46.5
90
66
235
2000–3500
138
53.0
0.29
7.16
6.13
18.0
−2.48
−1.57
181
197
55.7
77
66
400
1760
GPa
GPa
68.0
24.8
0.37
10.1
8.0
30.1
−4.0
−2.4
144
166
33.4
74
67
150–450
903
1/TPa
1/TPa
1/TPa
1/TPa
1/TPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
MPa
Remarks
Near Tm
Volume
compressibility
Part 2 1.5
Table 2.1-14B(a) Elements of Group IVB (CAS notation), or Group 4 (new IUPAC notation). Crystallographic properties
(see Table 2.1-14C for allotropic and high-pressure modifications)
95
96
Part 2
The Elements
Part 2 1.5
Table 2.1-14B(c) Elements of Group IVB (CAS notation), or Group 4 (new IUPAC notation). Thermal and thermodynamic
properties
Element name
Titanium
Zirconium
Hafnium
Rutherfordium
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Ti
22
Zr
40
Hf
72
Rf
104
21
25.02
30.720
α-Zr
22.7
25.36
39.181
23.0
25.3
43.560
W/(m K)
J/(mol K)
J/(mol K)
Enthalpy difference
H298 − H0
Melting temperature Tm
Enthalpy change ∆Hm
Entropy change ∆Sm
Volume change ∆Vm
4.8240
5.5663
5.8450
kJ/mol
1941.00
14.1460
7.288
2127.85
20.9978
9.868
2506.00
27.1960
10.852
K
kJ/mol
J/(mol K)
Boiling temperature Tb
Enthalpy change ∆Hb
3631
410.0
Units
Modification
Thermal conductivity λ
Molar heat capacity c p
Standard entropy S0
Remarks
At 298 K
At 298 K
and 100 kPa
(Vl − Vs )/Vl
at Tm
4203
561.3
4963
575.5
K
kJ/mol
Table 2.1-14B(d) Elements of Group IVB (CAS notation), or Group 4 (new IUPAC notation). Electronic, electromagnetic,
and optical properties
Element name
Titanium
Zirconium
Hafnium
Rutherfordium
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Ti
22
Zr
40
Hf
72
Rf
104
Hard, light metal
390
54.6 × 10−4
−1.118 × 10−9
0.39
α-Zr
Resistant metal
410
44.0 × 10−4
0.33 × 10−9
0.55
100
47
−1.2 × 10−10
0.212 × 10−10
0.43 × 10−10
m3 /(A s)
4.31
4.16
1898 × 10−6
4.05
4.12
1508 × 10−6
3.9
3.53
892 × 10−6
V
V
cm3 /mol
At 295 K
151 × 10−6
120 × 10−6
71 × 10−6
cm3 /mol
At 295 K
40.1 × 10−6
16.8 × 10−6
5.3 × 10−6
cm3 /g
At 295 K
Modification
Characteristics
Electrical resistivity ρs
Temperature coefficient
Pressure coefficient
Superconducting critical
temperature Tcrit
Superconducting critical
field Hcrit
Hall coefficient R
Electronic work function
Thermal work function
Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol , solid (SI)
Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol , solid (cgs)
Mass magnetic susceptibility χmass , solid (SI)
Metal
296
44 × 10−4
−0.87 × 10−9
0.35
Units
Remarks
nΩ m
1/K
1/hPa
K
At 293 K
Oe
At 300 K,
B = 0.4–2.8 T
The Elements
1.5 Data
Element
Titanium
Zirconium
Hafnium
Modification
α-Ti
β-Ti
α-Zr
β-Zr
α-Hf
β-Hf
Hf-II
Crystal system, Bravais lattice
Structure type
Lattice constant a
Lattice constant c
Space group
Schoenflies symbol
Strukturbericht type
Pearson symbol
Number A of atoms per cell
Coordination number
Shortest interatomic
distance, solid
Range of stability
hex, cp
Mg
295.03
468.36
P63 /mmc
4
D6h
A3
hP2
2
12
291
cub, bc
W
330.65
cub, bc
W
360.9
hex
Im3m
Oh9
A2
cI2
2
8
313
hex, cp
Mg
319.46
505.11
P63 /mmc
4
D6h
A3
hP2
2
12
318
cub, bc
W
361.0
Im3m
Oh9
A2
cI2
2
8
286
hex, cp
Mg
323.17
514.76
P63 /mmc
4
D6h
A3
hP2
2
6+6
Im3m
O9h
A2
cI2
2
8
313
RT
>1173 K
>1138 K
RTP
>2268 K
Units
RT
pm
pm
>38.8 GPa
Table 2.1-14D Elements of Group IVB (CAS notation), or Group 4 (new IUPAC notation). Ionic radii (determined from
crystal structures)
Element
Titanium
Ion
Ti2+
Coordination number
4
6
8
9
86
Zirconium
Hafnium
Ti3+
Ti4+
Zr4+
Hf
67
42
61
74
59
72
84
89
58
71
83
4+
Units
pm
pm
pm
pm
Part 2 1.5
Table 2.1-14C Elements of Group IVB (CAS notation), or Group 4 (new IUPAC notation). Allotropic and high-pressure
modifications
97
Part 2 1.5
30.973761(2)
1200 × 10−6
0.06 × 10−6
110
128
N
7
14.00674(7)
20 × 10−6
150 × 10−6
70
92
155
KL
4S
3/2
[He]2s2 2p3
5+, 3+, 3−
Not stable
3.07
14.53414
29.6013
47.44924
77.4735
97.8902
552.0718
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Relative atomic mass A
(atomic weight)
Abundance in
lithosphere
Abundance in sea
Atomic radius rcov
Atomic radius rmet
Atomic radius rvdW
Electron shells
Electronic ground state
Electronic configuration
Oxidation states
Electron affinity
Electronegativity χA
1st ionization energy
2nd ionization energy
3rd ionization energy
4th ionization energy
5th ionization energy
6th ionization energy
190
KLM
4S
3/2
[Ne]3s2 3p3
5+, 3+, 3−
0.747
2.06
10.48669
19.7694
30.2027
51.4439
65.0251
220.421
P
15
Nitrogen
Element name
Phosphorus
200
–LMN
4S
3/2
[Ar]3d10 4s2 4p3
5+, 3+, 3−
0.81
2.20
9.8152
18.633
28.351
50.13
62.63
127.6
3.7 × 10−9
121
139
5 × 10−6
74.92160(2)
As
33
Arsenic
220
–MNO
4S
3/2
[Kr]4d10 5s2 5p3
5+, 3+, 3−
1.046
1.82
8.64
16.53051
25.3
44.2
56
108
2.4 × 10−10
141
159
0.2 × 10−6
121.760(1)
Sb
51
Antimony
240
–NOP
4S
3/2
[Xe]4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3
5+, 3+
0.946
(1.67)
7.289
16.69
25.56
45.3
56.0
88.3
2 × 10−11
146
182
0.2 × 10−6
208.98038(2)
Bi
83
Bismuth
eV
eV
eV
eV
eV
eV
eV
pm
pm
pm
Units
Allred and Rochow
Mass ratio
Covalent radius
Metallic radius,
CN = 12
van der Waals radius
Mass ratio
Remarks
Table 2.1-15A Elements of Group VA (CAS notation), or Group 15 (new IUPAC notation). Atomic, ionic, and molecular properties (see Table 2.1-15D
Part 2
for ionic radii)
98
The Elements
2.1.5.3 Elements of the Main Groups and Subgroup V to VIII
The Elements
1.5 Data
(see Table 2.1-15C for allotropic and high-pressure modifications)
Element name
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Arsenic
Antimony
Bismuth
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
N
7
P
15
As
33
Sb
51
Bi
83
State
Crystal system, Bravais lattice
Structure type
Lattice constant a
Lattice constant b
Lattice constant c
Lattice angle α
Space group
Schoenflies symbol
Strukturbericht type
Pearson symbol
Number A of atoms per cell
Coordination number
Shortest interatomic
distance, solid
N2 , 4.2 K
cub, sc
α-N
565.9
P, black
orth, C
P, black
331.36
1047.8
43 763
Pa3
Th6
Cmca
18
D2h
A11
oC8
8
2+1
222
Units
cP8
4×2
trig, R
α-As
413.20
trig, R
α-As
450.65
trig, R
α-As
474.60
54.12
R3m
5
D3d
A7
hR2
2
3
252
57.11
R3m
5
D3d
A7
hR2
2
3
291
57.23
R3m
5
D3d
A7
hR2
2
3
307
pm
pm
pm
deg
pm
Remarks
Part 2 1.5
Table 2.1-15B(a) Elements of Group VA (CAS notation), or Group 15 (new IUPAC notation). Crystallographic properties
99
N2 gas
State
Density , solid
Density , liquid
Density , gas
Molar volume Vmol
Viscosity η, gas
Viscosity η, liquid
Surface tension γ , liquid
Coefficient of linear
thermal expansion α
Sound velocity, gas
Sound velocity, liquid
Sound velocity,
solid, transverse
Sound velocity,
solid, longitudinal
Compressibility κ
b
a
Solid.
Estimated.
Elastic modulus E
Shear modulus G
Poisson number µ
Elastic compliance s11
Elastic compliance s33
Elastic compliance s44
Elastic compliance s12
Elastic compliance s13
Elastic compliance s14
N
7
1.2 a,b
336.9
929 (70 K)
1.2506 × 10−3
13.65
18.9
Nitrogen
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
30.4 b
P, black
2.690
P
15
Phosphorus
46.71
202.9
44.91
36.94
−88.2
1.80
22
34.0
12.8
0.33
26.0
42.0
114
−7.9
−11.9
−21.2
2.86 × 10−5
2.6 × 10−5
54.4
20.6
0.25
16.1
29.9
38.9
−6.1
−6.2
−12.3
2298
3140
4.7 × 10−6
1800
1.65
0.376
13.4 × 10−6
1.50
0.384
8.5 × 10−6
1635
1140
21.44
9.80
10.05
Bi
83
Bismuth
18.20
6.68
Sb
51
Antimony
12.95
5.72
As
33
Arsenic
1/TPa
1/TPa
1/TPa
1/TPa
1/TPa
1/TPa
GPa
GPa
1/MPa
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
g/cm3
g/cm3
g/cm3
cm3 /mol
µPa s
mPa s
N/m
1/K
Units
Volume
compressibility
At 323 K
Near Tm
At 273 K
Remarks
Part 2 1.5
Element name
Part 2
Table 2.1-15B(b) Elements of Group VA (CAS notation), or Group 15 (new IUPAC notation). Mechanical properties
100
The Elements
N
7
N2 gas
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
State
Elastic stiffness c11
Elastic stiffness c22
Elastic stiffness c33
Elastic stiffness c44
Elastic stiffness c55
Elastic stiffness c66
Elastic stiffness c12
Elastic stiffness c13
Elastic stiffness c14
Brinell hardness
Mohs hardness
Solubility in water αW , 293 K
0.01557
53.7
Nitrogen
Element name
P, black
73.9
277
53.7
15.6
11.5
56.7
P
15
Phosphorus
32.2
27.6
21.8
19.7
62.3
−4.16
3.5
44.9
39.5
101
Sb
51
Antimony
59.1
22.6
123.6
As
33
Arsenic
24.5
24.9
7.3
200
37.9
11.5
63.4
Bi
83
Bismuth
GPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
Units
αW = vol (gas)/vol (water)
Remarks
1.5 Data
Part 2 1.5
Table 2.1-15B(b) Elements of Group VA (CAS notation), or Group 15 (new IUPAC notation). Mechanical properties, cont.
The Elements
101
102
Part 2
The Elements
Part 2 1.5
Table 2.1-15B(c) Elements of Group VA (CAS notation), or Group 15 (new IUPAC notation). Thermal and thermodynamic
properties
Element name
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Arsenic
Antimony
Bismuth
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
N
7
P
15
As
33
Sb
51
Bi
83
State
Thermal conductivity λ
Molar heat capacity c p
Standard entropy S0
N2 gas
0.02598
14.560
191.611
P, white a
23.824
41.090
α-As
50.0
24.65
35.689
25.9
25.23
45.522
7.87
25.52
56.735
W/(m K)
J/(mol K)
J/(mol K)
Enthalpy difference
H298 − H0
Melting temperature Tm
Enthalpy change ∆Hm
Entropy change ∆Sm
Volume change ∆Vm
8.6692
5.3600
5.1170
5.8702
6.4266
kJ/mol
63.1458
0.720
317.30
0.6590
2.077
1090.00
24.4429
22.425
0.10
903.78
19.8740
21.990
−0.008
544.55
11.2968
20.745
−0.33
K
kJ/mol
J/(mol K)
Boiling temperature Tb
Enthalpy change ∆Hb
Critical temperature Tc
Critical pressure pc
Critical density c
Triple-point temperature Ttr
Triple-point pressure ptr
77.35
5.577
126.25
3.40
0.311
63.14
12.5
1860
165.8
1837
174.1
K
kJ/mol
K
MPa
g/cm3
K
kPa
Units
a
550
51.9
34.8
1089
36
Remarks
At 298 K
At 298 K
and 100 kPa
(Vl − Vs )/Vl
at Tm
In Landolt–Börnstein, Group IV, Vol. 19A, Part 1 [1.4], the white form of phosphorus has been chosen as the reference
phase for all phosphides because the more stable red form is difficult to characterize.
N
7
N2 gas
Gas
State
Characteristics
Electrical resistivity ρs
Temperature coefficient
Pressure coefficient
Electrical resistvity ρl
Resistivity ratio
Electronic band gap ∆E
Temperature coefficient
Electronic work function
Thermal work function
Electron mobility
Hole mobility
Hall coefficient R
Thermoelectric coefficient
Dielectric constant (ε − 1), gas
Dielectric constant ε, liquid
Dielectric constant ε, solid
Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol , (SI)
Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol , (cgs)
Mass magnetic susceptibility χmass , (SI)
Refractive index (n − 1), gas
Refractive index n, liquid
Refractive index n, solid
a,b
−12.0 × 10−6
3.35 (0.8 µm)
−3.9 × 10−6
−5.60 × 10−6
c
11.2 (optical)
−70.4 × 10−6 c
0.45 × 10−7
4.79
5.71
1.14
Semiconductor
260
42 × 10−4
As
33
Arsenic
−10 × 10−6
−99 × 10−6
−1244 × 10−6
0.27 × 10−7
35
4.56
4.08
Semimetal
370
51.1 × 10−4
6.0 × 10−9
1135
0.61
Sb
51
Antimony
a
White P: molar magnetic susceptibility: −26.7 × 10−6 (cgs) and −335 × 10−6 (SI) cm3 /mol.
b Red P: molar magnetic susceptibility: −20.8 × 10−6 (cgs) and −261 × 10−6 (SI) cm3 /mol.
c Yellow As: molar magnetic susceptibility: −292 × 10−6 (SI) and −23.2 × 10−6 (cgs) cm3 /mol.
297 × 10−6
1.929 (78 K)
−5.4 × 10−6
a,b
220
350
0.57
8 × 10−4
P, black
Semiconductor
P
15
Phosphorus
−151 × 10−6
580 × 10−6
1.45
Nitrogen
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
−16.8 × 10−6
−280.1 × 10−6
−3520 × 10−6
−6.33 × 10−7
−70
4.36
4.28
Brittle metal
1068
45.4 × 10−4
15.2 × 10−9
1280
0.43
Bi
83
Bismuth
cm3 /g
cm3 /mol
cm3 /mol
eV
eV/K
V
V
cm2 /(V s)
cm2 /(V s)
m3 /(A s)
µV/K
nΩ m
1/K
1/hPa
nΩ m
Units
589.3 nm
589.3 nm
At 295 K
At 295 K
At 295 K
At 293 K
At 74.8 K
B = 0.4–1.0 T
Liquid
ρl /ρs at Tm
At 300 K
Solid, at RT
Remarks
Part 2 1.5
Element name
Table 2.1-15B(d) Elements of Group VA (CAS notation), or Group 15 (new IUPAC notation). Electronic, electromagnetic, and optical properties
The Elements
1.5 Data
103
> 35.6 K
P42 /mnm
12
D4h
P63 /mmc
4
D6v
A9
hP4
4
3
20 K,
> 3.3 GPa
tP4
4
510.1
662.9
R3m
5
D3d
A7
hR2
2
3
252
54.12
> 721 K
Cmca
18
D2h
A11
oC8
8
orth
α-Ga
362
1085
448
ε-As
RTP
R3m
5
D3d
A7
hR2
2
3
291
57.11
trig, R
α-As
450.65
Sb-I
Antimony
> 5.0 GPa
cP1
1
Pm3m
Oh1
299.2
cub
Sb-II
> 7.5 GPa
A3
hP2
2
P63 /mmc
4
D6h
534.1
hex, cp
Mg
337.6
Sb-III
14.0 GPa
86.0
556
404
422
mon
Sb-IV
α-Bi
trig, R
α-As
474.60
Modification
Crystal system, Bravais lattice
Structure type
Lattice constant a
Lattice constant b
Lattice constant c
Lattice angle α
Space group
Schoenflies symbol
Strukturbericht type
Pearson symbol
Number A of atoms per cell
Coordination number
Shortest interatomic
distance, solid
Range of stability
RTP
57.23
R3m
5
D3d
A7
hR2
2
3
307
Bismuth
Element
mP3
3
> 3.0 GPa
> 0.28 GPa
605
420
465
mon
γ -Bi
mC4
4
C2/m
3
C2h
mon
β-Bi
> 4.3 GPa
δ-Bi
> 6.5 GPa
ε-Bi
> 9.0 GPa
Im3m
Oh9
A2
cI2
2
cub, bc
W
3800
ζ-Bi
pm
pm
pm
pm
deg
Units
Table 2.1-15C Elements of Group VA (CAS notation), or Group 15 (new IUPAC notation). Allotropic and high-pressure modifications, cont.
< 20 K
cP8
4×2
Pa3
Th6
395.7
trig, R
As
413.20
cub, P
α-N
565.9
Crystal system, Bravais lattice
Structure type
Lattice constant a
Lattice constant b
Lattice constant c
Lattice angle α
Lattice angle β
Space group
Schoenflies symbol
Strukturbericht type
Pearson symbol
Number A of atoms per cell
Coordination number
Shortest interatomic
distance, solid
Range of stability
tetr
α-As
pm
pm
pm
pm
deg
deg
Units
Part 2
hex
La
404.6
Arsenic
γ -N
α-N
Modification
β-N
Nitrogen
Element
Part 2 1.5
Table 2.1-15C Elements of Group VA (CAS notation), or Group 15 (new IUPAC notation). Allotropic and high-pressure modifications
104
The Elements
38
58
As3+
Arsenic
46
34
As5+
76
76
Sb3+
Antimony
60
Sb5+
96
103
117
Bi3+
Bismuth
76
Bi5+
Units
pm
pm
pm
pm
92.90638(2)
20 × 10−6
1 × 10−11
134
147
–MNO
6D
1/2
[Kr]4d4 5s1
5+, 3+
0.893
1.23
6.75885
14.32
25.04
38.3
50.55
50.9415(1)
150 × 10−6
2.5 × 10−9
122
135
–LMN
4F
3/2
[Ar]3d3 4s2
5+, 4+, 3+, 2+
0.525
1.45
6.7463
14.66
29.311
46.709
65.282
−1.175
−0.255
Relative atomic mass A
(atomic weight)
Abundance in lithosphere
Abundance in sea
Atomic radius rcov
Atomic radius rmet
Electron shells
Electronic ground state
Electronic configuration
Oxidation states
Electron affinity
Electronegativity χA
1st ionization energy
2nd ionization energy
3rd ionization energy
4th ionization energy
5th ionization energy
Standard electrode
potential E 0
Nb
41
V
23
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Niobium
Vanadium
Element name
2.1 × 10−6
2 × 10−12
134
147
–NOP
4F
3/2
[Xe]4f14 5d3 6s2
5+
0.322
(1.33)
7.89
180.9479(1)
Ta
73
Tantalum
–OPQ
[262]
Db
105
Dubnium
eV
eV
eV
eV
eV
V
V
eV
pm
pm
Units
Reaction type V2+ + 2e− = V
Reaction type V3+ + e− = V2+
Allred and Rochow
Mass ratio
Mass ratio
Covalent radius
Metallic radius, CN = 12
Remarks
1.5 Data
Part 2 1.5
ionic radii)
Table 2.1-16A Elements of Group VB (CAS notation), or Group 5 (new IUPAC notation). Atomic, ionic, and molecular properties (see Table 2.1-16D for
13
17
P5+
Coordination number
4
5
6
16
8
Phosphorus
N3+
Ion
N5+
Nitrogen
Element
Table 2.1-15D Elements of Group VA (CAS notation), or Group 15 (new IUPAC notation). Ionic radii (determined from crystal structures)
The Elements
105
106
Part 2
The Elements
Part 2 1.5
Table 2.1-16B(a) Elements of Group VB (CAS notation), or Group 5 (new IUPAC notation). Crystallographic properties
Element name
Vanadium
Niobium
Tantalum
Dubnium
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
V
23
Nb
41
Ta
73
Db
105
Crystal system, Bravais lattice
Structure type
Lattice constant a
Space group
Schoenflies symbol
Strukturbericht type
Pearson symbol
Number A of atoms per cell
Coordination number
Shortest interatomic
distance, solid
cub, bc
W
302.38
Im3m
Oh9
A2
cI2
2
8
263
cub, bc
W
330.07
Im3m
Oh9
A2
cI2
2
8
285
cub, bc
W
330.31
Im3m
Oh9
A2
cI2
2
8
285
Units
Remarks
pm
pm
Table 2.1-16B(b) Elements of Group VB (CAS notation), or Group 5 (new IUPAC notation). Mechanical properties
Element name
Vanadium
Niobium
Tantalum
Dubnium
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
V
23
Nb
41
Ta
73
Db
105
Density , solid
Density , liquid
Molar volume Vmol
Surface tension, liquid
Temperature coefficient
Coefficient of linear
thermal expansion α
Sound velocity,
solid, transverse
Sound velocity,
solid, longitudinal
Compressibility κ
5.80
5.55
8.34
1.95
0.3 × 10−3
8.3× 10−6
8.35
7.830
10.84
2.0
−0.24 × 10−3
7.34 × 10−6
16.60
15,00
10.87
2.15
−0.25 × 10−3
6.64 × 10−6
Units
g/cm3
g/cm3
cm3 /mol
N/m
N/(m K)
1/K
2780
2100
2900
m/s
6000
4900
4100
m/s
0.63 × 10−5
0.56 × 10−5
0.465 × 10−5
1/MPa
Elastic modulus E
Shear modulus G
Poisson number µ
Elastic compliance s11
Elastic compliance s44
Elastic compliance s12
Elastic stiffness c11
Elastic stiffness c44
Elastic stiffness c12
Vickers hardness
127
46.6
0.36
6.75
23.2
−2.31
230
43.1
120
630
104
59.5
0.38
6.56
35.2
−2.29
245
28.4
132
70–250
(HV 10)
185
64.7
0.35
6.89
12.1
−2.58
264
82.6
158
80– 300
(HV 10)
GPa
GPa
Remarks
300 K
Volume
compressibility
1/TPa
1/TPa
1/TPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
At 293 K
The Elements
1.5 Data
Element name
Vanadium
Niobium
Tantalum
Dubnium
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
V
23
Nb
41
Ta
73
Db
105
Thermal conductivity λ
Molar heat capacity c p
Standard entropy S0
30.7
24.90
30.890
59.0
24.69
36.270
60.7
25.30
41.472
Units
W/(m K)
J/(mol K)
J/(mol K)
Enthalpy difference H298 − H0
Melting temperature Tm
Enthalpy change ∆Hm
Entropy change ∆Sm
Relative volume change ∆Vm
Boiling temperature Tb
Enthalpy change ∆Hb
4.5070
2183.00
21.5000
9.849
5.2200
2750.00
30.0000
10.909
5.6819
3290.00
36.5682
11.115
kJ/mol
K
kJ/mol
J/(mol K)
3690
451.8
5017
683.2
5778
743.1
K
kJ/mol
Remarks
At 300 K
At 298 K
At 298 K
and 100 kPa
(Vl − Vs )/Vl at Tm
Table 2.1-16B(d) Elements of Group VB (CAS notation), or Group 5 (new IUPAC notation). Electronic, electromagnetic,
and optical properties. There is no Table 2.1-16C, because no allotropic or high-pressure modifictions are known
Element name
Vanadium
Niobium
Tantalum
Dubnium
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
V
23
Nb
41
Ta
73
Db
105
Electrical resistivity ρs
Temperature coefficient
Pressure coefficient
Superconducting critical
temperature Tcrit
Superconducting critical
field Hcrit
Hall coefficient R
248
39.0 × 10−4
−1.6 × 10−9
5.3
152
25.8 × 10−4
−1.37 × 10−9
9.13
125
38.2 × 10−4
−1.62 × 10−9
4.49
Units
nΩ m
1/K
1/hPa
K
1020
1980
830
Oe
0.82 × 10−10
0.88 × 10−10
1.01 × 10−10
m3 /(A s)
4.3
4.09
3581 × 10−6
4.3
3.99
2614 × 10−6
−5.0
4.3
4.25
1935 × 10−6
µV/K
V
V
cm3 /mol
At 295 K
285 × 10−6
208 × 10−6
154 × 10−6
cm3 /mol
At 295 K
62.8 × 10−6
27.6 × 10−6
10.7 × 10−6
cm3 /g
At 295 K
Thermoelectric coefficient
Electronic work function
Thermal work function
Molar magnetic susceptibility,
solid χmol , (SI)
Molar magnetic susceptibility,
solid χmol , (cgs)
Mass magnetic susceptibility,
solid χmass , (SI)
Remarks
At RT
At 273 K,
B = 0.5–2.9 T
Part 2 1.5
Table 2.1-16B(c) Elements of Group VB (CAS notation), or Group 5 (new IUPAC notation). Thermal and thermodynamic
properties
107
79
64
53
58
72
36
46
54
72
79
68
Nb4+
64
74
48
Nb5+
72
Ta3+
68
Ta4+
Tantalum
64
Ta5+
Units
pm
pm
pm
pm
13.61806
35.11730
54.9355
77.41353
1st ionization energy
2nd ionization energy
3rd ionization energy
4th ionization energy
Standard electrode
potential E 0
10.36001
23.3379
34.79
47.222
−0.476
2.44
−5.51
−8.75
3.50
185
KLM
3P
2
[Ne]3s2 3p4
6+, 4+, 2+, 2−
2.08
905 × 10−6
104
127
880 000 × 10−6
66
150
KL
3P
2
[He]2s2 2p4
2−
1.46
520 × 10−6
464 000 × 10−6
Electronegativity χA
Atomic radius rvdW
Electron shells
Electronic ground state
Electronic configuration
Oxidation states
Electron affinity
32.066(6)
S
16
Sulfur
15.9994(3)
O
8
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Characteristics
Relative atomic mass A
(atomic weight)
Abundance in
lithosphere
Abundance in sea
Atomic radius rcov
Atomic radius rmet
Oxygen
Element name
ionic radii)
9.75238
21.19
30.8204
42.9450
−0.924
2.48
200
–LMN
3P
2
[Ar]3d10 4s2 4p4
6+, 4+, 2+, 2−
2.02
2 × 10−10
117
140
0.09 × 10−6
78.96(3)
Se
34
Selenium
+0.568
9.0096
18.6
27.96
37.41
−1.143
2.01
220
–MNO
3P
2
[Kr]4d10 5s2 5p4
6+, 4+, 2+, 2−
1.97
137
160
2 × 10−9
127.60(3)
Te
52
Tellurium
V
+0.56
V
eV
eV
eV
eV
V
eV
eV
pm
pm
Units
8.41671
(1.76)
–NOP
3P
2
[Xe]4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4
4+, 2+
1.9
146
176
Radioactive
[209]
Po
84
Polonium
Reaction type
Te2− = Te + 2e−
Reaction type
Po3+ + 3e− = Po
Reaction type
Te4+ + 4e− = Te
Reaction type
O + e− = O−
Reaction type
O− + e− = O2−
Allred and
Rochow
Mass ratio
Covalent radius
Metallic radius,
CN = 12
van der Waals radius
Mass ratio
Remarks
Table 2.1-17A Elements of Group VIA (CAS notation), or Group 16 (new IUPAP notation). Atomic, ionic and molecular properties (see Table 2.1-17D for
Coordination number
4
5
6
8
Nb3+
V5+
Niobium
V4+
V2+
Ion
Part 2
V3+
Vanadium
Element
Part 2 1.5
Table 2.1-16D Elements of Group VB (CAS notation), or Group 5 (new IUPAC notation). Ionic radii (determined from crystal structures)
108
The Elements
The Elements
1.5 Data
(see Table 2.1-17C for allotropic and high-pressure modifications)
Element name
Oxygen
Sulfur
Selenium
Tellurium
Polonium
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
O
8
S
16
Se
34
Te
52
Po
84
State
α-O,
T < 23 K
mon, C
α-O
540.3
342.9
508.6
132.53
C2/m
3
C2h
S8 , α-S
Gray Se,
Se chains
hex
γ -Se
436.55
hex
γ -Se
445.61
495.76
592.71
P31 21
D34
A8
hP3
3
2
237
P31 21
D34
A8
hP3
3
2+4
283
Units
Crystal system, Bravais lattice
Structure type
Lattice constant a
Lattice constant b
Lattice constant c
Lattice angle γ
Space group
Schoenflies symbol
Strukturbericht type
Pearson symbol
Number A of atoms per cell
Coordination number
Shortest interatomic
distance, solid
mC4
2×2
orth, F
α-S
1046.4
1286.60
2448.60
Fddd
24
D2h
A16
oF128
128
2
204
α-Po
cub, sc
α-Po
336.6
Pm3m
Oh1
Ah
cP1
1
6
337
pm
pm
pm
deg
pm
Remarks
Part 2 1.5
Table 2.1-17B(a) Elements of Group VIA (CAS notation), or Group 16 (new IUPAC notation). Crystallographic properties
109
110
Part 2
The Elements
Part 2 1.5
Table 2.1-17B(b) Elements of Group VIA (CAS notation), or Group 16 (new IUPAC notation). Mechanical properties
Element name
Oxygen
Sulfur
Selenium
Tellurium
Polonium
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
O
8
S
16
Se
34
Te
52
Po
84
State
Density , solid
Density , liquid
Density , gas
Molar volume Vmol
Viscosity η, gas
Viscosity η, liquid
Surface tension, liquid
Coefficient of linear
thermal expansion α
Sound velocity, gas
Sound velocity, liquid
Compressibility κ
O2 gas
α-S
2.037
1.819
Gray Se
4.79
3.990
6.24
5.797
9.40
15.49
16.48
20.45
22.4
11.5
0.061
74.33 × 10−6
1260
0.106
36.9 × 10−6
0.186
16.75 × 10−6
Elastic modulus E
Shear modulus G
Poisson number µ
Elastic compliance s11
Elastic compliance s22
Elastic compliance s33
Elastic compliance s44
Elastic compliance s55
Elastic compliance s66
Elastic compliance s12
Elastic compliance s13
Elastic compliance s23
Elastic stiffness c11
Elastic stiffness c22
Elastic stiffness c33
Elastic stiffness c44
Elastic stiffness c55
Elastic stiffness c66
Elastic stiffness c12
Elastic stiffness c13
Elastic stiffness c23
Tensile strength
Brinell hardness
Mohs hardness
Solubility in water αW
a
Estimated.
b
1.429 × 10−3
8.00
19.5
23 × 10−6
336.95 (70 K)
1079 (70 K)
1280 b
13.0 × 10−5
11.6 × 10−5
4.8 × 10−5
17.8 a
58.0
6.46
0.45
47.1
16.7
0.23
74.6
111
75.4
121
234
229
−13.1
−7.1
−45.8
14.22
12.68
18.30
8.27
4.28
4.37
2.99
3.14
7.95
3640 b
−570 b
2.60 b
0.275 b
2.06 b
10.8–12.25
250
Units
Remarks
g/cm3
g/cm3
g/cm3
cm3 /mol
µPa s
mPa s
N/m
1/K
At 293 K
m/s
m/s
1/MPa
26 a
At Tm
At Tm
Volume
compressibilty
GPa
GPa
1/TPa
1/TPa
1/TPa
1/TPa
1/TPa
1/TPa
1/TPa
1/TPa
1/TPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
MPa
2.0
c
0.0310
γ -Oxygen, T = 54.4 K.
At 293 K and
1013 hPa
c
αW = vol (gas)/vol (water).
The Elements
1.5 Data
Element name
Oxygen
Sulfur
Selenium
Tellurium
Polonium
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
O
8
S
16
Se
34
Te
52
Po
84
State
Thermal conductivity λ
Molar heat capacity c p
Standard entropy S0
O2 gas
0.0245
14.690
205.147
α-S
0.269
22.70
32.070
α-Se
2.48
25.04
41.966
α-Te
1.7
25.73
49.221
α-Po
20
Enthalpy difference
H298 − H0
Melting temperature Tm
Enthalpy change ∆Hm
Entropy change ∆Sm
Relative volume change ∆Vm
8.6800
4.4120
5.5145
54.361
0.444
388.36
1.7210
4.431
0.515
Boiling temperature Tb
Enthalpy change ∆Hb
Critical temperature Tc
Critical pressure pc
Critical density c
Triple-point temperature Ttr
Triple-point pressure ptr
90.18
6.2
154.58
5.4
0.419
54.4
1.52
882
9.62
Units
Remarks
62.000
W/(m K)
J/(mol K)
J/(mol K)
At STP
At 298 K
At 298 K and
100 kPa
6.0800
6.700
kJ/mol
494
6.6944
13.551
+0.168
722.66
17.3760
24.045
0.05
527.00
10.000
18.975
K
kJ/mol
J/(mol K)
958
90
1863
38
1261
104.6
1335
100.8
(Vl − Vs )/Vl
at Tm
K
kJ/mol
K
MPa
g/cm3
K
hPa
Part 2 1.5
Table 2.1-17B(c) Elements of Group VIA (CAS notation), or Group 16 (new IUPAC notation). Thermal and thermodynamic
properties
111
c
1.34 × 10−6
a
−6.09 × 10−6
−15.5 × 10−6
−195 × 10−6
Liquid O2 , 90 K, 96 748 cm3 /mol; solid O2 , 54 K, 128 177 cm3 /mol.
At 280 K.
270.6 × 10−6
1.221 (92 K)
b
3449 × 10−6
43 341 × 10−6
b
cm3 /g
cm3 /g
−0.6 × 10−6
cm3 /mol
cm3 /mol
At 298 K
m3 /(A s)
µV/K
eV
eV/K
V
V
cm2 /(V s)
cm2 /(V s)
λ = 589.3 nm
λ = 589.3 nm
λ = 589.3 nm
At 295 K
At 295 K
At 295 K
At 373 K
At 81 K
At RT
Remarks
MΩ m
MΩ m
−3.9 × 10−6
−38 × 10−6
5.0 c
2.2 ⊥ c
−478 × 10−6
4.95
4.73
1100
560
Volatile metal
Liquid O2 , 90 K, 7699 cm3 /mol; solid O2 , 54 K, 10 200 cm3 /mol.
4.0
−4.0 × 10−6
−25 × 10−6
8.5
(λ = 3.3 cm)
−314 × 10−6
1.79
−9 × 10−4
5.9
4.72
Semiconductor
1–50
6.0 µΩ m
0.048–0.091
0.24 × 10−10
400
0.33
Po
84
Further remarks
Liquid O3 has a molar magnetic susceptibility of 84.2 × 10−6 cm3 /mol (SI) and 6.7 × 10−6 cm3 /mol (cgs).
The values given for the molar magnetic susceptibility χmol of sulfur apply to rhombic sulfur. The corresponding values for monoclinic sulfur are − 187 × 10−6 cm3 /mol (SI)
and − 14.9 × 10−6 cm3 /mol (cgs).
c
a
Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol (SI)
Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol (cgs)
Mass magnetic susceptibility χmass (SI)
Mass magnetic susceptibility χmass , liquid (SI)
Refractive index (n − 1), gas
Refractive index n, liquid
Refractive index n, solid
525 × 10−6
1.505
3.6
−6.8 × 10−4
Solid insulator
Gray Se
Semiconductor
100
20
1.0
Te
52
Units
O2 gas
Se
34
Polonium
State
Characteristics
Electrical resistivity ρs
Electrical resistivity ρl
Resistivity ratio at Tm
Hall coefficient R
Thermoelectric coefficient
Electronic band gap ∆E
Temperature coefficient
Electronic work function
Thermal work function
Electron mobility
Hole mobility
Dielectric constant (ε − 1), gas
Dielectric constant ε, liquid
Dielectric constant ε, solid
S
16
Tellurium
O
8
Selenium
Oxygen
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Sulfur
The Elements
Element name
Part 2 1.5
Part 2
Table 2.1-17B(d) Elements of Group VIA (CAS notation), or Group 16 (new IUPAC notation). Electronic, electromagnetic, and optical properties
112
The Elements
1.5 Data
modifications
Element
Oxygen
Modification
α-O
β-O
γ -O
γ -Se
Selenium
α-Se
β-Se
Crystal system, Bravais lattice
Structure type
Lattice constant a
Lattice constant b
Lattice constant c
Lattice angle α
Lattice angle γ
Space group
Schoenflies symbol
Strukturbericht type
Pearson symbol
Number A of atoms per cell
Coordination number
Shortest interatomic distance, solid
Range of stability
Characteristics
mon, C
α-O
540.3
342.9
508.6
trig, R
α-As
421.0
cub, P
γ -O
683
hex
γ -Se
436.55
mon
mon
905.4
908.3
233.6
1501.8
1471.3
887.9
90.82
P21 /m
2
C2h
93.6
P21 /b
5
C2h
2
233–235
RT
Red,
Se8 rings;
mP32
32
2
233–236
RT
Red,
Se8 rings
Units
495.76
46.27
132.53
C2/m
3
C2h
R3m
5
D3d
A7
hR2
2
mC4
2×2
< 23 K
Pm3m
Oh3
A15
cP16
16
> 23.9 K
P31 21
D34
A8
hP3
3
2
237
RT
Gray,
Se chains
> 43.6 K
pm
pm
pm
deg
deg
Table 2.1-17C Elements of Group VIA, or Group 16. Allotropic and high-pressure modifications, cont.
Element
Tellurium
Modification
α-Te
β-Te
γ -Te
Polonium
α-Po
β-Po
Crystal system, Bravais lattice
Structure type
Lattice constant a
Lattice constant c
Lattice angle α
Space group
Schoenflies symbol
Strukturbericht type
Pearson symbol
Number A of atoms per cell
Coordination number
Shortest interatomic distance, solid
Range of stability
hex
γ -Se
445.61
592.71
trig, R
α-As
469
trig, R
α-Hg
300.2
cub, P
α-Po
336.6
trig, R
α-Hg
337.3
53.30
R3m
5
D3d
A7
hR2
2
103.3
R3m
5
D3d
A10
hR1
1
> 2 GPa
> 7.0 GPa
Pm3m
Oh1
Ah
cP1
1
6
337
RTP
98.08
R3m
5
D3d
A10
hR1
1
6
337
> 327 K
Units
P31 21
D34
A8
hP3
3
2+4
283
RTP
pm
pm
deg
Table 2.1-17D Elements of Group VIA (CAS notation), or Group 16 (new IUPAC notation). Ionic radii (determined from
crystal structures)
Element
Oxygen
Sulfur
Ion
O2−
S2−2
Coordination number
2
4
6
8
Selenium
S4+
S6+
Se2−
Se4+
Tellurium
Se6+
Te2−
Te4+
Polonium
Te6+
Po4+
121
140
142
184
37
12
29
198
50
28
42
221
66
97
43
56
97
Units
pm
pm
pm
pm
Part 2 1.5
Table 2.1-17C Elements of Group VIA (CAS notation), or Group 16 (new IUPAC notation). Allotropic and high-pressure
113
Part 2 1.5
Electron affinity
Electronegativity χA
1st ionization energy
2nd ionization energy
3rd ionization energy
4th ionization energy
Standard electrode
potential E 0
−0.2
2.3 × 10−6
0.01 × 10−6
130
140
–MNO
7S
3
[Kr]4d5 5s1
6+, 5+, 4+, 3+,
2+, 1+, 2−
0.748
1.30
7.09243
16.16
27.13
46.4
200 × 10−6
3 × 10−10
118
129
–LMN
7S
3
[Ar]3d5 4s1
6+, 3+, 2+
0.666
1.56
6.76664
16.4857
30.96
49.16
−0.913
−0.744
−0.407
95.94(1)
Mo
42
51.9961(6)
Cr
24
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Characteristics
Relative atomic mass A
(atomic weight)
Abundance in lithosphere
Abundance in sea
Atomic radius rcov
Atomic radius rmet
Electron shells
Electronic ground state
Electronic configuration
Oxidation states
Chromium
Element name
Molybdenum
1 × 10−6
1 × 10−10
130
141
–NOP
5D
0
[Xe]4f14 5d4 6s2
6+, 5+, 4+, 3+,
2+, 1−, 2−
0.815
(1.40)
7.98
183.84(1)
W
74
Tungsten
–OPQ
Radioactive
Sg
106
Seaborgium
eV
eV
eV
eV
V
V
V
eV
pm
pm
Units
Reaction type Cr2+ + 2e− = Cr
Reaction type Cr3+ + 3e− = Cr
Reaction type Cr3+ + e− = Cr2+
Allred and Rochow
Mass ratio
Mass ratio
Covalent radius
Metallic radius, CN = 12
Remarks
Table 2.1-18A Elements of Group VIB (CAS notation), or Group 6 (new IUPAC notation). Atomic, ionic, and molecular properties (see Table 2.1-18D for
Part 2
ionic radii)
114
The Elements
The Elements
1.5 Data
Element name
Chromium
Molybdenum
Tungsten
Seaborgium
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Cr
24
Mo
42
W
74
Sg
106
Crystal system, Bravais lattice
Structure type
Lattice constant a
Space group
Schoenflies symbol
Strukturbericht type
Pearson symbol
Number A of atoms per cell
Coordination number
Shortest interatomic
distance, solid
cub, bc
W
288.47
Im3m
Oh9
A2
cI2
2
8
249
cub, bc
W
314.70
Im3m
Oh9
A2
cI2
2
8
272
cub, bc
W
316.51
Im3m
Oh9
A2
cI2
2
8
273
Units
Remarks
pm
pm
Table 2.1-18B(b) Elements of Group VIB (CAS notation), or Group 6 (new IUPAC notation). Mechanical properties
Element name
Chromium
Molybdenum
Tungsten
Seaborgium
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Cr
24
Mo
42
W
74
Sg
106
Density , solid
Density , liquid
Molar volume Vmol
Surface tension, liquid
Temperature coefficient
Coefficient of linear
thermal expansion α
Sound velocity, solid,
transverse
Sound velocity, solid,
longitudinal
Compressibility κ
7.19
6.460
7.23
1.6
10.220
6.2 × 10−6
9.39
2.25
−0.3 × 10−3
5.35 × 10−6
19.30
17.60
9.53
2.31
−0.29 × 10−3
4.31 × 10−6
Units
g/cm3
g/cm3
cm3 /mol
N/m
N/(m K)
1/K
3980
3350
2870
m/s
6850
6250
5180
m/s
0.78 × 10−5
0.338 × 10−5
0.28 × 10−5
1/MPa
Elastic modulus E
Shear modulus G
Poisson number µ
Elastic compliance s11
Elastic compliance s44
Elastic compliance s12
Elastic stiffness c11
Elastic stiffness c44
Elastic stiffness c12
Tensile strength
145
330
407
71.6
123
152
0.31
0.31
0.28
3.05
2.63
2.45
9.98
9.20
6.24
−0.49
−0.68
−0.69
348
465
523
100.0
109
160
67
163
203
Strongly dependent on microstructure
Vickers hardness
1060
160–400
(HV 10)
360–600
(HV 30)
GPa
GPa
1/TPa
1/TPa
1/TPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
Remarks
300 K
Volume
compressibility
Part 2 1.5
Table 2.1-18B(a) Elements of Group VIB (CAS notation), or Group 6 (new IUPAC notation). Crystallographic properties
(see Table 2.1-18C for allotropic and high-pressure modifications)
115
116
Part 2
The Elements
Part 2 1.5
Table 2.1-18B(c) Elements of Group VIB (CAS notation), or Group 6 (new IUPAC notation). Thermal and thermodynamic
properties
Element name
Chromium
Molybdenum
Tungsten
Seaborgium
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Cr
24
Mo
42
W
74
Sg
106
Thermal conductivity λ
Molar heat capacity c p
Standard entropy S0
93.7
23.44
23.543
142
23.932
28.560
164
24.27
32.618
Units
W/(m K)
J/(mol K)
J/(mol K)
Enthalpy difference H298 − H0
Melting temperature Tm
Enthalpy change ∆Hm
Entropy change ∆Sm
Relative volume
change ∆Vm
Boiling temperature Tb
Enthalpy chnage ∆Hb
Critical temperature Tc
Critical pressure pc
Critical density c
4.0500
2180.00
21.0040
9.635
4.5890
2893
37.4798
12.942
4.9700
3693
52.3137
14.158
kJ/mol
K
kJ/mol
J/(mol K)
Remarks
At 293 K
At 298 K
At 298 K
and 100 kPa
(Vl − Vs )/Vl
at Tm
2952
344.3
4952
582.2
11 000
540
2.630
5828
806.8
K
kJ/mol
K
MPa
g/cm3
Table 2.1-18B(d) Elements of Group VIB (CAS notation), or Group 6 (new IUPAC notation). Electronic, electromagnetic,
and optical properties
Element name
Chromium
Molybdenum
Tungsten
Seaborgium
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Cr
24
Mo
42
W
74
Sg
106
Electrical resistivity ρs
Temperature coefficient
Pressure coefficient
Superconducting critical
temperature Tcrit
Superconducting critical
field Hcrit
Hall coefficient R
127
30.1 × 10−4
−17.3 × 10−9
52
43.3 × 10−4
−1.29 × 10−9
0.92
54.9
51 × 10−4
−1.333 × 10−9
0.005
Thermoelectric coefficient
Electronic work function
Thermal work function
Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol (SI)
Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol (cgs)
Mass magnetic susceptibility χmass (SI)
98
Units
nΩ m
1/K
1/hPa
K
Remarks
At 293 K
Oe
3.63 × 10−10
1.26 × 10−10
0.856 × 10−10
m3 /(A s)
4.5
4.6
2099 × 10−6
5.9
4.39
4.26
905 × 10−6
1.5
4.54
4.50
666 × 10−6
µV/K
eV
V
cm3 /mol
At 295 K
167 × 10−6
72 × 10−6
53 × 10−6
cm3 /mol
At 295 K
44 × 10−6
12 × 10−6
4.0 × 10−6
cm3 /g
At 295 K
B = 0.5–2.0 T,
T = 293 K
The Elements
1.5 Data
modifications
Element
Chromium
Modification
α-Cr
α -Cr
Crystal system, Bravais lattice
Structure type
Lattice constant a
Space group
Schoenflies symbol
Strukturbericht type
Pearson symbol
Number A of atoms per cell
Coordination number
Shortest interatomic distance, solid
Range of stability
cub, bc
W
288.47
Im3m
Oh9
A2
cI2
2
8
249
RTP
cub, bc
W
288.2
Im3m
Oh9
A2
cI2
2
8
Units
pm
High pressure
Table 2.1-18D Elements of Group VIB (CAS notation), or Group 6 (new IUPAC notation). Ionic radii (determined from
crystal structures)
Element
Chromium
Ion
Cr2+
Coordination number
4
5
6
73
7
Cr3+
62
Molybdenum
Cr4+
Cr6+
41
26
55
44
Mo3+
69
Mo4+
65
Tungsten
Mo5+
Mo6+
46
41
61
59
73
W4+
66
W5+
W6+
62
42
51
60
Units
pm
pm
pm
pm
Part 2 1.5
Table 2.1-18C Elements of Group VIB (CAS notation), or Group 6 (new IUPAC notation). Allotropic and high-pressure
117
Part 2 1.5
12.96764
23.814
39.61
53.4652
+1.358
Cl2
4.10
17.42282
34.97082
62.7084
87.1398
+2.866
F2
Electronegativity χA
1st ionization energy
2nd ionization energy
3rd ionization energy
4th ionization energy
Standard electrode
potential E 0
Molecular form
in gaseous state
Internuclear distance
in molecule
Dissociation energy
eV
eV
eV
eV
V
eV
pm
pm
Units
eV
1.5417
(1.90)
2.8
–NOP
2P
3/2
[Xe]4f14 5d10 6s2 6p5
145
Radioactive
[210]
At
85
Astatine
2.475
I2
+0.536
10.45126
19.1313
33
2.21
3.06
–MNO
2P
3/2
[Kr]4d10 5s2 5p5
0.06 × 10−6
133
210
0.3 × 10−6
126.90447(3)
I
53
Iodine
pm
Br2
11.81381
21.8
36
47.3
+1.066
2.74
3.36
–LMN
2P
3/2
[Ar]3d10 4s2 4p5
67 × 10−6
114
200
2.5 × 10−6
79.904(1)
Br
35
Bromine
198.8
2.83
3.40
Electron affinity
KLM
2P
3/2
[Ne]3s2 3p5
1+, 3+, 5+, 7+,
1−, 3−, 5−, 7−
3.61
18 800 × 10−6
99
175
1.3 × 10−6
64
150–160
KL
2P
3/2
[He]2s2 2p5
480 × 10−6
800 × 10−6
Electron shells
Electronic ground state
Electronic configuration
Oxidation states
35.4527(9)
Cl
17
18.9984032(5)
F
9
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Characterization
Relative atomic mass A
(atomic weight)
Abundance in
lithosphere
Abundance in sea
Atomic radius rcov
Atomic radius rvdW
Fluorine
Element name
Chlorine
Extrapolated
to T = 0 K
Reaction type
2Cl− = Cl2 + 2e−
Reaction type
F + e− = F−
Allred
and Rochow
Mass ratio
Covalent radius
van der Waals
radius
Mass ratio
Remarks
Table 2.1-19A Elements of Group VIIA (CAS notation), or Group 17 (new IUPAC notation). Atomic, ionic, and molecular properties (see Table 2.1-19D for
Part 2
ionic radii)
118
The Elements
The Elements
1.5 Data
(see Table 2.1-19C for allotropic and high-pressure modifications)
Element name
Fluorine
Chlorine
Bromine
Iodine
Astatine
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
F
9
Cl
17
Br
35
I
53
At
85
State
Crystal system, Bravais lattice
Structure type
Lattice constant a
Lattice constant b
Lattice constant c
Lattice angle β
Space group
Schoenflies symbol
Strukturbericht type
Pearson symbol
Number A of atoms per cell
Coordination number
Shortest interatomic distance, solid
F2 , < 45.6 K
mon, C
Cl2 , 113 K
orth, C
Br2 , 123 K
orth, C
550
328
728
102.17
C2/m
3
C2h
C34
mC6
6
1
149
624
448
826
668
449
874
I2
orth, C
Ga
726.8
479.7
979.7
Cmca
18
D2h
A11
oC8
2×4
1
198.0
Cmca
18
D2h
A11
oC8
2×4
1
227
Cmca
18
D2h
A11
oC8
2×4
1
269
Units
pm
pm
pm
deg
pm
Remarks
Part 2 1.5
Table 2.1-19B(a) Elements of Group VIIA (CAS notation), or Group 17 (new IUPAC notation). Crystallographic properties
119
120
Part 2
The Elements
Part 2 1.5
Table 2.1-19B(b) Elements of Group VIIA (CAS notation), or Group 17 (new IUPAC notation). Mechanical properties
Element name
Fluorine
Chlorine
Bromine
Iodine
Astatine
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
F
9
Cl
17
Br
35
I
53
At
85
State
Density , solid
Density , liquid
Density , gas
Molar volume Vmol
Viscosity η, gas
Viscosity η, liquid
Surface tension, liquid
Sound velocity, gas
Elastic compliance s11
Elastic compliance s22
Elastic compliance s33
Elastic compliance s44
Elastic compliance s55
Elastic compliance s66
Elastic compliance s12
Elastic compliance s13
Elastic compliance s23
Elastic stiffness c11
Elastic stiffness c22
Elastic stiffness c33
Elastic stiffness c44
Elastic stiffness c55
Elastic stiffness c66
Elastic stiffness c12
Elastic stiffness c13
Elastic stiffness c23
F2 , gas
Cl2 , gas
Br2 , crystalline
I2 , crystalline
4.92
Units
Remarks
g/cm3
3.119 (293 K)
1.696 × 10−3
18.05
209.3 × 102
336 (375 K)
3.17 × 10−3
17.46
19.73
25.74
0.916 (299 K)
0.0441 (286 K)
2.27
0.0557
206
328
103
132
303
67.7
170
−97
−173
49
11.5
13.5
25.0
3.30
14.8
5.88
4.50
13.5
0.93
g/cm3
cm3 /mol
µPa s
mPa s
N/m
m/s
1/TPa
1/TPa
1/TPa
1/TPa
1/TPa
1/TPa
1/TPa
1/TPa
1/TPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
At 273 K, 1 bar
STP
a
m3 gas/m3 water.
239.1
20.40
417
7.98
0.573
162
1.39
4.610
84.95
144.3
5.22
0.630
55
0.221
Cl2 , gas
9.3 × 10−3
16.974
223.079
9.1810
172.18
6.41
F2 , gas
2.43 × 10−2
15.66
202.789
8.8250
53.48
State
Thermal conductivity λ
Molar heat capacity c p
Standard entropy S0
Enthalpy difference H298 − H0
Melting temperature Tm
Enthalpy change ∆Hm
Entropy change ∆Sm
Volume change ∆Vm
Boiling temperature Tb
Enthalpy change ∆Hb
Critical temperature Tc
Critical pressure pc
Critical density c
Triple-point temperature Ttr
Triple-point pressure ptr
Solubility in watera
Cl
17
F
9
Chlorine
Fluorine
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
332.3
29.56
265.90
10.8
37.84
152.210
Br2 , liquid
Br
35
Bromine
458.4
41.96
819
I2 , crystalline
0.4
27.21
116.139
13.1963
386.75
15.5172
40.122
I
53
Iodine
91
54.000
13.4000
575
23.8
40.0
At2 , crystalline
1.7
At
85
Astatine
K
kJ/mol
K
MPa
g/cm3
K
kPa
W/(m K)
J/(mol K)
J / (mol K)
kJ/mol
K
kJ/mol
J/(mol K)
Units
At 273 K and 101 kPa
(Vl − Vs )/Vl at Tm
STP
At 298 K
At 298 K and 100 kPa
Remarks
Part 2 1.5
Element name
Table 2.1-19B(c) Elements of Group VIIA (CAS notation), or Group 17 (new IUPAC notation). Thermal and thermodynamic properties
The Elements
1.5 Data
121
Part 2 1.5
F2 , gas
Yellow gas,
very reactive
State
Characteristics
a
λ = 589 nm.
b
At 92 K, = 1.330 g/cm3 .
Refractive index n, liquid a
206 × 10−6
1.517(83.2 K)
F
9
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Electronic work function
Dielectric constant ε, liquid
Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol , gas (SI)
Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol , gas (cgs)
Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol , liquid (SI)
Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol , liquid (cgs)
Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol , solid (SI)
Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol , solid (cgs)
Mass magnetic susceptibility χmass , solid (SI)
Refractive index (n − 1), gas a
Fluorine
Element name
−11.1 × 10−6
−7.2 × 10−6
1.367 b
1.659
−56.4 × 10−6
−40.4 × 10−6
773 × 10−6
−709
cm3 /g
cm3 /mol
−90 × 10−6
−4.40 × 10−6
cm3 /mol
−1131 × 10−6
cm3 /mol
cm3 /mol
cm3 /mol
eV
Units
−73.5 × 10−6
At
85
Astatine
cm3 /mol
I2 , crystalline
Solid
semiconductor
2.8
I
53
Iodine
−924
Br2 , liquid
Liquid halogen
Br
35
Bromine
−508 × 10−6
2.15 (213 K)
Cl2 , gas
Yellow-green
gas
Cl
17
Chlorine
At 273 K and
101 kPa
Remarks
Part 2
Table 2.1-19B(d) Elements of Group VIIA (CAS notation), or Group 17 (new IUPAC notation). Electronic, electromagnetic, and optical properties
122
The Elements
The Elements
1.5 Data
modifications
Element
Fluorine
Modification
α-F (F2 )
β-F
Crystal system, Bravais lattice
Structure type
Lattice constant a
Lattice constant b
Lattice constant c
Lattice angle γ
Space group
Schoenflies symbol
Strukturbericht type
Pearson symbol
Number A of atoms per cell
Coordination number
Shortest interatomic distance, solid
Range of stability
mon, C
cub, P
γ -O
667
Units
550
328
728
102.17
C2/m
3
C2h
C34
mC6
6
1
149
< 45.6 K
pm
pm
pm
deg
Pm3m
Oh3
A15
cP16
16
pm
> 45.6 K
Table 2.1-19D Elements of Group VIIA (CAS notation), or Group 17 (new IUPAC notation). Ionic radii (determined from
crystal structures)
Element
Fluorine
Chlorine
Ion
F−
Cl−
Coordination number
3
3
6
F7+
Cl5+
Bromine
Cl7+
Br−
12
8
181
Br7+
I−
31
8
133
Iodine
Br5+
196
I5+
I7+
44
25
39
220
95
42
53
Units
pm
pm
pm
Part 2 1.5
Table 2.1-19C Elements of Group VIIA (CAS notation), or Group 17 (new IUPAC notation). Allotropic and high-pressure
123
Part 2 1.5
Electron affinity
Electronegativity χA
1st ionization energy
2nd ionization energy
3rd ionization energy
4th ionization energy
Standard electrode
potential E 0
1000 × 10−6
2 × 10−10
118
137
–LMN
6S
5/2
[Ar]3d5 4s2
7+, 6+, 4+
3+, 2+
Not stable
1.60
7.43402
15.63999
33.668
51.2
−1.185
54.938049(9)
Mn
25
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Characteristics
Relative atomic mass A
(atomic weight)
Abundance in lithosphere
Abundance in sea
Atomic radius rcov
Atomic radius rmet
Electron shells
Electronic ground state
Electronic configuration
Oxidation states
Manganese
Element name
0.55
1.36
7.28
15.26
29.54
127
137
–MNO
6S
5/2
[Kr]4d5 5s2
7+
Radioactive
[98]
Tc
43
Technetium
128
137
–NOP
6S
5/2
[Xe]4f14 5d5 6s2
7+, 6+, 4+,
2+, 1−
0.15
(1.46)
7.88
1 × 10−9
186.207(1)
Re
75
Rhenium
–OPQ
Bh
107
Bohrium
eV
eV
eV
eV
V
eV
pm
pm
Units
Reaction type Mn2+ + 2e− = Mn
Reaction type Tc + e− = Tc−
Allred and Rochow
Mass ratio
Mass ratio
Covalent radius
Metallic radius, CN = 12
Remarks
Table 2.1-20A Elements of Group VIIB (CAS notation), or Group 7 (new IUPAC notation). Atomic, ionic, and molecular properties (see Table 2.1-20D for
Part 2
ionic radii)
124
The Elements
The Elements
1.5 Data
(see Table 2.1-20C for allotropic and high-pressure modifications)
Element name
Manganese
Technetium
Rhenium
Bohrium
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Mn
25
Tc
43
Re
75
Bh
107
State
Crystal system, Bravais lattice
Structure type
Lattice constant a
Lattice constant c
Space group
Schoenflies symbol
Strukturbericht type
Pearson symbol
Number A of atoms per cell
Coordination number
Shortest interatomic distance, solid
α-Mn
cub, bc
α-Mn
892.19
Units
Im3m
Td3
A12
cI58
58
226–293
hex
Mg
273.8
439.4
P63 /mmc
4
D6h
A3
hP2
2
12
274
hex
Mg
276.08
445.80
P63 /mmc
4
D6h
A3
hP2
2
12
Remarks
pm
pm
pm
Table 2.1-20B(b) Elements of Group VIIB (CAS notation), or Group 7 (new IUPAC notation). Mechanical properties
Element name
Manganese
Technetium
Rhenium
Bohrium
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Mn
25
Tc
43
Re
75
Bh
107
Density , solid
Density , liquid
Molar volume Vmol
Surface tension, liquid
Temperature coefficient
Coefficient of linear
thermal expansion α
Sound velocity, solid, transverse
Sound velocity, solid, longitudinal
Compressibility κ
7.470
6.430
7.38
1.10
0
23 × 10−6
11.50
8.06 × 10−6
21.00
18.80
8.86
2.65
−0.34 × 10−3
6.63 × 10−6
Units
g/cm3
g/cm3
cm3 /mol
N/m
N/(m K)
1/K
3280
50.6
5560
3270
0.716 × 10−5 3.22 × 10−5
2930
5360
0.264 × 10−5
m/s
m/s
1/MPa
Elastic modulus E
Shear modulus G
Poisson number µ
Elastic compliance s11
Elastic compliance s33
Elastic compliance s44
Elastic compliance s12
Elastic compliance s13
Elastic stiffness c11
Elastic stiffness c33
Elastic stiffness c44
Elastic stiffness c12
Elastic stiffness c13
Tensile strength
Vickers hardness
196
79.4
0.24
520
180
0.26
2.11
1.70
6.21
−0.80
−0.40
616
683
161
273
206
1.16
2.45–8.00
GPa
GPa
9.81
8.6
407
162
0.26
3.2
2.9
5.7
−1.1
−0.9
433
470
177
199
199
0.40 –0.74
1.510
1/TPa
1/TPa
1/TPa
1/TPa
1/TPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
Remarks
Volume
compressibility
At 293 K
Part 2 1.5
Table 2.1-20B(a) Elements of Group VIIB (CAS notation), or Group 7 (new IUPAC notation). Crystallographic properties
125
126
Part 2
The Elements
Part 2 1.5
Table 2.1-20B(c) Elements of Group VIIB (CAS notation), or Group 7 (new IUPAC notation). Thermal and thermodynamic
properties
Element name
Manganese
Technetium
Rhenium
Bohrium
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Mn
25
Tc
43
Re
75
Bh
107
State
Thermal conductivity λ
Molar heat capacity c p
Standard entropy S0
Enthalpy difference
H298 − H0
Melting temperature Tm
Transition
Enthalpy change ∆Hm
Entropy change ∆Sm
Relative volume
change ∆Vm
Boiling temperature Tb
Enthalpy change ∆Hb
Critical temperature Tc
Critical pressure pc
Critical density c
α-Mn
29.7
26.28
32.220
4.9957
185
32.985
1519.00
δ–liquid
12.9089
8.498
0.017
2430.01
α–liquid
33.2912
13.700
2335
226.7
4538
592.9
Units
Remarks
71.2
25.31
36.482
5.3330
W/(m K)
J/(mol K)
J/(mol K)
kJ/mol
At 298 K
At 298 K and 100 kPa
3458.00
α–liquid
34.0750
9.854
K
kJ/mol
J/(mol K)
(Vl − Vs )/Vl at Tm
5869
714.8
2090
14.5
0.320
K
kJ/mol
K
MPa
g/cm3
Table 2.1-20B(d) Elements of Group VIIB (CAS notation), or Group 7 (new IUPAC notation). Electronic, electromagnetic,
and optical properties
Element name
Manganese
Technetium
Rhenium
Bohrium
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Mn
25
Tc
43
Re
75
Bh
107
Characteristics
Electrical resistivity ρs
Temperature coefficient
Pressure coefficient
Electrical resistivity ρl
Resistivity ratio at Tm
Superconducting critical
temperature Tcrit
Superconducting critical
field Hcrit
Hall coefficient R
Brittle metal
1380
5.0 × 10−4
−3.54 × 10−9
400
0.61
Metal
1510
Metal
172
44.8 × 10−4
Electronic work function
Thermal work function
Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol (SI)
Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol (cgs)
Mass magnetic susceptibility χmass (SI)
Units
Remarks
nΩ m
1/K
1/hPa
nΩ m
At RT
1.70
K
198
Oe
0.84 × 10−10
3.15 × 10−10
m3 /(A s)
4.08
3.91
6421 × 10−6
1445 × 10−6
About 5.0
4.96
842 × 10−6
V
V
cm3 /mol
At 295 K
511 × 10−6
115 × 10−6
67 × 10−6
cm3 /mol
At 295 K
121 × 10−6
31 × 10−6
4.56 × 10−6
cm3 /g
At 295 K
At 297 K,
B = 0.5–5.0 T
The Elements
1.5 Data
modifications
Element
Manganese
Modification
α-Mn
β-Mn
γ -Mn
δ-Mn
Crystal system, Bravais lattice
Structure type
Lattice constant a
Lattice constant c
Space group
Schoenflies symbol
Strukturbericht type
Pearson symbol
Number A of atoms per cell
Coordination number
Shortest interatomic distance, solid
Range of stability
cub, bc
α-Mn
892.19
cub, P
β-Mn
631.52
cub, fc
Cu
386.24
cub, bc
W
308.06
Im3m
Td3
A12
cI58
58
P41 32
O
A13
cP20
20
226–293
RTP
> 1000 K
Fm3m
Oh5
A1
cF4
4
12
273
> 1368 K
Im3m
Oh9
A2
cI2
2
8
267
> 1408 K
Units
pm
pm
pm
Table 2.1-20D Elements of Group VIIB (CAS notation), or Group 7 (new IUPAC notation). Ionic radii (determined from
crystal structures)
Element
Manganese
Ion
Mn2+
Coordination
number
4
6
8
Mn3+
Mn4+
Mn5+
Mn6+
Mn7+
Technetium
Rhenium
Tc4+
Re4+
Re5+
Re6+
Re7+
Units
66
83
96
58
39
53
33
26
25
38
65
63
58
55
pm
pm
pm
Part 2 1.5
Table 2.1-20C Elements of Group VIIB (CAS notation), or Group 7 (new IUPAC notation). Allotropic and high-pressure
127
(97)
188
(69)
154
160
KL
1S
0
[He]2s2 2p6
Not stable
5.10
21.56454
40.96328
63.45
97.12
Atomic radius rvdW
Electron shells
Electronic ground state
Electronic configuration
Electron affinity
Electronegativity χA
1st ionization energy
2nd ionization energy
3rd ionization energy
4th ionization energy
3.10
13.99961
24.35985
36.950
52.5
200
–LMN
1S
0
[Ar]3d10 4s2 4p6
Not stable
110
202
83.80(1)
Kr
36
2.40
12.12987
21.20979
32.1230
220
–MNO
1S
0
[Kr]4d10 5s2 5p6
Not stable
130
216
131.29(2)
Xe
54
(2.06)
10.74850
240
–NOP
1S
0
[Xe]4f14 5d10 6s2 6p6
Not stable
240
Radioactive
[222]
Rn
86
Radon
Reaction type
He + e− = He−
Allred and Rochow
eV
eV
eV
eV
eV
pm
Covalent radius
Metallic radius,
CN = 12
van der Waals radius
Remarks
pm
pm
Units
Neon
Ne
10
At 4.2 K
cub, fc
Cu
446.22
Fm3m
Oh5
A1
cF4
4
12
320
Element name
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
State
Crystal system, Bravais lattice
Structure type
Lattice constant a
Space group
Schoenflies symbol
Strukturbericht type
Pearson symbol
Number A of atoms per cell
Coordination number
Shortest interatomic distance, solid
At 4.2 K
cub, fc
Cu
531.2
Fm3m
Oh5
A1
cF4
4
12
383
Ar
18
Argon
At 4.2 K
cub, fc
Cu
564.59
Fm3m
Oh5
A1
cF4
4
12
405
Kr
36
Krypton
At 4.2 K
cub, fc
Cu
613.2
Fm3m
Oh5
A1
cF4
4
12
441
Xe
54
Xenon
Rn
86
Radon
pm
pm
Units
Remarks
Table 2.1-21B(a) Elements of Group VIIIA (CAS notation), or Group 18 (new IUPAC notation). Crystallographic properties (see Table 2.1-21C for allotropic
and high-pressure modifications)
3.30
15.75962
27.62967
40.74
59.81
188
KLM
1S
0
[Ne]3s2 3p6
Not stable
39.948(1)
20.1797(6)
Characteristics
Relative atomic mass A
(atomic weight)
Atomic radius rcov
Atomic radius rmet
Ar
18
Xenon
Ne
10
Krypton
Neon
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Argon
The Elements
Element name
Part 2 1.5
Part 2
Table 2.1-21A Elements of Group VIIIA (CAS notation), or Group 18 (new IUPAC notation). Atomic, ionic, and molecular properties
128
Ne
10
Noble gas
1.0
1020 (4.7 K)
1000 (4.7 K)
−370 (4.7 K)
1.69 (4.7 K)
1.00 (4.7 K)
0.97 (4.7 K)
0.010
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Characterics
Density , solid
Density , gas
Molar volume Vmol
Viscosity η, gas
Sound velocity, gas
Sound velocity, liquid
Elastic modulus E
Elastic compliance s11
Elastic compliance s44
Elastic compliance s12
Elastic stiffness c11
Elastic stiffness c44
Elastic stiffness c12
Solubility in water αW
593 (80 K)
1073 (80 K)
−205 (80 K)
2.77 (80 K)
0.98 (80 K)
1.37 (80 K)
0.0340
21
308
855 (85 K)
1.6
Noble gas
1.736 (40 K)
Ar
18
Argon
618 (115 K)
744 (115 K)
−226 (115 K)
2.85 (115 K)
1.35 (115 K)
1.60 (115 K)
0.059
1.8
3.7493 × 10−3
29.68
23.4
213
Noble gas
Kr
36
Krypton
690 (160.5 K)
708 (160.5 K)
−271 (160.5 K)
2.93 (160.5 K)
1.41 (160.5 K)
1.89 (160.5 K)
0.108
5.8971 × 10−3
37.09
21.2
168
Noble gas
Xe
54
Xenon
9.73 × 10−3
50.5
Noble gas
Rn
86
Radon
1/TPa
1/TPa
1/TPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
g/cm3
g/cm3
cm3 /mol
µPa s
m/s
m/s
GPa
Units
At 293 K, αW = vol(gas)/vol(water)
Low temperature,
estimated values
At 293 K
At STP
At 273 K
Remarks
Neon
Ne
10
Ne gas
49.3 × 10−3
20.786
146.328
6.1965
24.563
α–liquid
27.0
27.10
0.324
44.0
2.75
0.4835
24.5
43.3
Element name
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
State
Thermal conductivity λ
Molar heat capacity c p
Standard entropy S0
Enthalpy difference H298 − H0
Melting temperature Tm
Transition
Enthalpy change ∆Hm
Boiling temperature Tb
Enthalpy change ∆Hb
Critical temperature Tc
Critical pressure pc
Critical density c
Triple-point temperature Ttr
Triple-point pressure ptr
Ar gas
18.0 × 10−3
20.87
154.842
6.1965
83.8
α–liquid
1.21
87.30
6.3
150.75
4.86
0.307
83.85
68.75
Argon
Ar
18
1.64
119.80
9.05
209.4
5.50
0.9085
115.95
73.19
Kr gas
9.49 × 10−3
20.786
164.085
6.1965
115.765
Krypton
Kr
36
Xe gas
5.1 × 10−3
20.744
169.575
6.1970
161.391
α–liquid
3.10
165.03
12.65
289.74
5.840
1.105
161.25
81.6
Xenon
Xe
54
Rn gas
3.64 × 10−3
20.786
176.234
6.1970
202
α–liquid
2.7
211
18.1
Radon
Rn
86
kJ/mol
K
kJ/mol
K
MPa
g/cm3
K
kPa
W/(m K)
J/(mol K)
J/(mol K)
kJ/mol
K
Units
At 298.15 K
At 298.15 K and 100 kPa
At 298.15 K
Remarks
Table 2.1-21B(c) Elements of Group VIIIA (CAS notation), or Group 18 (new IUPAC notation). Thermal and thermodynamic properties
0.8994 × 10−3
13.97
29.8
461
Neon
Element name
Part 2 1.5
Table 2.1-21B(b) Elements of Group VIIIA (CAS notation), or Group 18 (new IUPAC notation). Mechanical properties
The Elements
1.5 Data
129
Part 2 1.5
Ne
10
Ne gas
130 × 10−6
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
State
Dielectric constant ε − 1, gas
Dielectric constant ε, liquid
Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol , gas (SI)
Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol , gas (cgs)
Mass magnetic susceptibility χmass , gas (SI)
Refractive index (n − 1), gas
Refractive index n, liquid
Ar gas
545 × 10−6
1.516 (89 K)
−243 × 10−6
−19.3 × 10−6
−6.16 × 10−6
281 × 10−6
1.233 (84 K)
Ar
18
Argon
−364 × 10−6
−29.0 × 10−6
−4.32 × 10−6
Kr gas
7 × 10−6
Kr
36
Krypton
−572 × 10−6
−45.5 × 10−6
−4.20 × 10−6
706 × 10−6
Xe gas
1238 × 10−6
Xe
54
Xenon
Rn gas
Rn
86
Radon
α-Ar
cub, fc
Cu
531.2
Modification
Crystal system, Bravais lattice
Structure type
Lattice constant a
Lattice constant c
Space group
Schoenflies symbol
Strukturbericht type
Pearson symbol
Number A of atoms per cell
Coordination number
Shortest interatomic distance, solid
Range of stability
Fm3m
Oh5
A1
cF4
4
12
383
< 83.8 K
Argon
Element
> 83.8 K
hex, cp
Mg
376.0
614.1
P63 /mmc
4
D6h
A3
hP2
2
12
β-Ar
pm
pm
pm
Units
Table 2.1-21C Elements of Group VIIIA (CAS notation), or Group 18 (new IUPAC notation). Allotropic and high-pressure
modifications. There is no Table 2.1-21D, because no data on ionic radii are available
−87.5 × 10−6
−6.96 × 10−6
−4.2 × 10−6
7.25 × 10−6
Neon
Element name
cm3 /mol
cm3 /mol
cm3 /g
Units
At 295 K
At 295 K
At 293 K
λ = 589.3 nm
λ = 589.3 nm
At STP
Remarks
Part 2
Table 2.1-21B(d) Elements of Group VIIIA (CAS notation), or Group 18 (new IUPAC notation). Electronic, electromagnetic, and optical properties
130
The Elements
Electron affinity
Electronegativity χA
1st ionization energy
2nd ionization energy
3rd ionization energy
4th ionization energy
5th ionization energy
Standard electrode potential E 0
0.151
1.64
7.9024
16.1878
30.652
54.8
75.0
−0.447
−0.037
+0.771
50 000 × 10−6
2 × 10−9
116
126
–LMN
5D
4
[Ar]3d6 4s2
3+, 2+
55.845(2)
Fe
26
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Quantity
Relative atomic mass A
(atomic weight)
Abundance in lithosphere
Abundance in sea
Atomic radius rcov
Atomic radius rmet
Electron shells
Electronic ground state
Electronic configuration
Oxidation states
Iron
Element name
for ionic radii)
125
132.5
–MNO
5F
5
[Kr]4d7 5s1
8+, 6+, 4+,
3+, 2+
1.05
1.42
7.36050
16.76
28.47
101.07(2)
Ru
44
Ruthenium
126
134
–NOP
5D
4
[Xe]4f14 5d6 6s2
8+, 6+, 4+,
3+, 2+
1.1
(1.52)
8.7
190.23(3)
Os
76
Osmium
–OPQ
Hs
108
Hassium
eV
eV
eV
eV
eV
V
V
V
eV
pm
pm
Units
Reaction type Fe2+ + 2e− = Fe
Reaction type Fe3+ + 3e− = Fe
Reaction type Fe3+ + e− = Fe2+
Reaction type Fe + e− = Fe−
Allred and Rochow
Mass ratio
Mass ratio
Covalent radius
Metallic radius, CN = 12
Remarks
Part 2 1.5
Table 2.1-22A Elements of Group VIII(1) (CAS notation), or Group 8 (new IUPAC notation). Atomic, ionic, and molecular properties (see Table 2.1-22D
The Elements
1.5 Data
131
132
Part 2
The Elements
Part 2 1.5
Table 2.1-22B(a) Elements of Group VIII(1) (CAS notation), or Group 8 (new IUPAC notation). Crystallographic
properties (see Table 2.1-22C for allotropic and high-pressure modifications)
Element name
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Iron
Fe
26
Modification
Crystal system, Bravais lattice
Structure type
Lattice constant a
Lattice constant c
Space group
Schoenflies symbol
Strukturbericht type
Pearson symbol
Number A of atoms per cell
Coordination number
Shortest interatomic distance, solid
α-Fe
cub, bc
W
286.65
Ruthenium
Ru
44
Osmium
Os
76
Hassium
Hs
108
Units
Im3m
Oh9
A2
cI2
2
8
248
hex
Mg
270.53
428.14
P63 /mmc
4
D6h
A3
hP2
2
6+6
265
hex
Mg
273.48
439.13
P63 /mmc
4
D6h
A3
hP2
2
6+6
267
Remarks
pm
pm
pm
Table 2.1-22B(b) Elements of Group VIII(1) (CAS notation), or Group 8 (new IUPAC notation). Mechanical properties
Element name
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Iron
Fe
26
Ruthenium
Ru
44
Osmium
Os
76
Density , solid
Density , liquid
Molar volume Vmol
Viscosity η, liquid
Surface tension, liquid
Temperature coefficient
Coefficient of linear
thermal expansion α
Sound velocity, solid, transverse
Sound velocity, solid, longitudinal
Compressibility κ
Elastic modulus E
Shear modulus G
Poisson number µ
Elastic compliance s11
Elastic compliance s33
Elastic compliance s44
Elastic compliance s12
Elastic compliance s13
Elastic stiffness c11
Elastic stiffness c33
Elastic stiffness c44
Elastic stiffness c12
Elastic stiffness c13
Tensile strength
Vickers hardness
7.86
7.020
7.09
5.53
1.65
12.20
10.90
8.14
22.4
20.100
8.43
2.25
−0.31 × 10−3
9.1 × 10−6
2.5
−0.33 × 10−3
6.1 × 10−6
3740
6530
0.331 × 10−5
432
173
0.25
2.09
1.82
5.53
−0.58
−0.41
563
624
181
188
168
540
2 – 5 × 103
3340
5480
0.261 × 10−5
559
223
0.25
a
12.3 × 10−6
3220
5920
0.56 × 10−5
211
80.4
0.29
7.67
8.57
−2.83
230
117
135
193–206 a
608 a
Strongly dependent on microstructure
Hassium
Hs
108
Units
g/cm3
g/cm3
cm3 /mol
mPa s
N/m
N/(m K)
1/K
m/s
m/s
1/MPa
GPa
GPa
1/TPa
1/TPa
1/TPa
1/TPa
1/TPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
MPa
800
Remarks
Volume compressibility
The Elements
1.5 Data
Element name
Iron
Ruthenium
Osmium
Hassium
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Fe
26
Ru
44
Os
76
Hs
108
Modification
Thermal conductivity λ
Molar heat capacity c p
Standard entropy S0
Enthalpy difference H298 − H0
Melting temperature Tm
Transition
Enthalpy change ∆Hm
Entropy change ∆Sm
Relative volume change ∆Vm
Boiling temperature Tb
Enthalpy change ∆Hb
α-Fe
80.2
25.10
27.280
4.4890
1811.0
δ–liquid
13.8060
7.623
0.034
3139
349.6
117
24.06
28.614
4.6024
2607.0
α–liquid
38.5890
14.802
87.6
24.7
32.635
4423
595.5
5285
746
3306.0
δ–liquid
57.8550
17.500
Units
Remarks
W/(m K)
J/(mol K)
J/(mol K)
kJ/mol
K
At 298.2 K
At 298.15 K and 100 kPa
At 298.15 K
kJ/mol
J/(mol K)
(Vl − Vs )/Vl at Tm
K
kJ/mol
Table 2.1-22B(d) Elements of Group VIII(1) (CAS notation), or Group 8 (new IUPAC notation). Electronic, electromagnetic, and optical properties
Element name
Iron
Ruthenium
Osmium
Hassium
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Fe
26
Ru
44
Os
76
Hs
108
Characteristics
Electrical resistivity ρs
Temperature coefficient
Pressure coefficient
Superconducting critical temperature Tcrit
Superconducting critical field Hcrit
Hall coefficient R
Soft metal
89
65.1 × 10−4
−2.34 × 10−9
Brittle metal
81
42 × 10−4
8 × 10−10
Metal
76
45.8 × 10−4
−2.48 × 10−9
0.49
66
2.2 × 10−10
Thermoelectric coefficient
Electronic work function
Thermal work function
Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol (SI)
Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol (cgs)
Mass magnetic susceptibility χmass (SI)
−51.34
4.70
4.50
Ferromagnetic
Ferromagnetic
Ferromagnetic
4.71
4.73
490
39
5.37 × 10−6
0.66
65
4.83
138
11
0.65 × 10−6
Units
Remarks
nΩ m
1/K
1/hPa
K
Oe
m3 /(A s)
At RT
µV/K
V
V
cm3 /mol
cm3 /mol
cm3 /g
At 300 K,
B = 4–5 T
At 295 K
At 295 K
At 295 K
Part 2 1.5
Table 2.1-22B(c) Elements of Group VIII(1) (CAS notation), or Group 8 (new IUPAC notation). Thermal and thermody-
namic properties
133
134
Part 2
The Elements
Part 2 1.5
Table 2.1-22C Elements of Group VIII(1) (CAS notation), or Group 8 (new IUPAC notation). Allotropic and high-pressure
modifications
Element
Iron
Modification
α-Fe
γ -Fe
δ-Fe
ε-Fe
Crystal system, Bravais lattice
Structure type
Lattice constant a
Lattice constant c
Space group
Schoenflies symbol
Strukturbericht type
Pearson symbol
Number A of atoms per cell
Coordination number
Shortest interatomic distance, solid
Range of stability
cub, bc
W
286.65
cub, fc
Cu
364.67
cub, bc
W
291.35
Im3m
Oh9
A2
cI2
2
8
248
RTP
Fm3m
Oh5
A1
cF4
4
12
258
> 1183 K
Im3m
Oh9
A2
cI2
2
8
254
> 1663 K
hex, cp
Mg
248.5
399.0
P63 /mmc
4
D6h
A3
hP2
2
6+6
241
> 13.0 GPa
Units
pm
pm
pm
Table 2.1-22D Elements of Group VIII(1) (CAS notation), or Group 8 (new IUPAC notation). Ionic radii (determined
from crystal structures)
Element
Iron
Ion
Fe2+
Ruthenium
Fe3+
Ru3+
Ru4+
Osmium
Ru5+
Ru7+
Ru8+
Os4+
Os5+
Os6+
Os8+
Coordination number
Units
4
63
49
6
61
55
8
92
78
38
68
62
57
36
39
63
58
55
pm
pm
pm
1 × 10−9
127
136
–NOP
4F
9/2
[Xe]4f14 5d7 6s2
6+, 4+, 3+, 2+
1.57
(1.44)
9.1
102.90550(2)
0.001 × 10−6
125
134.5
–MNO
4F
9/2
[Kr]4d8 5s1
4+, 3+, 2+
1.14
1.35
7.45890
18.08
31.06
40 × 10−6
5 × 10−11
116
125
–LMN
4F
9/2
[Ar]3d7 4s2
3+, 2+
0.662
1.75
7.8810
17.083
33.50
51.3
−0.28
+0.6
+1.156
192.217(3)
Ir
77
58.933200(9)
Iridium
Relative atomic mass A
(atomic weight)
Abundance in lithosphere
Abundance in sea
Atomic radius rcov
Atomic radius rmet
Electron shells
Electronic ground state
Electronic configuration
Oxidation states
Electron affinity
Electronegativity χA
1st ionization energy
2nd ionization energy
3rd ionization energy
4th ionization energy
Standard electrode potential E 0
Rh
45
Co
27
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Rhodium
Cobalt
Element name
–OPQ
Mt
109
Meitnerium
eV
eV
eV
eV
V
V
eV
pm
pm
Units
Reaction type Co2+ + 2e− = Co
Reaction type Ir3+ + 3e− = Ir
Reaction type Co + e− = Co−
Allred and Rochow
Mass ratio
Mass ratio
Covalent radius
Metallic radius, CN = 12
Remarks
1.5 Data
Part 2 1.5
for ionic radii)
Table 2.1-23A Elements of Group VIII(2) (CAS notation), or Group 9 (new IUPAC notation). Atomic, ionic, and molecular properties (see Table 2.1-23D
The Elements
135
136
Part 2
The Elements
Part 2 1.5
Table 2.1-23B(a) Elements of Group VIII(2) (CAS notation), or Group 9 (new IUPAC notation). Crystallographic
properties (see Table 2.1-23C for allotropic and high-pressure modifications)
Element name
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Cobalt
Co
27
Rhodium
Rh
45
Modifaction
Crystal system, Bravais lattice
Structure type
Lattice constant a
Lattice constant c
Space group
Schoenflies symbol
Strukturbericht type
Pearson symbol
Number A of atoms per cell
Coordination number
Shortest interatomic distance, solid
ε-Co
hex, cp
Mg
250.71
406.94
P63 /mmc
4
D6h
A3
hP2
2
6+6
250
Iridium
Ir
77
Meitnerium
Mt
109
Units
cub, fc
Cu
280.32
cub, fc
Cu
383.91
Fm3m
Oh5
A1
cF4
4
12
269
Fm3m
Oh5
A1
cF4
4
12
271
Remarks
pm
pm
pm
Table 2.1-23B(b) Elements of Group VIII(2) (CAS notation), or Group 9 (new IUPAC notation). Mechanical properties
Element name
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Cobalt
Co
27
Modification
Density , solid
Density , liquid
Molar volume Vmol
Viscosity η, liquid
Coefficient of linear thermal
expansion α
Surface tension, liquid
Temperature coefficient
Sound velocity, solid, transverse
Sound velocity, solid, longitudinal
Compressibility κ
ε-Co
8.90
7.670
6.62
4.8
13.36 × 10−6
Elastic modulus E
Shear modulus G
Poisson number µ
Elastic compliance s11
Elastic compliance s33
Elastic compliance s44
Elastic compliance s12
Elastic compliance s13
Elastic stiffness c11
Elastic stiffness c33
Elastic stiffness c44
Elastic stiffness c12
Elastic stiffness c13
Tensile strength
Vickers hardness
Rhodium
Rh
45
Iridium
Ir
77
Meitnerium
Mt
109
Units
12.40
10.800
8.29
22.50
20.000
8.57
8.40 × 10−6
6.8 × 10−6
g/cm3
g/cm3
cm3 /mol
mPa s
1/K
1.520
−0.92 × 10−3
3000
5730
0.525 × 10−5
1.97
−0.3 × 10−3
3470
6190
0.350 × 10−5
2.250
−0.31 × 10−3
3050
5380
0.258 × 10−5
N/m
N/(m K)
m/s
m/s
1/MPa
204
77.3
0.32
5.11
3.69
14.1
−2.37
−0.94
295
335
71.0
159
111
255
1043
379
149
0.27
3.46
528
209
0.26
2.28
GPa
GPa
5.43
−1.10
3.90
−0.67
413
580
184
194
256
242
951
1246
623 × 103
1760
1/TPa
1/TPa
1/TPa
1/TPa
1/TPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
MPa
Remarks
Near Tm
Volume
compressibility
The Elements
1.5 Data
namic properties
Element name
Cobalt
Rhodium
Iridium
Meitnerium
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Co
27
Rh
45
Ir
77
Mt
109
Modification
Thermal conductivity λ
Molar heat capacity c p
Standard entropy S0
Enthalpy difference H298 − H0
Melting temperature Tm
Transition
Enthalpy change ∆Hm
Entropy change ∆Sm
Relative volume change ∆Vm
Boiling temperature Tb
Enthalpy change ∆Hb
ε-Co
100
24.811
30.040
4.7655
1768.0
α–liquid
16.200
9.163
Units
3184
376.6
150
24.98
31.556
2237.0
α–liquid
26.5935
11.888
0.12
3970
493.3
147
24.98
35.505
5.2677
2719.0
α–liquid
41.124
15.125
Remarks
W/(m K)
J/(mol K)
J/(mol K)
kJ/mol
K
kJ/mol
J/(mol K)
1
K
kJ/mol
4701
604.1
At 298 K
At 298 K and 100 kPa
(Vl − Vs )/Vl at Tm
Table 2.1-23B(d) Elements of Group VIII(2) (CAS notation), or Group 9 (new IUPAC notation). Electronic, electromag-
netic, and optical properties
Element name
Cobalt
Rhodium
Iridium
Meitnerium
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Co
27
Rh
45
Ir
77
Mt
109
Modification
Characteristics
Electrical resistivity ρs
Temperature coefficient
Pressure coefficient
Electrical resistivity ρl
Resistivity ratio at Tm
Superconducting critical
temperature Tcrit
Superconducting critical field Hcrit
Hall coefficient R
α-Co
Hard metal
56
6.04 × 10−3
−0.904 × 10−9
1020
1.05
360 × 10−12
50.5 × 10−12
Thermoelectronic coefficient
Electronic work function
Thermal work function
Molar magnetic susceptibility
χmol (SI)
Molar magnetic susceptibility
χmol (cgs)
Mass magnetic susceptibility
χmass (SI)
17.5
4.97
4.37
Ferromagnetic
1.0
4.98
4.68
1282 × 10−6
Metal
43.0
4.62 × 10−3
−1.62 × 10−9
Brittle metal
47
4.11 × 10−3
−1.37 × 10−9
Units
Remarks
nΩ m
1/K
1/hPa
nΩ m
At RT
0.14
K
77
31.8 × 10−12
5.03
314 × 10−6
Oe
m3 /(A s) At 300 K,
B = 4.5–5.0 T
µV/K
V
V
cm3 /mol At 295 K
Ferromagnetic 102 × 10−6
25 × 10−6
cm3 /mol At 295 K
Ferromagnetic 13.6 × 10−6
1.67 × 10−6
cm3 /g
1.2
At 295 K
Part 2 1.5
Table 2.1-23B(c) Elements of Group VIII(2) (CAS notation), or Group 9 (new IUPAC notation). Thermal and thermody-
137
138
Part 2
The Elements
Part 2 1.5
Table 2.1-23C Elements of Group VIII(2) (CAS notation), or Group 9 (new IUPAC notation). Allotropic and high-pressure
modifications
Element
Cobalt
Modification
ε-Co
α-Co
Crystal system, Bravais lattice
Structure type
Lattice constant a
Lattice constant c
Space group
Schoenflies symbol
Strukturbericht type
Pearson symbol
Number A of atoms per cell
Coordination number
Shortest interatomic distance, solid
Range of stability
hex, cp
Mg
250.71
406.94
P63 /mmc
4
D6h
A3
hP2
2
6+6
250
RTP
cub, fc
Cu
354.45
Units
pm
pm
Fm3m
Oh5
A1
cF4
4
12
251
> 661 K
pm
Table 2.1-23D Elements of Group VIII(2) (CAS notation), or Group 9 (new IUPAC notation). Ionic radii (determined
from crystal structures)
Element
Cobalt
Ion
Co2+
Coordination number
4
6
8
56
65
90
Rhodium
Co3+
55
Rh3+
67
Iridium
Rh4+
60
Rh5+
55
Ir3+
68
Ir4+
63
Ir5+
57
Units
pm
pm
pm
5 × 10−9
130
137
170– 180
–NOP
3D
3
[Xe]4f14 5d9 6s1
4+, 2+
2.13
(1.44)
9.0
18.563
+1.118
106.42(1)
0.01 × 10−6
128
138
160
–MNO
1S
0
[Kr]4d10
4+, 2+
0.562
1.35
8.3369
19.43
32.93
+0.951
58.6934(2)
100 × 10−6
1.7 × 10−9
115
125
160
–LMN
3F
4
[Ar]3d8 4s2
3+, 2+
1.16
1.75
7.6398
18.16884
35.19
54.9
−0.257
–OPQ
Uun
110
eV
eV
eV
eV
V
eV
pm
pm
pm
Units
Reaction type Ni2+ + 2e− = Ni
Reaction type Ni + e− = Ni−
Allred and Rochow
Mass ratio
Mass ratio
Covalent radius
Metallic radius, CN = 12
van der Waals radius
Remarks
Nickel
Ni
28
cub, fc
Cu
352.41
Fm3m
Oh5
A1
cF4
4
12
249
Element name
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Crystal system, Bravais lattice
Structure type
Lattice constant a
Space group
Schoenflies symbol
Strukturbericht type
Pearson symbol
Number A of atoms per cell
Coordination number
Shortest interatomic distance, solid
cub, fc
Cu
389.01
Fm3m
Oh5
A1
cF4
4
12
274
Pd
46
Palladium
cub, fc
Cu
392.33
Fm3m
Oh5
A1
cF4
4
12
277
Pt
78
Platinum
Uun
110
pm
pm
Units
Remarks
Table 2.1-24B(a) Elements of Group VIII(3) (CAS notation) or Group 10 (new IUPAC notation). Crystallographic properties
195.078(2)
Pt
78
Relative atomic mass A
(atomic weight)
Abundance in lithosphere
Abundance in sea
Atomic radius rcov
Atomic radius rmet
Atomic radius rvdW
Electron shells
Electronic ground state
Electronic configuration
Oxidation states
Electron affinity
Electronegativity χA
1st ionization energy
2nd ionization energy
3rd ionization energy
4th ionization energy
Standard electrode potential E 0
Platinum
Ni
28
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Pd
46
Nickel
Element name
Palladium
Table 2.1-24A Elements of Group VIII(3) (CAS notation) or Group 10 (new IUPAC notation). Atomic, ionic, and molecular properties (see Table 2.1-24D
Part 2 1.5
for ionic radii)
The Elements
1.5 Data
139
140
Part 2
The Elements
Part 2 1.5
Table 2.1-24B(b) Elements of Group VIII(3) (CAS notation), or Group 10 (new IUPAC notation). Mechanical properties
Element name
Nickel
Palladium
Platinum
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Ni
28
Pd
46
Pt
78
Density , solid
Density , liquid
Molar volume Vmol
Viscosity η, liquid
Surface tension, liquid
Temperature coefficient
Coefficient of linear thermal
expansion α
Sound velocity, solid, transverse
Sound velocity, solid, longitudinal
Compressibility κ
8.90
7.910
6.59
5.0
1.725
−0.98 × 10−3
13.3 × 10−6
12.00
10.700
8.85
21.40
19.700
9.10
1.50
−0.22 × 10−3
11.2 × 10−6
1.866
−0.17 × 10−3
9.0 × 10−6
Units
g/cm3
g/cm3
cm3 /mol
mPa s
N/m
N/(m K)
1/K
3080
5810
0.513 × 10−5
1900
4540
0.505 × 10−5
1690
4080
0.351 × 10−5
m/s
m/s
1/MPa
Elastic modulus E
Shear modulus G
Poisson number µ
Elastic compliance s11
Elastic compliance s44
Elastic compliance s12
Elastic stiffness c11
Elastic stiffness c44
Elastic stiffness c12
Tensile strength
Vickers hardness
220
78.5
0.31
7.67
8.23
−2.93
247
122
153
317
640
121
43.5
0.39
13.7
14.1
−6.0
221
70.8
171
170
60.9
0.39
7.35
13.1
−3.08
347
76.5
251
134
560
GPa
GPa
461
Uun
110
1/TPa
1/TPa
1/TPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
MPa
Remarks
Volume
compressibility
At 293 K
At 293 K
Table 2.1-24B(c) Elements of Group VIII(3) (CAS notation), or Group 10 (new IUPAC notation). Thermal and
thermodynamic properties
Element name
Nickel
Palladium
Platinum
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Ni
28
Pd
46
Pt
78
Thermal conductivity λ
Molar heat capacity c p
Standard entropy S0
Enthalpy difference H298 − H0
Melting temperature Tm
Transition
Enthalpy change ∆Hm
Entropy change ∆Sm
Relative volume change ∆Vm
Boiling temperature Tb
Enthalpy change ∆Hb
83
26.07
29.796
4.7870
1728.30
α–liquid
17.4798
10.114
71.8
25.98
37.823
5.4685
1828.0
α–liquid
16.736
9.155
71.6
25.85
41.631
5.7237
2041.50
α–liquid
22.1750
10.862
3157
369.24
3237
357.6
4100
509.8
Uun
110
Units
W/(m K)
J/(mol K)
J/(mol K)
kJ/mol
K
Remarks
At 298 K
At 298 K and 100 kPa
kJ/mol
J/(mol K)
(Vl − Vs )/Vl at Tm
K
kJ/mol
The Elements
1.5 Data
magnetic, and optical properties. There is no Table 2.1-24C, because no allotropic or high-pressure modifications are
known
Element name
Nickel
Palladium
Platinum
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Ni
28
Pd
46
Pt
78
Characteristics
Electrical resistivity ρs
Temperature coefficient
Pressure coefficient
Electrical resistivity ρl
Resistivity ratio at Tm
Hall coefficient R
Ductile metal
59.0
69.2 × 10−4
1.82 × 10−9
850
1.3
−60 × 10−12
Ductile metal
101
37.7 × 10−4
−2.1 × 10−9
Ductile metal
98.1
39.6 × 10−4
−1.88 × 10−9
−86 × 10−12
Thermoelectronic coefficient
Electronic work function
Thermal work function
Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol (SI)
Molar magnetic susceptibility χmol (cgs)
Mass magnetic susceptibility χmass (SI)
−18
5.15
4.60
Ferromagnetic
Ferromagnetic
Ferromagnetic
−9.54
5.12
4.99
6786 × 10−6
540 × 10−6
67.0 × 10−6
Uun
110
Units
Remarks
nΩ m
1/K
1/hPa
nΩ m
At RT
−24.4 × 10−12
m3 /(A s)
At 298 K,
B = 0.3–4.6 T
−3.50
5.65
5.30
2425 × 10−6
193 × 10−6
13.0 × 10−6
µV/K
V
V
cm3 /mol
cm3 /mol
cm3 /g
At 295 K
At 295 K
At 295 K
Table 2.1-24D Elements of Group VIII(3) (CAS notation), or Group 10 (new IUPAC notation). Ionic radii (determined
from crystal structures)
Element
Nickel
Ion
Ni2+
Coordination number
4
6
49
69
Palladium
Ni3+
Pd2+
56
64
86
Platinum
Pd3+
76
Pd4+
Pt2+
62
60
80
Pt4+
63
Units
pm
pm
Part 2 1.5
Table 2.1-24B(d) Elements of Group VIII(3) (CAS notation), or Group 10 (new IUPAC notation). Electronic, electro-
141
Mass ratio.
b
4.5 × 10−6
9 × 10−13
159
175
–NOP
5I
8
[Xe]4f10 6s2
3+
(1.10)
5.9389
11.67
22.8
41.4
1 × 10−6
1 × 10−13
159
176
–NOP
6H
15/2
[Xe]4f6 6s2
4+, 3+
(1.10)
5.8639
11.52
21.91
39.79
a
162.50(3)
158.92534(2)
Relative atomic mass A
(atomic weight)
Abundance in lithosphere a
Abundance in sea a
Atomic radius rcov
Atomic radius rmet
Electron shells
Electronic ground state
Electronic configuration
Oxidation states
Electronegativity χA b
1st ionization energy
2nd ionization energy
3rd ionization energy
4th ionization energy
According to Allred and Rochow.
Dy
66
Dysprosium
Tb
65
According to Allred and Rochow.
Terbium
b
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Mass ratio.
5.5 × 10−6
6 × 10−13
165
183
–NOP
4I
9/2
[Xe]4f3 6s2
4+, 3+
(1.07)
5.464
10.55
21.624
38.98
41.6 × 10−6
1 × 10−12
165
182
–NOP
3H
4
[Xe]4f1 5d1 6s2
4+, 3+
(1.08)
5.5387
10.85
20.198
36.758
Element name
a
140.90765(2)
Pr
59
Praseodymium
140.116(1)
Ce
58
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
1.2 × 10−6
2 × 10−13
158
174
–NOP
4I
15/2
[Xe]4f11 6s2
3+
(1.10)
6.0216
11.80
22.84
42.5
164.93032(2)
Ho
67
Holmium
23.9 × 10−6
3 × 10−12
164
182
–NOP
5I
4
[Xe]4f4 6s2
3+
(1.07)
5.5250
10.73
22.1
40.4
144.24(3)
Nd
60
Neodymium
2.5 × 10−6
8 × 10−13
157
173
–NOP
3H
6
[Xe]4f12 6s2
3+
(1.11)
6.1078
11.93
22.74
42.7
167.26(3)
Er
68
Erbium
165
181
–NOP
6H
5/2
[Xe]4f5 6s2
3+
(1.07)
5.55
10.90
22.3
41.1
Radioactive
[145]
Pm
61
Promethium
0.2 × 10−6
2 × 10−13
156
172
–NOP
2F
7/2
[Xe]4f13 6s2
3+, 2+
(1.11)
6.18431
12.05
23.68
42.7
168.93421(2)
Tm
69
Thulium
6.5 × 10−6
5 × 10−14
162
180
–NOP
7F
0
[Xe]4f6 6s2
3+, 2+
(1.07)
5.6437
11.07
23.4
41.4
150.36(3)
Sm
62
Samarium
2.7 × 10−6
8 × 10−13
174
194
–NOP
1S
0
[Xe]4f14 6s2
3+, 2+
(1.06)
6.25416
12.1761
25.05
43.56
173.04(3)
Yb
70
Ytterbium
1.1 × 10−6
1 × 10−14
185
200
–NOP
8S
7/2
[Xe]4f7 6s2
3+, 2+
(1.01)
5.6704
11.241
24.92
42.7
151.964(1)
Eu
63
Europium
0.8 × 10−6
2 × 10−13
156
172
–NOP
2D
3/2
[Xe]4f14 5d1 6s2
3+
(1.14)
5.42585
13.9
20.9594
45.25
174.967(1)
Lu
71
Lutetium
6.4 × 10−6
7 × 10−13
161
179
–NOP
9D
2
[Xe]4f7 5d1 6s2
3+
1.11
6.1500
12.09
20.63
44.0
157.25(3)
Gd
64
Gadolinium
eV
eV
eV
eV
pm
pm
Units
eV
eV
eV
eV
pm
pm
Units
Part 2
Characteristics
Relative atomic mass A
(atomic weight)
Abundance in lithosphere a
Abundance in sea a
Atomic radius rcov
Atomic radius rmet
Electron shells
Electronic ground state
Electronic configuration
Oxidation states
Electronegativity χA b
1st ionization energy
2nd ionization energy
3rd ionization energy
4th ionization energy
Cerium
Element name
Part 2 1.5
Table 2.1-25A Lanthanides. Atomic, ionic, and molecular properties (see Table 2.1-25D for ionic radii)
142
The Elements
2.1.5.4 Elements of the Lanthanides Period
Fm3m
Oh5
A1
cF4
4
12
364
Terbium
Tb
65
hex
Mg
360.55
569.66
P63 /mmc
4
D6h
A3
hP2
2
12
357
Element name
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Crystal system, Bravais lattice
Structure type
Lattice constant a
Lattice constant c
Space group
Schoenflies symbol
Strukturbericht type
Pearson symbol
Number A of atoms per cell
Coordination number
Shortest interatomic distance, solid
cub, fc
Cu
516.10
Ce
58
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Modification
Crystal system, Bravais lattice
Structure type
Lattice constant a
Lattice constant c
Space group
Schoenflies symbol
Strukturbericht type
Pearson symbol
Number A of atoms per cell
Coordination number
Shortest interatomic distance, solid
Cerium
Element name
hex
Mg
359.15
565.01
P63 /mmc
4
D6h
A3
hP2
2
12
355
Dy
66
Dysprosium
hex
α-La
367.21
1183.26
P63 /mmc
4
D6h
A3
hP4
4
12
Pr
59
Praseodymium
hex
Mg
357.78
561.78
P63 /mmc
4
D6h
A3
hP2
2
12
353
Ho
67
Holmium
hex
α-La
365.82
1179.66
P63 /mmc
4
D6h
A3
hP4
4
12
364
Nd
60
Neodymium
hex
Mg
355.92
558.50
P63 /mmc
4
D6h
A3
hP2
2
12
351
Er
68
Erbium
hex
α-La
365
1165
P63 /mmc
4
D6h
A3
hP4
4
12
362
Pm
61
cub, bc
W
458.27
α-Sm
hex
Se
362.90
2620.7
hex
Mg
353.75
555.40
P63 /mmc
4
D6h
A3
hP2
2
12
349
Tm
69
Fm3m
Oh5
A1
cF4
4
12
388
cub, fc
Cu
548.48
Yb
70
Ytterbium
397
Im3m
Oh9
A2
cI2
2
Eu
63
Europium
Sm
62
Samarium
Thulium
Promethium
hex
Mg
350.52
554.94
P63 /mmc
4
D6h
A3
hP2
2
12
347
Lu
71
Lutetium
hex
Mg
363.36
578.10
P63 /mmc
4
D6h
A3
hP2
2
12
360
Gd
64
Gadolinium
pm
pm
pm
Units
pm
pm
pm
Units
1.5 Data
Part 2 1.5
Table 2.1-25B(a) Lanthanides. Crystallographic properties (see Table 2.1-25C for allotropic and high-pressure modifications)
The Elements
143
6.78
Density , solid
Density , liquid
Molar volume Vmol
Viscosity η, liquid
Surface tension, liquid
Coefficient of linear thermal
expansion α
Sound velocity, solid, transverse
Sound velocity, solid, longitudinal
Volume compressibility κ
Elastic modulus E
Shear modulus G
Poisson number µ
Elastic compliance s11
Elastic compliance s33
Elastic compliance s44
Elastic compliance s12
Elastic compliance s13
Elastic stiffness c11
Elastic stiffness c33
Elastic stiffness c44
Elastic stiffness c12
Elastic stiffness c13
Tensile strength
Vickers hardness
a
Ce
58
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
1410
2660
3.15 × 10−5
35.2
13.2
0.31
26.6
19.3
73.6
−11.3
−3.8
49.4
57.4
13.6
23.0
14.3
169
400
6.77
6.609
20.80
0.431
0.7
6.79 × 10−6
Pr
59
Praseodymium
The data for the elastic behavior of cerium concern γ -cerium.
117
275
17.3
14.3
26.0
57.8
−22.3
1230
3060
5.06 × 10−5
44.1
12.1
0.25
62.8
0.72
6.3 × 10−6
17.00
Cerium a
1440
2720
2.94 × 10−5
37.9
14.3
0.31
23.7
18.5
66.5
−9.5
−3.9
54.8
60.9
15.0
24.6
16.6
169
348
0.688
9.6 × 10−6
20.59
7.00
Nd
60
Neodymium
170
2.9 × 10−5
46
18
0.28
0.65
11 × 10−6
20.1
6.48
Pm
61
Promethium
157
412
1290
2700
3.27 × 10−5
53.9
12.7
0.35
0.6
10.4 × 10−6
20.00
7.54
Sm
62
Samarium
167
8.13 × 10−5
18.2
7.8
0.17
0.450
32 × 10−6
28.29
5.26
Eu
63
Europium
1680
2950
2.47 × 10−5
56.3
22.4
0.26
18.0
16.1
48.1
−5.7
−3.6
67.8
71.2
20.8
25.6
20.7
122
510–638
0.816
9.4 × 10−6
19.90
7.89
Gd
64
Gadolinium
1/TPa
1/TPa
1/TPa
1/TPa
1/TPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
MPa
m/s
m/s
1/MPa
GPa
GPa
Units
g/cm3
g/cm3
cm3 /mol
mPa s
N/m
1/K
Part 2 1.5
Element name
Part 2
Table 2.1-25B(b) Lanthanides. Mechanical properties
144
The Elements
8.54
19.00
0.650
10.0 × 10−6
1720
2960
2.50 × 10−5
63.1
25.5
0.24
16.0
14.5
41.2
−4.6
−3.2
74.0
78.6
24.3
25.5
21.8
8.27
19.31
0.65
7.0 × 10−6
1060
2920
2.40 × 10−5
57.5
22.8
0.26
17.4
15.6
46.0
−5.2
−3.6
69.2
74.4
21.8
25.0
21.8
About 122
863
Density , solid
Density , liquid
Molar volume Vmol
Viscosity η, liquid
Surface tension, liquid
Coefficient of linear thermal
expansion α
Sound velocity, solid, transverse
Sound velocity, solid, longitudinal
Volume compressibility κ
Elastic modulus E
Shear modulus G
Poisson number µ
Elastic compliance s11
Elastic compliance s33
Elastic compliance s44
Elastic compliance s12
Elastic compliance s13
Elastic stiffness c11
Elastic stiffness c33
Elastic stiffness c44
Elastic stiffness c12
Elastic stiffness c13
Tensile strength
Vickers hardness
544
Dy
66
Tb
65
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Dysprosium
Terbium
Element name
1740
3040
2.42 × 10−5
67.1
26.7
0.26
15.3
14.0
38.6
−4.3
−2.9
76.5
79.6
25.9
25.6
21.0
About 132
481
0.650
11.2 × 10−6
18.75
8.80
Ho
67
Holmium
1810
3080
2.34 × 10−5
73.3
29.6
0.24
14.1
13.2
36.4
−4.2
−2.6
84.1
84.7
27.4
29.4
22.6
139
589
0.620
9.2 × 10−6
18.44
9.05
Er
68
Erbium
About 140
520
2.42 × 10−5
74.0
30.4
0.27
0.62
13.3 × 10−6
18.12
9.33
Tm
69
Thulium
72.5
206
17.7
10.4
18.6
56.4
−31.9
1000
1820
7.24 × 10−5
18.4
7.16
0.28
89.2
6.98
6.292
24.84
0.424
0.85
25.0 × 10−6
Yb
70
Ytterbium
2.33 × 10−5
68.4
27.1
0.27
14.3
14.8
37.3
−4.2
−3.5
86.2
80.9
26.8
32.0
28.0
139
1160
8.12 × 10−6
17.78
9.840
Lu
71
Lutetium
1/TPa
1/TPa
1/TPa
1/TPa
1/TPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
MPa
m/s
m/s
1/MPa
GPa
GPa
Units
g/cm3
g/cm3
cm3 /mol
mPa s
N/m
1/K
Part 2 1.5
Table 2.1-25B(b) Lanthanides. Mechanical properties, cont.
The Elements
1.5 Data
145
Ce
58
11.4
26.4
69.454
7.2802
1072.0
δ–liquid
5.4601
5.093
0.011
3699
414.2
Thermal conductivity λ
Molar heat capacity c p
Standard entropy S0
Enthalpy difference H298 − H0
Melting temperature Tm
Transition
Enthalpy change ∆Hm
Entropy change ∆Sm
Relative volume change ∆Vm
Boiling temperature Tb
Enthalpy change ∆Hb
3785
296.8
7.4182
1204.0
β–liquid
6.8869
5.720
0.02
12.5
27.20
73.931
Pr
59
Praseodymium
3341
273.0
7.1337
1289.0
β–liquid
7.1421
5.541
0.09
16.5
27.45
71.086
Nd
60
Neodymium
3785
7.3000
1315.0
β–liquid
7.7000
5.856
72.00
17.9
Pm
61
Terbium
Tb
65
11.1
28.91
73.8
9.4266
1632
β–liquid
10.1504
6.220
0.031
3496
330.9
Element name
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Thermal conductivity λ
Molar heat capacity c p
Standard entropy S0
Enthalpy difference H298 − H0
Melting temperature Tm
Transition
Enthalpy change ∆Hm
Entropy change ∆Sm
Relative volume change ∆Vm
Boiling temperature Tb
Enthalpy change ∆Hb
2835
230
8.8659
1685.15
β–liquid
11.3505
6.736
0.45
10.7
28.16
74.956
Dy
66
Dysprosium
2968
242.50
7.9956
1745.0
β–liquid
11.7570
6.738
0.074
16.2
27.15
75.019
Ho
67
Holmium
3136
261.4
7.3923
1802.0
α–liquid
19.9033
11.045
0.09
14
28.12
73.178
Er
68
Erbium
2220
190.7
7.3973
1818.0
α–liquid
16.8406
9.263
0.069
16.8
27.03
74.015
Tm
69
Thulium
2064
166.4
7.5730
1345.0
γ –liquid
8.6190
6.408
0.036
13.3
29.54
69.496
Sm
62
1870
144.7
8.0040
1095.0
α–liquid
9.2132
8.414
0.048
13.9
27.6
80.793
Eu
63
Europium
1467
128.83
6.7111
1097
γ –liquid
7.6567
6.980
0.051
38.5
26.74
59.831
Yb
70
Ytterbium
Promethium Samarium
Table 2.1-25B(c) Lanthanides. Thermal and thermodynamic properties, cont.
Cerium
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
3668
355.9
6.3890
1936.0
α–liquid
18.6481
9.632
0.036
16.4
26.86
50.961
Lu
71
Lutetium
3569
359.4
9.0876
1586.15
β–liquid
9.6680
6.095
0.02
10.6
37.02
68.089
Gd
64
K
kJ/mol
kJ/mol
J/(mol K)
(Vl − Vs )/Vl
at Tm
Units
Remarks
W/(m K)
J/(mol K) At 298.2 K
J/(mol K) At 298.15 K
and 100 kPa
kJ/mol
At 298.15 K
K
K
kJ/mol
kJ/mol
J/(mol K)
(Vl − Vs )/Vl
at Tm
Units
Remarks
W/(m K)
J/(mol K) At 298.2 K
J/(mol K) At 298.15 K
and 100 kPa
kJ/mol
At 298.15 K
K
Gadolinium
Part 2 1.5
Element name
Part 2
Table 2.1-25B(c) Lanthanides. Thermal and thermodynamic properties
146
The Elements
Ductile
metal
1130
11.9 × 10−4
Characteristics
a
a
a
5.49 × 10−3
72.9 × 10−3
3.09
916 × 10−3
Soft
metal
814
17.1 × 10−4
−2.2 × 10−9
2210
Ho
67
Holmium
490 × 10−6
3.33 × 10−3
48 × 10−3
3.12
603 × 10−3
1.90 × 10−3
26.2 × 10−3
3.12
329 × 10−3
Ductile
metal
670
19.5 × 10−4
−2.6 × 10−9
Tm
69
Thulium
106 × 10−6
1.28 × 10−3
Soft
metal
810
20.1 × 10−4
−27 × 10−9
2260
−0.34 × 10−10
Er
68
Erbium
The molar magnetic susceptibility is given for Tb and Dy for the α-phase [1.3].
8.00 × 10−3
98 × 10−3
170 × 10−3
15.3 × 10−3
3.09
1.232 a
890
11.9 × 10−4
−2.3 × 10−9
2100
Metal
Dy
66
Dysprosium
3.4
2.136 a
1930
Tb
65
Electrical resistivity ρs
Temperature coefficient
Pressure coefficient
Electrical resistivity ρl
Hall coefficient R
Electronic work function
Thermal work function
Molar magnetic susceptibility
χmol (SI)
Molar magnetic susceptibility
χmol (cgs)
Mass magnetic susceptibility
χmass (SI)
Terbium
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
474 × 10−6
217 × 10−6
Element name
5.53 × 10−3
2.5 × 10−3
5.93 × 10−3
2.7
3.2
16.1 × 10−3
3.2
3.3
74.5 × 10−3
914
14.8 × 10−4
−3.57 × 10−9
Metal
Sm
62
2.7
69.5 × 10−3
500
28 × 10−4
Metal
Pm
61
Samarium
−0.2 × 10−10
730
9.7 × 10−4
−45.2 × 10−9
Electrical resistivity ρs
Temperature coefficient
Pressure coefficient
Electrical resistivity ρl
Hall coefficient R
Thermoelectric coefficient
Electronic work function
Thermal work function
Molar magnetic
susceptibility χmol (SI)
Molar magnetic
susceptibility χmol (cgs)
Mass magnetic
susceptibility χmass (SI)
Nd
60
Promethium
1.92 × 10−10
4.39
2.88
2.6
31.4 × 10−3
Metal
Characteristics
Pr
59
Neodymium
Reactive
metal
610
21.3 × 10−4
−1.5 × 10−9
1550
0.971 × 10−10
Ce
58
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Praseodymium
Ductile
reactive metal
650
17.1 × 10−4
−0.4 × 10−9
1130
0.709 × 10−10
Cerium
Element name
4.9 × 10−6
67 × 10−6
2.50
842 × 10−6
Ductile
metal
250
13 × 10−4
9.7 × 10−9
1080
−0.53 × 10−10
Yb
70
Ytterbium
2.81 × 10−3
30.9 × 10−3
2.5
2.54
388 × 10−3
2440
Soft metal
very reactive
890
81.3 × 10−4
Eu
63
Europium
Units
cm3 /g
cm3 /mol
nΩ m
1/K
1/hPa
nΩ m
m3 /(A s)
µV/K
V
V
cm3 /mol
Units
13 × 10−6
183 × 10−6
cm3 /g
cm3 /mol
540
nΩ m
24 × 10−4
1/K
−1.31 × 10−9 1/hPa
nΩ m
m3 /(A s)
3.3
V
3.14
V
2.30 × 10−3
cm3 /mol
Metal
Lu
71
Lutetium
14.9 × 10−3
185 × 10−3
3.1
3.07
2.324
1260
17.6 × 10−4
−4.5 × 10−9
1950
0.95 × 10−10
Soft metal
Gd
64
Gadolinium
At 295 K
At 295 K
At 295 K
At 293 K, B < 1 T
At RT
Remarks
At 295 K
At 295 K
At 295 K
At 293 K, B < 1 T
At RT
Remarks
Part 2 1.5
Table 2.1-25B(d) Lanthanides. Electronic, electromagnetic, and optical properties
The Elements
1.5 Data
147
148
Part 2
The Elements
Part 2 1.5
Table 2.1-25C Lanthanides. Allotropic and high-pressure modifications
Element
Cerium
Praseodymium
Modification
α-Ce
β-Ce
γ -Ce
Crystal system, Bravais lattice
Structure type
Lattice constant a
Lattice constant c
Space group
Schoenflies symbol
Strukturbericht type
Pearson symbol
Number A of atoms per cell
Coordination number
cub, fc hex
Cu
α-La
516.10 367.3
1180.2
Fm3m P63 /mmc
4
Oh5
D6h
A1
A3
cF4
hP4
4
4
12
12
α -Ce
Ce-III
α-Pr
β-Pr
γ -Pr
cub, fc cub, fc
Cu
Cu
482
orth
α-U
cub, bc
W
413
cub, fc
Cu
488
Fm3m
Oh5
A1
cF4
4
12
Cmcm
17
D2h
A20
oC4
4
2+2
+4 + 4
hex
α-La
367.21
1183.26
P63 /mmc
4
D6h
A3
hP4
4
12
Im3m
Oh9
A2
cI2
2
8
Fm3m
Oh5
A1
cF4
4
12
RTP
358
345
>1094 K >4.0 GPa
Units
Shortest interatomic distance, solid 364
Range of stability
RTP
>263 K
Fm3m
Oh5
A1
cF4
4
12
<95 K >1.5 GPa 5.1 GPa
Element
Neodymium
Modification
α-Nd
β-Nd
γ -Nd
α-Pm
β-Pm
Crystal system, Bravais lattice
Structure type
Lattice constant a
Lattice constant c
Space group
Schoenflies symbol
Strukturbericht type
Pearson symbol
Number A of atoms per cell
Coordination number
Shortest interatomic distance, solid
Range of stability
hex
α-La
365.82
1179.66
P63 /mmc
4
D6h
A3
hP4
4
12
364
RTP
cub, bc
W
413
cub, fc
Cu
480
cub, bc
W
Im3m
Oh9
A2
cI2
2
8
358
> 1135 K
Fm3m
Oh5
A1
cF4
4
12
339
> 5.0 GPa
hex
α-La
365
1165
P63 /mmc
4
D6h
A3
hP4
4
12
362
RTP
Element
Samarium
Modification
α-Sm
β-Sm
γ -Sm
α-Gd
β-Gd
γ -Gd
Crystal system, Bravais lattice
Structure type
Lattice constant a
Lattice constant c
Space group
Schoenflies symbol
Strukturbericht type
Pearson symbol
Number A of atoms per cell
Coordination number
Shortest interatomic distance, solid
Range of stability
trig
α-Sm
362.90
2620.7
R3m
5
D3d
A7
hR3
3
12
361
RTP
cub, bc
W
hex
α-La
361.8
1166
P63 /mmc
4
D6h
A3
hP4
4
12
360
> 4.0 GPa
hex, cp
Mg
363.36
578.10
P63 /mmc
4
D6h
A3
hP2
2
12
360
RTP
cub, bc
W
406
trig
α-Sm
361
2603
R3m
5
D3d
A7
hR3
3
pm
pm
pm
Promethium
Units
pm
pm
Im3m
Oh9
A2
cI2
2
8
pm
> 1163 K
Gadolinium
Units
Im3m
Oh9
A2
cI2
2
8
353
> 1190 K
Im3m
Oh9
A2
cI2
2
8
351
> 1535 K
pm
pm
pm
> 3.0 GPa
The Elements
Element
Terbium
Dysprosium
Modification
α-Tb
β-Tb
Tb-II
α-Dy
β-Dy
α -Dy
γ -Dy
Crystal system, Bravais lattice
Structure type
Lattice constant a
Lattice constant b
Lattice constant c
Space group
Schoenflies symbol
Strukturbericht type
Pearson symbol
Number A of atoms per cell
Coordination number
Shortest interatomic distance, solid
Range of stability
hex, cp
Mg
360.55
cub, bc
W
trig
α-Sm
341
hex, cp
Mg
359.15
cub, bc
W
orth
trig
α-Sm
343.6
2450
R3m
5
D3d
A7
hR3
3
565.01
P63 /mmc
4
D6h
A3
hP2
2
12
355
RTP
Units
569.66
P63 /mmc
4
D6h
A3
hP2
2
12
357
RTP
Im3m
Oh9
A2
cI2
2
>1589 K >6.0 GPa
Im3m
Oh9
A2
cI2
2
8
345
>1243 K
Element
Holmium
Erbium
Modification
α-Ho
β-Ho
γ -Ho
α-Er
β-Er
Crystal system, Bravais lattice
Structure type
Lattice constant a
Lattice constant c
Space group
Schoenflies symbol
Strukturbericht type
Pearson symbol
Number A of atoms per cell
Coordination number
Shortest interatomic distance, solid
Range of stability
hex, cp
Mg
357.78
561.78
P63 /mmc
4
D6h
A3
hP2
2
12
353
RTP
cub, bc
W
trig
α-Sm
334
2450
R3m
5
D3d
A7
hR3
3
hex, cp
Mg
355.92
558.50
P63 /mmc
4
D6h
A3
hP2
2
12
351
RTP
cub, bc
W
359.5
618.4
567.8
Cmcm
17
D2h
2483.0
R3m
5
D3d
oC4
4
hR3
3
<86 K
>7.5 GPa
pm
pm
pm
pm
Thulium
α-Tm
β-Tm
Tm-II
cub, bc
W
trig
α-Sm
Units
hex, cp
Mg
353.75
555.40
Im3m
P63 /mmc
4
Oh9
D6h
A2
A3
cI2
hP2
2
2
8
12
349
High tem- RTP
perature
Lutetium
pm
pm
Element
Im3m
Oh9
A2
cI2
2
8
343
High tem- > 4.0
perature GPa
Ytterbium
Im3m
Oh9
A2
cI2
2
8
R3m
5
D3d
Modification
α-Yb
β-Yb
γ -Yb
α-Lu
β-Lu
Lu-II
Crystal system, Bravais lattice
Structure type
Lattice constant a
Lattice constant c
Space group
Schoenflies symbol
Strukturbericht type
Pearson symbol
Number A of atoms per cell
Coordination number
Shortest interatomic distance, solid
Range of stability
cub, fc
Cu
548.48
cub, bc
W
444
trig
α-Sm
Im3m
Oh9
A2
cI2
2
8
385
> 1005 K
hex, cp
Mg
350.52
554.94
P63 /mmc
4
D6h
A3
hP2
2
12
347
RTP
cub, bc
W
Fm3m
Oh5
A1
cF4
4
12
388
RTP
hex, cp
Mg
387.99
638.59
P63 /mmc
4
D6h
A3
hP2
2
6+6
388
< 270 K
hR3
3
pm
High tem- > 6.0
perature GPa
Units
pm
pm
Im3m
Oh9
A2
cI2
2
8
385
> 1005 K
R3m
5
D3d
hR3
3
12
pm
> 23 GPa
149
Part 2 1.5
Table 2.1-25C Lanthanides. Allotropic and high-pressure modifications, cont.
1.5 Data
150
Part 2
The Elements
Part 2 1.5
Table 2.1-25D Lanthanides. Ionic radii (determined from crystal structures)
Element
Cerium
Ion
Ce3+
Coordination number
6
8
9
10
12
Praseodymium
Ce4+
101
114
87
97
125
134
107
114
NeoPromedymium thium
Pr3+ Pr4+ Nd3+
99
113
85
96
98
112
116
Samarium
Gadolinium
Pm3+
Sm2+ Sm3+ Eu2+
Eu3+
Gd3+
109
119
127
95
107
94
105
96
108
117
125
135
127
124
Element
Terbium
Dysprosium
Erbium
Thulium
Ion
Tb3+
Tb4+
Dy2+
Dy3+
Er3+
Tm2+
92
76
107
91
89
101
109
104
88
119
103
100
Coordination number
6
7
8
9
Europium
Ytterbium
Lutetium
Tm3+
Yb2+
Lu3+
88
102
99
114
Yb3+
86
99
104
97
Units
pm
pm
pm
pm
pm
Units
pm
pm
pm
pm
According to Allred and Rochow.
186
–OPQ
5I
8
[Rn]5f10 7s2
3+
(1.2)
6.30
170
–OPQ
6H
15/2
[Rn]5f9 7s2
4+, 3+
(1.2)
6.23
a
Radioactive
[251]
Radioactive
[247]
Characteristics
Relative atomic mass A
(atomic weight)
Atomic radius rmet
Electron shells
Electronic ground state
Electronic configuration
Oxidation states
Electronegativity χA a
1st ionization energy
Californium
Bk
97
Cf
98
4 × 10−6
142
154
–OPQ
5L
6
[Rn]5f3 6d1 7s2
6+, 5+,
4+, 3+
(1.22)
6.19405
Radioactive
238.0289(1)
U
92
Uranium
–OPQ
3H
6
[Rn]5f12 7s2
(1.2)
6.50
(1.2)
6.42
Radioactive
[257]
Fm
100
Fermium
150
–OPQ
6L
11/2
[Rn]5f4 6d1 7s2
6+, 5+,
4+, 3+
(1.22)
6.2657
Radioactive
[237]
Np
93
Neptunium
186
–OPQ
5I
15/2
[Rn]5f11 7s2
Radioactive
[252]
Es
99
Einsteinium
Reaction type Th4+ + 4e− = Th
Berkelium
c
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
According to Allred and Rochow.
(1.14)
5.89
Element name
Mass ratio.
c
(1.11)
6.08
11.5
20.0
28.8
−1.899
Electronegativity χA b
1st ionization energy
2nd ionization energy
3rd ionization energy
4th ionization energy
Standard electrode potential E 0
b
164
–OPQ
4K
11/2
[Rn]5f2 6d1 7s2
5+, 4+
11.5 × 10−6
165
180
–OPQ
3F
2
[Rn]6d2 7s2
4+
a
Radioactive
231.03588(2)
Radioactive
232.0381(1)
Characteristics
Relative atomic mass A
(atomic weight)
Abundance in lithosphere a
Atomic radius rcov
Atomic radius rmet
Electron shells
Electronic ground state
Electronic configuration
Oxidation states
Pa
91
Th
90
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Protactinium
Thorium
Element name
(1.2)
6.58
–OPQ
2F
7/2
[Rn]5f13 7s2
Radioactive
[258]
Md
101
Mendelevium
164
–OPQ
7F
0
[Rn]5f6 7s2
6+, 5+,
4+, 3+
(1.22)
6.06
Radioactive
[244]
Pu
94
Plutonium
6.65
–OPQ
1S
0
[Rn]5f14 7s2
Radioactive
[259]
No
102
Nobelium
173
–OPQ
8S
7/2
[Rn]5f7 7s2
6+, 5+,
4+, 3+
(1.2)
5.993
Radioactive
[243]
Am
95
Americium
Units
–OPQ
2D
5/2
[Rn]5f14 6d1 7s2
3+
Radioactive
[262]
Lr
103
Lawrencium
(1.2)
6.02
eV
pm
Units
eV
eV
eV
eV
V
pm
174
pm
–OPQ
9D
2
[Rn]5f7 6d1 7s2
3+
Radioactive
[247]
Cu
96
Curium
2.1.5.5 Elements of the Actinides Period
Part 2 1.5
Table 2.1-26A Actinides. Atomic, ionic, and molecular properties (see Table 2.1-26D for ionic radii)
The Elements
1.5 Data
151
Berkelium
Bk
97
hex
α-La
341.6
1106.9
P63 /mmc
4
D6h
A3
hP4
4
Element name
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Crystal system, Bravais lattice
Structure type
Lattice constant a
Lattice constant c
Space group
Schoenflies symbol
Strukturbericht type
Pearson symbol
Number A of atoms per cell
Fm3m
Oh5
A1
cF4
4
12
360
cub, fc
Cu
508.51
Th
90
Modification
Crystal system, Bravais lattice
Structure type
Lattice constant a
Lattice constant b
Lattice constant c
Lattice angle γ
Space group
Schoenflies symbol
Strukturbericht type
Pearson symbol
Number A of atoms per cell
Coordination number
Shortest interatomic distance, solid
Thorium
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
hex
α-La
P63 /mmc
4
D6h
A3
hP4
4
P63 /mmc
4
D6h
A3
hP4
4
Es
99
Einsteinium
Fm
100
Fermium
Pnma
16
D2h
Ac
oP8
8
8+6
259–335
orth, P
α-Np
666.3
472.3
488.7
α-U
orth, C
α-U
285.38
586.80
495.57
Cmcm
17
D2h
A20
oC4
4
2+2+4+4
276
Np
93
Neptunium
U
92
Uranium
hex
α-La
Cf
98
Californium
I4/mmm
17
D4h
A6
tI2
2
8+2
321
324.2
tetr, I
α-Pa
394.5
Pa
91
Protactinium
Md
101
Mendelevium
257–278
mP16
16
α-Pu
mon, P
α-Pu
618.3
482.2
1096.8
101.78
P21 /m
2
C2h
Pu
94
Plutonium
No
102
Lr
103
Lawrencium
P63 /mmc
4
D6h
A3
hP4
4
6+6
349
P63 /mmc
4
D6h
A3
hP4
4
6+6
347
Nobelium
1133.1
hex
α-La
349.6
Cu
96
Curium
1124.1
hex
α-La
346.8
Am
95
Americium
pm
pm
Units
pm
pm
pm
pm
deg
Units
Part 2 1.5
Element name
Part 2
Table 2.1-26B(a) Actinides. Crystallographic properties (see Table 2.1-26C for allotropic and high-pressure modifications)
152
The Elements
15.0
15.40
Pa
91
Protactinium
0.219
294–687
50.9
45.5
77.0
−10.9
22.0
12.5 × 10−6 7.3 × 10−6
1630
2850
1.86 × 10−5
78.3
76
30.8
0.26
27.4
1.05
11.70
10.35
19.80
Th
90
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Modification
Density , solid
Density , liquid
Molar volume Vmol
Viscosity η, liquid
Surface tension, liquid
Temperature coefficient
Coefficient of linear thermal expansion α
Sound velocity, solid, transverse
Sound velocity, solid, longitudinal
Volume compressibility κ
Elastic modulus E
Shear modulus G
Poisson number µ
Elastic compliance s11
Elastic compliance s22
Elastic compliance s33
Elastic compliance s44
Elastic compliance s55
Elastic compliance s66
Elastic compliance s12
Elastic compliance s13
Elastic compliance s23
Elastic stiffness c11
Elastic stiffness c22
Elastic stiffness c33
Elastic stiffness c44
Elastic stiffness c55
Elastic stiffness c66
Elastic stiffness c12
Elastic stiffness c13
Elastic stiffness c23
Tensile strength
Vickers hardness
Thorium
Element name
1.53
−0.14 × 10−3
12.6 × 10−6
1940
3370
0.785 × 10−5
177
70.6
0.25
4.91
6.73
4.79
8.04
13.6
13.4
−1.19
0.08
−2.61
215
199
267
124
73.4
74.3
46
22
108
0.585
1960
18.90
17.907
12.56
U
92
Uranium
92.7
45
0.18
68
0.525
2500–2800
55 × 10−6
α-Pu
19.80
16.623
12.3
7.4
0.55
Pu
94
Plutonium
27.5 × 10−6
11.71
20.40
Np
93
Neptunium
17.78
13.60
Am
95
Americium
18.3
13.510
Cu
96
Curium
1/TPa
1/TPa
1/TPa
1/TPa
1/TPa
1/TPa
1/TPa
1/TPa
1/TPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
GPa
cm3 /mol
mPa s
N/m
N/(m K)
1/K
m/s
m/s
1/MPa
GPa
GPa
g/cm3
Units
1.5 Data
Part 2 1.5
Table 2.1-26B(b) Actinides. Mechanical properties
The Elements
153
Bk
97
14.790
16.70
Density , solid
Molar volume Vmol
9.310
26.96
Cf
98
Californium
8.840
28.5
Es
99
Bk
97
About 10
(76.15)
1256
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Thermal conductivity λ
Standard entropy S0
Melting temperature Tm
Transition
Enthalpy change ∆Hm
Entropy change ∆Sm
Enthalpy of boiling ∆Hb
About 10
80.542
1213
Cf
98
Berkelium Californium
Element name
α-U
22.0
27.66
50.200
6.3640
1408.0
γ –liquid
9.1420
6.493
0.022
4407
464.1
U
92
About 10
89.471
1133.0
β–liquid
9.4056
8.302
Es
99
Einsteinium
α-Pa
About 47
(27.61)
51.882
6.4392
1844.78
β–liquid
12.3412
6.690
α-Th
77.0
27.32
51.800
6.3500
2022.99
β–liquid
13.8072
6.825
0.05
5061
514.1
Modification
Thermal conductivity λ
Molar heat capacity c p
Standard entropy S0
Enthalpy difference H298 − H0
Melting temperature Tm
Transition
Enthalpy change ∆Hm
Entropy change ∆Sm
Relative volume change ∆Vm
Boiling temperature Tb
Enthalpy change ∆Hb
481
Pa
91
Th
90
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
423.4
α-Np
6.3
29.62
50.459
6.6065
917.0
γ –liquid
3.1986
3.488
Np
93
3.26
1.02
87.236
1800
Fm
100
Fermium
Protactinium Uranium
Thorium
Element name
Fm
100
Fermium
1100
Md
101
1100
No
102
Nobelium
2880
238.5
3503
260.0
Am
95
About 10
25.9
55.396
6.4070
1449.0
γ –liquid
14.3930
9.933
Mendelevium
No
102
1900
Lr
103
Lawrencium
395.7
About 10
(27.70)
71.965
6.1337
1618.0
β–liquid
14.6440
9.051
Cu
96
Remarks
Lr
103
Lawrencium
Units
g/cm3
cm3 /mol
(Vl − Vs )/Vl at Tm
kJ/mol
J/(mol K)
kJ/mol
Units
Remarks
W/(m K)
J/(mol K) At 298.15 K and 100 kPa
K
K
kJ/mol
kJ/mol
J/(mol K)
W/(m K)
J/(mol K) At 298 K
J/(mol K) At 298.15 K and 100 kPa
kJ/mol
K
Units
Nobelium
Americium Curium
Md
101
Mendelevium
α-Pu
6.74
32.84
54.461
6.9023
913.0
ε–liquid
2.8240
3.093
Pu
94
Neptunium Plutonium
Einsteinium
Table 2.1-26B(c) Actinides. Thermal and thermodynamic properties
Berkelium
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Part 2 1.5
Element name
Part 2
Table 2.1-26B(b) Actinides. Mechanical properties, cont.
154
The Elements
a
Berkelium
Bk
97
Metal
Element name
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
Characteristics
At 298 K, B = 0.3–0.7 T.
7.2 × 10−6
Metal
Cf
98
Californium
Metal
Es
99
Fm
100
50 × 10−6
Metal
Md
101
Mendelevium
31.7 × 10−6
525 × 10−6
Fermium
575 × 10−6
Einsteinium
21.6 × 10−6
409 × 10−6
6.60 × 10−3
No
102
Nobelium
Lr
103
Lawrencium
cm3 /g
cm3 /mol
V
V
cm3 /mol
277 × 10−6
nΩ m
1/K
1/Pa
K
Units
97 × 10−6
Metal,
very reactive
860
3.47
3.47
5.14 × 10−3
680
33 × 10−4
Metal
Cu
96
Curium
4.8
3.48 × 10−3
0.69 × 10−6
Metal,
very toxic
1414
Am
95
Americium
3.67
3.42
1.22 × 10−3
7.23 × 10−3
Reactive
metal
Pu
94
Plutonium
m3 /(A s)
µV/K
177
Ductile
metal
280
28.2 × 10−4
Np
93
Neptunium
0.34 × 10−10
5.0
147
27.5 × 10−4
−3.4 × 10−9
1.37
Electrical resistivity ρs
Temperature coefficient
Pressure coefficient
Superconducting critical
temperature Tcrit
Superconducting critical
field Hcrit
Hall coefficient R a
Thermoelectronic
coefficient
Electronic work function
Thermal work function
Molar magnetic
susceptibility χmol (SI)
Molar magnetic
susceptibility χmol (cgs)
Mass magnetic
susceptibility χmol (SI)
Toxic metal
U
92
Uranium
−1.2 × 10−10
Soft metal
Characteristics
Pa
91
Protactinium
Oe
Th
90
Chemical symbol
Atomic number Z
162
Thorium
Element name
At RT
Remarks
Part 2 1.5
Table 2.1-26B(d) Actinides. Electronic, electromagnetic, and optical properties
The Elements
1.5 Data
155
338.7
P421 2
7
D4h
Ad
tP4
4
8+6
275–356
>553 K
Pnma
16
D2h
Ac
oP8
8
8+6
260–336
RTP
489.6
Im3m
Oh9
A2
cI2
2
8+6
305
>850 K
928.4
1046.3
785.9
92.13
I2/m
3
C2h
mI34
34
259–310
>395 K
mP16
16
257–278
RTP
mon
β-Pu
> 1443 K
Im3m
Oh9
A2
cI2
2
2+2+4+4
cub, bc
W
β-Pa
618.3
482.2
1096.8
101.78
P21 /m
2
C2h
mon, P
orth, P
α-Np
666.3
472.3
488.7
Crystal system, Bravais lattice
Structure type
Lattice constant a
Lattice constant b
Lattice constant c
Lattice angle γ
Space group
Schoenflies symbol
Strukturbericht type
Pearson symbol
Number A of atoms per cell
Coordination number
Shortest interatomic distance, solid
Range of stability
cub, bc
W
352
α-Pu
α-Np
Modification
tetr
Plutonium
Neptunium
324.2
I4/mmm
17
D4h
A6
tI2
2
8+2
321
RTP
Element
γ -Np
Im3m
Oh9
A2
cI2
2
8
356
> 1673 K
Fm3m
Oh5
A1
cF4
4
12
360
RTP
β-Np
cub, bc
W
411
cub, fc
Cu
508.51
Crystal system, Bravais lattice
Structure type
Lattice constant a
Lattice constant b
Lattice constant c
Space group
Schoenflies symbol
Strukturbericht type
Pearson symbol
Number A of atoms per cell
Coordination number
Shortest interatomic distance, solid
Range of stability
tetr, I
In
394.5
α-Pa
α-Th
Modification
β-Th
Protactinium
Thorium
oF8
8
4+2+4
303
>508 K
Fddd
24
D2h
315.87
576.82
1016.2
orth
γ -Pu
I4/mmm
17
D4h
A6
tI2
2
4+8
333
>726 K
446.30
tetr
In
332.61
δ -Pu
tP30
30
12
287–353
> 935 K
565.4
P42 /mmm
14
C2h
1075.9
tetr
β-U
Fm3m
Oh5
A1
cF4
4
12
328
>592 K
cub, fc
Cu
463.71
δ-Pu
orth, C
α-U
285.38
586.80
495.57
Cmcm
17
D2h
A20
oC4
4
2+2+4+4
276
RTP
α-U
Uranium
Im3m
Oh9
A2
cI2
2
8+6
315
>744 K
cub, bc
W
570.3
ε-Pu
Im3m
Oh9
A2
cI2
2
8
347
> 1045 K
cub, bc
W
352.4
γ -U
pm
pm
pm
pm
deg
Units
pm
pm
pm
pm
Units
Part 2 1.5
Element
Part 2
Table 2.1-26C Actinides. Allotropic and high-pressure modifications
156
The Elements
The Elements
Element
Americium
Curium
Modification
α-Am
β-Am
γ -Am
α-Cm
β-Cm
Crystal system, Bravais lattice
Structure type
Lattice constant a
Lattice constant b
Lattice constant c
Space group
Schoenflies symbol
Strukturbericht type
Pearson symbol
Number A of atoms per cell
Coordination number
Shortest interatomic distance, solid
Range of stability
hex
α-La
346.8
cub, fc
Cu
489.4
hex
α-La
349.6
cub, fc
Cu
438.1
1124.1
P63 /mmc
4
D6h
A3
hP4
4
6+6
347
RTP
Fm3m
Oh5
A1
cF4
4
12
346
> 878 K
orth
α-U
306.3
596.8
516.9
Cmcm
17
D2h
A20
oC4
4
1133.1
P63 /mmc
4
D6h
A3
hP4
4
6+6
350
RTP
Fm3m
Oh5
A1
cF4
4
12
310
> 1449 K
Units
> 15.0 GPa
Element
Berkelium
Californium
Modification
α-Bk
β-Bk
α-Cf
β-Cf
α-Es
β-Es
Crystal system, Bravais lattice
Structure type
Lattice constant a
Lattice constant c
Space group
Schoenflies symbol
Strukturbericht type
Pearson symbol
Number A of atoms per cell
Coordination number
Shortest interatomic distance, solid
Range of stability
hex
α-La
341.6
1106.9
P63 /mmc
4
D6h
A3
hP4
4
cub, fc
Cu
499.7
hex
α-La
cub, fc
Cu
hex
α-La
cub, fc
Cu
Fm3m
Oh5
A1
cF4
4
12
353
> 1183 K
P63 /mmc
4
D6h
A3
hP4
4
pm
pm
pm
pm
Einsteinium
Units
RTP
pm
pm
Fm3m
Oh5
A1
cF4
4
12
406
> 1213 K
P63 /mmc
4
D6h
A3
hP4
4
Fm3m
Oh5
A1
cF4
4
RTP
> 1093 K
pm
Table 2.1-26D Actinides. Ionic radii (determined from crystal structures)
Element
Thorium
Protactinium
Ion
Th4+
Pa3+
Coordination number
2
4
6
8
10
12
94
105
113
121
104
Pa4+
90
Uranium
Pa5+
78
U3+
103
U4+
89
100
117
Neptunium
U5+
76
U6+
45
52
73
86
Np3+ Np4+ Np5+ Np6+
101
87
75
72
Units
pm
pm
pm
pm
pm
pm
157
Part 2 1.5
Table 2.1-26C Actinides. Allotropic and high-pressure modifications, cont.
1.5 Data
158
Part 2
The Elements
Part 2 1
Table 2.1-26D Actinides. Ionic radii (determined from crystal structures), cont.
Element
Plutonium
Americium
Curium
Ion
Pu3+
Pu4+
Pu5+
Pu6+
Am3+
Am4+
Cm3+
Cm4+
Coordination number
6
8
100
86
74
71
98
109
85
95
97
85
95
Element
Berkelium
Ion
Bk3+
Bk4+
Cf
Coordination number
6
8
96
83
93
95
Units
pm
pm
Californium
3+
Cf
82
92
4+
Units
pm
pm
References
1.1
1.2
W. Martienssen (Ed.): Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology,
Landolt–Börnstein, New Series III and IV (Springer,
Berlin, Heidelberg 1970–2003)
R. Blachnik (Ed.): Elemente, anorganische Verbindungen und Materialien, Minerale, D’Ans-Lax,
Taschenbuch für Chemiker und Physiker, Vol. 3, 4th
edn. (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1998)
1.3
1.4
D. R. Lide (Ed.): CRC Handbook of Chemistry
and Physics, 80th edn. (CRC Press, Boca Raton
1999)
Lehrstuhl für Werkstoffchemie, T.H. Aachen: Thermodynamic Properties of Inorganic Materials, Landolt–
Börnstein, New Series IV/19 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1999)