Download INTRODUCTORY LAB REPORT

BIOL 260: CARDIOVASCULAR REPORT (20 pts.)
Names: ______________________
A Note Regarding Lab Reports:
1. ALL group members must contribute equally to all aspects of the report (performing experiments, writing, and
final editing), and all members must be ALLOWED to contribute equally to all aspects of the report.
2. Percent (%) contribution of each group member should be specified (especially if not equal to the others), & signed.
3. Report should be finished and be submitted to ALL group members for FINAL EDITING at least 24 hours before
turning it in during your weekly lab time.
PART 1: CARDIAC CYCLE (3 points)
1.
Expt. 8: (A) Which portion of an ECG corresponds to atrial systole? (B) Refer to Table 1 in your lab
manual. How does exercise affect the duration of atrial systole? Provide quantitative data. (C) What is
happening to blood flow through the heart during atrial systole? Explain HOW and WHY this happens.
2.
Expt. 8: (A) Which portion of an ECG corresponds to ventricular diastole? Next, sketch a normal ECG
and label the periods of atrial diastole and ventricular diastole. (B) What is happening to blood flow
through the heart’s chambers during ventricular diastole? Explain HOW and WHY this happens. (C)
Refer to Table 1 in your lab manual. How does the duration of ventricular diastole change from rest to
exercise? Explain HOW and WHY this happens. Provide quantitative data.
3.
IP: (A) In your own words define: ischemia and myocardial infarction. (B) During ventricular diastole,
fresh oxygenated blood flows from the aorta through the coronary arteries providing nourishment and
oxygen to the myocardium. Given this information, along with your answer to question 2c, explain why
a MI is more likely to occur in persons (especially those with coronary artery disease) during periods of
vigorous exercise.
PART 2: BLOOD PRESSURE & PULSE (5 points)
4.
Expt. 8: It is possible to measure a patient’s heart rate by either palpating their peripheral pulse, by
observing their ECG, or by listening for the lub-dup through a stethoscope. However, patients with
atherosclerosis of the femoral artery may not have a pulse in the popliteal artery or dorsalis pedis of
the foot. Does this mean that they will also lack a heart beat (lub-dup) or QRS complex? Explain the
relationship between a heart beat, pulse, and QRS complex. (B) Explain why is there a delay between
systole of the ECG and the resulting pulse felt in the finger?
 For questions 5-7, answer questions in detail and quantitatively (include a labeled graph with
caption) if your group actually conducted that experiment. If your group did NOT perform that
experiment, answer the conceptual parts of questions as best you can, basing your answers and
conclusions on your knowledge gained from lecture and lab exercises.
5.
Expt. 8, Temperature: Refer to the ECG & Pulse lab when answering the following questions. (A)
Predict the effect of temperature (both warm and cold) on cutaneous blood perfusion. Do vessels
constrict or dilate? How would this affect flow rate? What is the purpose of this action? Explain your
reasoning. (B) [IF your group tested the Temperature hypothesis.] Look at the actual pulse rate,
amplitude, R-pulse (QRS), and pulse wave velocity data obtained when the forearm was chilled and
when it was warmed. What do each of these results indicate? Are the results consistent with your
predictions in part A? Explain your reasoning. Cite all 8 data points within your answer. Make a table
and/or bar graph!
6.
Expt. 8, Body Position: Refer to the ECG & Pulse lab when answering the following questions. (A) [IF
your group tested the Body Position hypothesis.] What happened to the pulse rate and amplitude
when your Subject stood up compared to being seated with legs elevated? Provide quantitative data.
(B) How might these results help explain the effects on blood pressure/flow of rapidly standing up after
prolonged bed rest (orthostatic hypotension)? Explain your reasoning.
7.
Expt. 8, Forearm fatigue: Refer to the ECG & Pulse lab when answering the following questions. (A)
How did the various pulse characteristics change, compared to reclining, after deep knee bends (or
other mild exercise)? Cite quantitative data. How can you explain these observations? (B) [IF your
group tested the Fatigue hypothesis.] How did the various pulse characteristics change, compared to
reclining, after the fatigue of the forearm muscles? Cite quantitative data. How can you explain these
observations?
Rpt_cardio.doc
Revised 4.7.13 DJH, NCS
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BIOL 260: CARDIOVASCULAR REPORT (20 pts.)
8.
Names: ______________________
Expt. 10: (A) What is actually causing the sounds of Korotkoff? (B) Why does sound occur between
systolic and diastolic pressures but no sound occurs below diastolic pressure? That is, what is the
relationship between cuff pressure, blood pressure, and the cause of these sounds? (C) What is the
difference between the terms “systole” and “systolic pressure”?
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PART 3: PhysioEx 5 [& 6]: CARDIOVASCULAR DYNAMICS (3 pts.)
In the PhysioEx 9.0 Simulations, focus on Exercise 5: Cardiovascular Dynamics, Activities 1 & 4-7, and
answer the following Review Questions: You may save and submit this part of the Lab Report pdf with your
report, or directly type it into this Report Template DOC file.
9. ACTIVITY 1: Studying the Effect of Blood Vessel Radius on Blood Flow Rate. Answer Review Questions 1-2.
a. Explain how the body establishes a pressure gradient for fluid flow.
b. Explain the effect that the flow tube radius change had on flow rate. How well did the results compare with
your prediction?
10. ACTIVITY 4: Studying the Effect of Blood Pressure on Blood Flow Rate. Answer Review Questions 1-3.
a. Explain the effect that pressure changes had on flow rate. How well did the results compare with your
prediction?
b. How does the plot differ from the plots for tube radius, viscosity, and tube length? How well did the results
compare with your prediction?
c. Explain why pressure changes are not the best way to control blood flow.
11. ACTIVITY 5: Studying the Effect of Blood Vessel Radius on Pump Activity. Answer Review Questions 1, 3.
a. Explain the effect of increasing the right flow tube radius on the flow rate, resistance, and pump rate.
b. Briefly describe how the human heart could compensate for flow rate changes to maintain blood pressure
12. ACTIVITY 6: Studying the Effect of Stroke Volume on Pump Activity. Answer Review Questions 1-3.
a. Describe the Frank-Starling law in the heart.
b. Explain what happened to the pump rate when you increased the stroke volume. Why do you think this
occurred? How well did the results compare with your prediction?
c. Describe how the heart alters stroke volume.
13. ACTIVITY 7: Compensation in Pathological Cardiovascular Conditions. Answer Review Questions 1-2.
a. Explain how the heart could compensate for changes in peripheral resistance.
b. Which mechanism had the greatest compensatory effect? How well did the results compare with your
prediction?
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PART 4: THE EFFECTS OF EXERCISE (7 points)
14. Expt. 10: Include a copy of Table 3 from the “Blood Pressure” lab. (B) From what you have learned in
class and in your reading, describe the physiologic mechanisms that brought about the observed
changes in MAP, HR, SV, and PR. Explain your reasoning, using quantitative data.
15. Expt. 9: Graph the data from Tables 2 and 3 of the “Aerobic Exercise” lab as follows: construct a
single XY line graph for breathing rate that runs from 0-600 seconds along the x-axis. Repeat, making
separate graphs for airflow, skin temp, and heart rate. Include full captions for each graph and attach
all 4 graphs to this report.
16. Expt. 9: Qualitatively and quantitatively describe the changes in skin temperature that you observed
during exercise. (B) Skin temperature can be affected by blood distribution (superficial
vasoconstriction/dilation) and by evaporative cooling. Considering these facts, propose a reasonable
explanation for the changes in skin temperature you observed during and after exercise. Hint: You may
want to read portions of Ch. 25 in Silverthorn as you consider your answer.
Rpt_cardio.doc
Revised 4.7.13 DJH, NCS
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BIOL 260: CARDIOVASCULAR REPORT (20 pts.)
Names: ______________________
17. Expt. 9: Qualitatively and quantitatively describe the changes you observed in ventilation (both
breathing rate and airflow) during exercise. (B) Explain the physiologic reason why ventilation
temporarily remains elevated post-exercise. Hint: You may want to read portions of Ch. 25 in
Silverthorn as you consider your answer.
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18. (3 points) Include the summary (500 words) of your literature research on the topic assigned by your
instructor, or on post-exercise recovery period for the cardiopulmonary systems. Summarize the
background and hypothesis, very briefly describe what was done, and summarize the major
conclusions. Cite your source using APA style.
 SUGGESTED TOPICS of CURRENT Research from Professional Literature:
i. Factors affecting post-exercise recovery period (time/length) for the cardiopulmonary systems.
ii. Neural or hormonal mechanisms of regulating heart activity and blood pressure.
iii. Regulation of If channels and/or Ca++ channel opening by autonomic signals/receptors.
iv. Regulation of voltage-gated Ca++ channels in autorhythmic/pacemaker cardiac cells.
v. Regulation of Ca++ ATPase by Phospholamban.
vi. Stretch activation of cardiac Ca++ channels. Are they the same Ca++ channels that are also voltagegated, or different Ca++ channels?
vii. Mechanisms of platelet attachment and activation; mechanisms of blood clotting (CURRENT
research)
viii. The healing process in heart muscle, eg: following severe chest trauma, etc.
ix. How does an artificial pacemaker work? How is it surgically implanted?
Rpt_cardio.doc
Revised 4.7.13 DJH, NCS
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