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CARDIO-VASCULAR SYSTEM
1. The thickest layer in the walls of veins is the:
A. Tunika media
B. Tunica adventitia
C. External elastic lamina
D. Tunica intima
E. Internal elastic lamina
2. Each of the following statements concerning muscular arteries is true except:
A They contain more elastic fibers than smooth muscle cells
B The media contains smooth muscle cells
C They have an endothelium at the lumen
D They have an elastic external membrane
E The media contains elastic fibers
3. Each of the following statements concerning large veins is true except:
A They have valves
B They have well-defined elastic internal and external membranes
C The adventitia may contain smooth muscle
D The media contains elastic fibers
E The media contains smooth muscle
4. Many blood vessels have elastic fibers in their tunica media. Which of the following blood
vessels contains the most elastic fibers?
A The radial artery
B The renal artery
C The aorta
D The inferior vena cava
E The superior vena cava
5. Characteristics of sinusoidal capillaries include all of the following except:
A They have unusually wide lumens
B They have abundant fenestrations
C They usually follow a tortuous (twisting) course
D They usually have a continuous basal lamina
E They often have phagocytic cells inserted between the endothelial cells of their lining
6. Pericytes:
A. Are specialized cardiac muscle cells
B. Cling to the outside of capillaries
C. Are specialized smooth muscle cells
D. Are terminally differentiated
E. Are multinucleated
7. Each of the following statements concerning cardiac muscle cells is true except:
A They have less sacroplasmic reticulum than skeletal muscle cells
B They areabundant in the walls of the ventricles and atria
C They are abundant in the epicardium
D They contain T tubules
E Gap junctions facilitate ionic communication between cardiac muscle cells
For questions 8 through 11, one, more than one, or all of the answers may be correct. Select
A. if only (1), (2) and (3) are correct
B. if only (1) and (3) are correct
C. if only (2) and (4) are correct
D. if only (4) is correct
E. if all answers are correct
8. The tunica intima:
1. Has a layer of dense connective tissue
2. Is avascular
3. Is separated from the tunica media of arteries by the external elastic lamina
4.Has a layer of simple squamous epithelium
9. Fenestrated capillaries:
1. Are found in the kidney
2. Are important in the transport of macromolecules between blood and tissues
3. Have a continuous basal lamina
4. May have thin daiphragms covering their pores
10. Physiologic functions in which arteriovenous anastomoses play an important part
include:
1. Menstruation
2. Thermoregulation
3. Erection
4. Regulation of blood pressure
11. Purkinje fibers:
1. Are specialized cardiac muscle cells for providing impulses
2. Are densely packed under endocardium
3. Communicate with typical cardiac muscle cells through gap junctions
4. Are most commonly found directly beneath the ventricular epicardium
1-B
2-A
3-B
4-C
5-D
6-B
7-C
8-C
9-E
10 - D
11 - A
REAL - LIFE SITUATIONS TO BE SOLVED:
1. In the specimens muscular artery and vein are seen. They are stained with orcein. What
structures of the vessels wall are stained? What are the specific features of the artery?
2. It is known that in arteriosclerosis arteries wall are thickening and damaged. What tunic is
changed most of all and why?
3. Blood vessel with valves is seen in the specimen. What is the type of the vessel? What is the
valves structure?
4. In deep freezing the skin is pale. What peculiarities of the skin vascular system does it depend
on?
5. In the specimen of blood vessel, which is stained with orcein, the outer and inner tunics
contain elastic fibers. The middle one has elastic membranes. Name this vessel, please.
6. There are two equal-sized -20 mkm- vessels in the specimen. The wall of the first one
consists of two types of the cell, the other – of one. Name, please, these vessels and cells,
which constitute their walls.
7. It is known, that I.M. Sechenow had named the arterioles “wonderful tap” of the body
vascular system. What histologic and functional peculiarities of the arterioles allow calling
them in such way?
8. In the specimen there seen the vessels, through which the blood passes from the arterioles to
the veins, passes round the capillaries. What are these vessels?
9. There are such specimens: liver, spleen and red bone marrow. One of the cell types, which
are disposed in the capillaries wall, has protective function. Name these capillaries, cells with
protective functions? What system of the organism they belong to?
10. Arterioles and blood capillaries, whose diameter is 20 mkm, are seen in the specimen. How to
differentiate them (due to what specific feature) and what type of vessels they are?
11. One can reveal some layers in the walls of the blood vessels and in the heart walls. What
tunic of the heart is similar to the blood vascular wall according to its histogenesis and tissue
structure?
12. Muscular layer of the heart endocardium and blood vessel is of cellular structure. What kind
of muscular tissue is it formed by? What is the source of its development?
13. Two specimens of striated muscular tissue were undergone to medical assessment. One
specimen showed symplastic structures with nuclei placed peripherally, the second one
demonstrated central nuclei arrangement. What specimen presents the cardiac muscle? Why
do you think so?
14. The investigation of cardiac muscle cells ultrastructure revealed some cells to include many
myofibrils and mitochondria but little sarcoplasm, the others had much sarcoplasm and few
myofibrils and mitochondria. What types of cardiac muscle cells do they present?
15. The patient came through myocardial infarction (a partial necrosis of the cardiac muscle).
What type of regeneration takes place? What cells and tissue promote this regeneration?
1. It is known, that thrombosis of coronary arteries is the frequent cause of heart attack and quite
often leads to death. What structural feature of coronal arteries, which provide the blood supply in
myocardium can cause atherosclerotic changes?
This structural feature is:
A.
Considerable intemescence of intima and the presence of muscular-elastic pillows (e.g.
the presence of poorly differentiated cells and amorphic substance).
B.
In the majority of areas of these vessels endothelium is maximally approximated to the
internal elastic membrane.
C.
The tunica interna of the coronary arteries is thickened in the areas where these vessels
are branched (especially in child's age).
D.
There are poorly differentiated smooth muscle cells near the tunica interna. These cells
migrate from the tunica media and trough fenestrae of the internal elastic membrane.
E.
The poorly differentiated smooth muscle cells which are near the tunica interna produce
elastin and some types of intercellular substances.
2. Micrograph shows a blood vessel. The tunica intima of this vessel forms valves. What blood
vessels have valves? What histological structures can form these valves?
These types of the blood vessels and histological structures are:
A.
Veins. Valves, especially numerous, are in the veins of the lower extremities. The valves
look like on “folds of the pockets” formed by inner lining of the veins.
B.
Veins, which have the relatively thick muscular layer. Valves (these valves are folds of
the tunica intima which often have two cusps).
C.
Veins, which have the thin muscular layer. Valves (these valves are duplication of the
parts of the tunica intima).
D.
Veins of the upper extremities. The base of these veins is fibrous connective tissue which
covered by endothelium
3. Varicosis was diagnosed in a patient. Dilatation of the veins is clearly observed. The shape of the
veins is convoluted and irregular. Which veins can be affected by varicosis? What is the cause of
this disease?
The type of veins and the cause of varicosis is:
A.
Varicosis is more frequently developed in the superficial veins. Nothing supports these
veins from outside. This type of veins is below of heart; the walls of the veins are not strong;
occlusion of the vein is developed; the walls of the vein are not strong.
B.
Superficial veins.
C.
A barrier or occlusion disturbs the flow of blood through the network of veins in this part
of the human body.
D.
The walls of the veins are not strong (it is a heritable character of features of anatomy of
blood vessels).).
E.
Veins walls of which are supported by nothing from outside.
4. It is known that the walls of the arteries are dilatated and damaged in patients suffering from
atherosclerosis. Which layers in arteries are foremost damaged by this disease? What is the cause of
the changes?
These layers in the arteries and the causes of this disease are:
A.
Degenerative changes in the tunica intima occur in the arteries in the beginning of the
disease. Then other inner layers of the wall of the arteries can be affected. These changes may be
caused by permanent accumulation of cholesterol and to the rough surface of vessel.
B.
There may be degenerative changes in the inner layers of the blood vessel. These changes
are closely connected with lipoid metabolism.
C.
There may be degenerative changes in the tunica interna of the blood vessel. Adhesion of
platelets to the damaged surface of the artery is occurred in the region of atheromatous plaque.
D.
There may be degenerative changes in the tunica intima of the artery and adhesion of
platelets may be observed. An abnormal clot or thrombus forms within lumen when the contact with
the collagen occurs.
E.
There may be degenerative changes in the tunica intima of the artery and adhesion of
platelets may be detected.
5. Synthetic implants (e.g. synthetic blood vessels prostheses) are successfully used for operative
treatment of patients suffering from vascular diseases. In some cases these means are better than
routine implants.Why does the implantation of synthetic blood vessels prostheses produce excellent
results?
Mark the correct answer:
A.
Autografting of the important blood vessels does not perform because there are no
resources to carry out such operation regularly. Tissue rejection (e.g. incompatibility) does not
occur if synthetic materials are used for operative treatment.
B.
There are no implanted materials to perform such operations.
C.
The problem of tissue rejection (e.g. incompatibility) does not occur because the synthetic
implants are inert.
D.
Not all defects in the wall of the artery can be replaced by veins autotransplants.
E.
Only some types of defects in the wall of the artery can be replaced by autotransplants,
but this method is not widely used in the practice.