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Chapter 29: Echinoderms and Invertebrate Chordates Section 1: Echinoderms Echinoderms Includes starfish, sea urchins, sand dollars, etc. Belong to the phylum ______________________________________ o Stretches back to the beginning of the Cambrian Period, more than ______________________________________________________ What Is an Echinoderm? __________________________________ are spiny skinned animals In addition to having a spiny skin, echinoderms are characterized by ________________________________________________________, an ___________________________________________, a ____________________ _________________________________________, and suction-cuplike structures called ____________________________ The internal skeleton, or ________________________________, is made up of hardened plates of calcium carbonate, which are often bumpy or spiny The __________________________________________ consists of an internal network of fluid-filled canals connected to external appendages called _____________________________ o Water vascular system is involved in many essential life functions in echinoderms Form and Function in Echinoderms Adult echinoderms have a body plan with five parts organized symmetrically around a ________________________ Typically have neither an anterior nor a posterior end and no brain The side where the mouth is located is called the __________________________, and the opposite side is called the ______________________________________ The water vascular system opens to the outside through a sieve like structure called the ____________________________ The entire water vascular system operates like a series of living hydraulic pumps that can propel water in or out of the tube feet The tube feet act like living suction cups All echinoderms ____________________ with their tube feet, and some use their tube feet for feeding Feeding _________________________ o Use their tube feet to pry open the shells of bivalve mollusks such as clams and scallops o Once opened, the carnivores flips its ________________________ out of its ___________________, pours out _______________________, and digests its prey in the prey’s own shell __________________________ o Scrape algae from rocks by using their five-part jaw ____________________________________ o Use tube feet on flexible arms to capture plankton that float by on ocean currents ____________________________________ o Move like a bulldozer across the ocean floor, taking in a mixture of sand and detritus Respiration Echinoderms need to exchange carbon dioxide for oxygen In most species the thin walled tissue of the tube feet forms the main respiratory surface In some species small outgrowths called ________________________ also function in gas exchange Internal Transport The functions of transporting oxygen, food, and wastes are shared by different systems in echinoderms The distribution of nutrients is performed primarily by the digestive glands and the fluid within the body cavity Excretion Solid wastes are released through the ___________ in the form of ________________ Excrete nitrogen-containing wastes primarily in the form of ammonia Wastes seem to be excreted in many of the same places around the body in which gas exchange takes place – ___________________________________________ Response Have primitive nervous systems Have a ______________________________ that surrounds the mouth and radial nerves that connect the ring with the body sections Also have _______________________________________________ to help them tell whether it is night or day Many echinoderms hide under rocks and in crevices by day, coming out to feed at night, when most predators are asleep Movement Most echinoderms use tube feet and thin layers of muscle fibers attached to the plates of the endoskeleton to move Mobility is determined by the structure of the endoskeleton o Some plates are ____________________ o Some have _____________________________________ Reproduction Most are either _____________ or _________________ Some are ____________________________________ In starfish, the sperm and egg are produced in ______________________ or ________________________ which fill the arms during the reproductive season Shed their sperm and eggs into the ____________________ ___________________ swim around for some time Eventually, they will swim to the __________________________________, where they mature and metamorphose into adults that have ________________________________________ The Echinoderm Classes Almost ________________________ of living echinoderms Found in almost every ocean in the world No echinoderms have ever entered ________________________________, and they cannot survive for long on land Echinoderms are remarkably _______________________ in appearance Starfish Contains the common starfish, which are also known as ____________________ Occur in many ______________________ Many species have more than _____________________ Starfish creep slowly along the ocean bottom Most are carnivores, preying upon the bivalves they encounter as they move Some species are important predators in rocky areas along the coast Brittle Stars Live in tropical seas, especially on _____________________________ Look much like a common starfish, but they have longer, more flexible arms and are able to move much more rapidly Brittle stars protect themselves by ______________________________________ ______________________________ when attacked The detached parts keep wriggling violently, distracting predators, while the rest of the animal escapes Are filter and detritus feeders that hide by day and wander around in search of food at night Sea Urchins and Sand Dollars Includes disk-shaped _____________________________, oval heart urchins, and round ___________________________ Most are _________________________ that eat large quantities of algae Others are detritus feeders Heart urchins and sand dollars live hidden in burrows Most sea urchins wedge themselves in crevices in rock during the day and only come out at night Many sea urchins have __________________________________ Sea Cucumbers Look like warty moving pickles with a mouth at one end and an anus at the other Most are _______________________________ Not numerous in shallow water Herds containing hundreds of thousands of them often cover areas of the sea floor at great depths A few species expel ______________________________________________ that attach to a predator The predator is immobilized as it is glued into a helpless ball Sea Lilies and Feather Stars These filter feeders, which have ________________________ long, feathery arms, comprise the most ancient class of echinoderms Not common today Sea lilies are sessile animals that are attached to the ocean bottom by a long, stem like stalk Many feather stars live on coral reefs, where they perch on top of rocks at night and use their tube feet to catch floating plankton How Echinoderms Fit into the World Numerous in most _______________________________________ Control the populations of other animals Control the distribution of _______________________ Considered ____________________________ by some people Useful as research subjects and as possible sources of ______________________