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Neolithic Revolution • Period in early history that marked the end of the Ice Age. • People stopped being nomadic and started farming and developing civilizations. Hammurabi’s Code • Set of laws used in Mesopotamia that were based off the concept “an eye for an eye” Caste System • A way to keep order in society (hierarchy) • Used in Indus River Valley and became the basis for Hinduism • Based on concepts of reincarnation and karma China • This civilization was the most isolated, but eventually became connected to other empires through the Silk Road. Sparta • A war-like society that focused on military achievements and rule by an oligarchy Persian Wars • A series of wars between the Greek city-states and the empire of Xerxes I. • Although the Greeks lost a lot of men, it led to the unity of Greece. Hellenistic • The combination of Greek and Middle Eastern cultures. • Started by Alexander the Great Julius Caesar • leader of the Roman Republic who restored public works, gave jobs to the poor and modified the Roman calendar Quran •Sacred text of Islam Byzantine • The empire that practiced Eastern Orthodox Christianity • They combined with the Holy Roman Empire to fight for Christianity during the Crusades Feudalism • A system of government based on land ownership • Each level contributed to society…… mutual aide was key!!! Aztec • The fall of this empire happened after the arrival of the Spanish (specifically, Cortes) Jerusalem • Considered the “Holy Land” by both Christians and Muslims • The Crusades was fought over control of this city Joan of Arc • A main reason for the French victory in the Hundred Years War was because of their leadership and strategies The Catholic Church • Source of all political and religious power during the Middle Ages • Their power will eventually decline during the Reformation period Inquisition •The Catholic Church used this to torture/interrogate heretics Classicism •Rediscovery of Greek and Roman ideas during the Renaissance Humanism • Renaissance value that emphasized the dignity and worth of the individual Secular • Renaissance value that focused on worldly, rather than religious, ideas • Separation of Church and State Machiavelli • Renaissance author who advised kings on how to rule • In his book, he argued it was better for leaders to be feared than loved Printing Press • Improved literacy and education during the Renaissance • Led to the spread of Enlightenment and Reformation ideas 95 Theses • Martin Luther’s published list of complaints against the church, included abuses of power and use of indulgences Anglican • A form of Protestantism that allowed the monarch to be head of the church Catholic Reformation • The Catholic Church created this in order to compete with Protestant’s increasing popularity • Declared an end to indulgences, but increased the inquisition and censorship European Exploration • Caused by the quest for land, resources, and people to convert to Christianity Triangular Trade • Allowed Europeans to increase their own wealth and influence • Started the trade of goods, disease, slaves, and animals between Africa, Europe, and the Americas Heliocentric Theory • New scientific belief that stated the sun was the center of the universe • Directly conflicted with church teachings Scientific Revolution • Led to the creation of the Scientific Method, Newton’s Laws of Gravity, and advanced technology Absolute Monarchy • Type of government that granted the exclusive right to rule to the king/queen • Rule was supported by the idea of divine right • During the Renaissance, it was used by France (Louis XIV), Russia (Peter the Great), England (Elizabeth I), and Spain (Phillip II) Enlightenment • Period of history where people began to use reason and logic to question leadership; inspired people to challenge authority Montesquieu • Enlightenment philosopher that advocated the separation of the government into multiple branches in order to spread power John Locke • Enlightenment philosopher that advocated “inalienable rights” • Said that people had the right to change the government if their “inalienable rights” were abused Rousseau • Enlightenment philosopher that believed people were naturally good; therefore, they should be free and have a say in the government Florence • City in Italy that was the birthplace of the Renaissance Buddhism • Technically considered a “philosophy,” started by Siddhartha Gautama in the Indus River Valley. • Beliefs include reincarnation, karma, meditation, and dieting Judaism • Founded by Abraham (prophet) • Uses the Torah as their sacred text • First major monotheistic religion