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* Evidence for Evolution *Fossils *Geographic Distribution *Similarities in Structure *Similarities in Development *Molecular Biology * The Fossil Record Fossils= preserved remains or markings left by organisms that lived in the past * Geographic Distribution *Geographic distribution can be used as a clue for the evolution of species * Biogeography is the study of the distribution of plants and animals throughout the world Convergent evolution In evolutionary biology, convergent evolution is the process whereby organisms not closely related, independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments or ecological niches. Example– aardvark and anteater Divergent evolution the process of two or more related species becoming more and more dissimilar. Adaptive radiation Example Darwin’s Finches Similarities in Structure * Homologous structures= similar structures in species haring a common ancestor * Example: mammal forelimb * Analogous Structures: Similar function with different structures. * Example wing of a bat and wing of a butterfly. • Vestigial structures= remnants of structures that may have served an important function in an ancestral species, but have no clear function in some of the modern descendants – Often smaller in size * Developmental similarities *Embryos of closely related species have similar stages of development Molecular biology *Comparison of DNA and Protein sequences between species *If the two species’ sequences match closely then it is thought that the two species are related to a common ancestor *If the two species’ sequences have many differences they probably do not share common ancestry * Summary of Natural Selection 1. All species produce excess offspring * In nature there are limited resources * Leads to competition * Usually only a small percentage of offspring survive 2. Variation among the individuals in a population * The individuals with the traits that allow them to survive and reproduce pass the genes for the traits to their offspring Color Variations in Moths in Great Britain During the Industrial Revolution through the mid-20th century, factories and power plants, which burned coal, produced large quantities of soot and smog. Near industrialized areas, black powder covered surfaces, including the moth habitat. a. Which color moth would have a better chance of surviving predation (better camoflage to hide from predators) on this dark surface? b.How does this help explain the change in the colors of the moth population shown in the graph? c. Clean Air Acts were passed by governments of industrialized nations beginning in the mid-1950s. Use this information to explain why the color of the moth population shifted again.