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Enemies of the Hive • First Lessons in Beekeeping by Keith S. Delaplane • Chapter 8 Honey Bee Disorders, Parasites, Predators and Nest Invaders Honey Bee Disorders Diseases Parasites Nest Invaders Predators Pesticides Incompetent Beekeeper Integrated Pest Management • The use of a variety of pest treatments such as genetic host resistance, cultural practices, beneficial organisms, and a minimum of toxic chemicals. As long as pest levels stay below the treatment or economic threshold, it is not necessary to use toxic pesticides. Treatment Threshold • For a given pest or crop system, the treatment threshold is the specific number, - a pest number, density or level of damage – that is acceptable p 106 Diseases of Brood American Foulbrood European Foulbrood Chalkbrood Sacbrood Adult Diseases Nosema apis Nosema ceranae Viruses Parasitic Mites Varroa Tracheal Acarapis woodi destructor Scavengers • Wax Moth • Small Hive Beetle • (Know how to distinguish between larva) Predators • • • • • • Bears Skunks Ants Hornets Birds Mice American Foulbrood • • • • • • Spore forming Bacterium Paenibacillus Highly infectious Highly destructive AFB spores almost indestructible No economic threshold Zero tolerance American Foulbrood Treatment • Burning the hive and bees is most common remedy • NC has fumigation chamber • See your area bee inspector • Treatment – Terramycin • Only suppresses growth of spores, • no cure - There is no cure American Foulbrood Best way to distinguish AFB from EFB - ropy dead larva American Foulbrood Irregular brood pattern European Foulbrood • Bacterium Melissococcus plutonius • Symptoms similar to AFB • Less virulent Chalkbrood • Pathogenic fungus Asocophaera apis • Dead white, chalky “Mummies” • No treatment except IPM • Keep hive dry and well ventilated • Prevented through good management • Hygenic Queens Sacbrood • • • • • Relatively minor and rare disease Caused by virus No remedial medication Dead larvae are flaccid, watery Look like a Chinese slipper Adult Diseases • • • • • • • • Nosema apis – most serious Single celled protozoan Nosema apis Rarely kills but triggers morbities Reduced lifespan Reduce productivity Increased queen supercedure Low population Sluggish Spring buildup Nosema apis • Treatment - antibotic Fumagilin B • Nosema ceranae • More of a recent problem in Europe Viruses • • • • • • • • • Kasmir bee virus Deformed wing virus Symptoms - bees lose body hair, Movement is disorganized Trembling No known treatment Cull damaged brood comb Requeen Control varroa will reduce potential infection Parasitic Mites • Varroa destructor Tracheal Acarapis woodi Varroa Mites • Most damaging pest of US honey bee • Introduced in US in 1987 – First found in NC in 1990 • Visible to human eye • Cycle begins with female mite in open brood cell, preferably drone • She lays eggs – one male, several daughters • They mate, emerge Varroa Mites Effected bees suffer physical injury Reduced blood volume Reduced longevity Reduced productivity Typical infection occurs in late season (Fall) Hive weakened by varroa succumbs to other pests • • • • • Detection of Varroa Mites • Sticky Sheet • Powdered Sugar Shake Treatment of Varroa Mite • • • • • Apistan (fluvinate) – Check Mite (coumoflous) Api-life var (thymol) Formic Acid Integrated Pest Management Screened bottom boards Hygenic Queen Tracheal Mite Acarapis woodi • Long history of troubling the honey bee • Has been around for more than a century • First detected in NC in 1980 • Honey bee Act of 1922, a response closed importation for 83 years Characteristics of Tracheal Mite • • • • • • Lives and reproduces in breathing tube Young bees are preferred Microscopic Infestation occurs in late winter Or early spring 25% infestation is very damaging Symptoms of Tracheal Mites • Bees will crawl in grass near hive entrance • Cannot form an effective winter cluster • Most common symptom is an empty hive • K-wing syndrome Treatment of Tracheal Mite • Menthol crystals • Mite – Away II, an absorbent pad with formic acid • Extender patty - vegetable oil and powders sugar – disrupts mite and is harmless to environment, or bee keeper Nest Scavengers Wax Moth Small Hive Beetle Wax Moth Galleria mellonella • An old foe • And strangely, a friend, too • Cleans out abandoned nests, spores rendering them clean for future use • Problem occurs when wax moths take over weak hive and destroy it Damage by Wax Moth Wax Moth • Female enters hive, usually at night • Lays eggs • Larvae emerge, eat protein litter • Seeks a protected spot • Chews cavity in wood • Spins silken cocoon and pupates Characteristics of Wax Moth • Moth activity in living colonies • Moth activity in stored equipment • Moths are secondary problem, not a primary problem • Moth Problem usually traced to queenless colony or varroa mites Treatment for Moths • Paradichlorobenzene in stored equip. • Stack stored hives cross ways to allow light and ventilation (see p 128) • Requeen • Control Varroa mites • Use 9 frames in supers rather than 10 Wax Moth Larva Compared with SHB Larva Wax Moth Larva SHB Larva Small Hive Beetle • • • • • • Most recent pest Scavenger Not a major threat to strong colony Can quickly wipe out a weak colony Has become a major problem in SE US First found in NC in 1998 Small Hive Beetle • • • • Adult female lays eggs in cavity Larvae emerge to eat honey, brood, protein litter and grow • Larval is most damaging stage • Frames become slimy • Larvae exits hive to pupate in soil Small Hive Beetle • Treatment threshold is 300 beetles according to Delaplane • Personally, I think it is much less! Treatment of Small Hive Beetle • • • • Integrated Pest Management Hygenic Bees SHB traps Hive tool smash Predators • • • • • • • Bear Skunk Ants Hornets Birds Pesticides Mice Non-infectious Disorders • • • • Queenlessness Robbing Agricultural Pesticides Incompetent Beekeeper Good, Disease Free Brood Pattern Thought of an old beekeeper “We are all born ignorant, but one must work hard to remain stupid.” Benjamin Franklin