Download In conclusion, the mitochondria are vital organelles for many

Conclusion
In conclusion, the mitochondria are vital organelles for many processes of metabolism. They are the
power house of the cell and aid in ATP production. Mitochondria powers endurance training.
Mitochondrial biogenesis is imperative to aerobic exercise because it allows for heightened
performance in an individual. Through research, several contributing factors assist in initiating
mitochondrial biogenesis including PGC-1alpha protein. ATP levels are also significant because more
ATP must be generated to create the increase in mitochondrial content. Research studies have
suggested that mitochondrial biogenesis is apparent in other types of training as well. Mitochondrial
biogenesis is of critical value for aerobic exercise because it generates enhanced
performance. However during anaerobic exercise training, mitochondria are diminished at a faster
rate because of the low levels of oxygen during anaerobic exercise. The process of mitochondria
receiving oxygen for biogenesis needs a constant rate of oxygen entering the body, so without this
(during anaerobic exercise) mitochondria production is at a low. Mitochondrial biogenesis is
reduced during detraining due to decreased mitochondrial enzyme activity and a decreased
mitochondrial ATP production rate. With aging comes a decrease in PGC-1ɑ, and increased triggering
of the apoptotic pathway caused by ROS formation, therefore decreasing biogenesis. Lastly, biogenesis
can be negatively effected by chronic muscle disuse. Chronic muscle disuse leads to a shift in the type of
mitochondria ratio, leaving the cell with less subsarcolemmal mitochondria and more intermyofibrillar
mitochondria. Cell death via apoptosis is increased because the intermyofibrillar mitochondria are not only
more prevalent, but are more vulnerable to proapoptotic proteins than the subsarcolemmal mitochondria.
Some extra factors that effect mitochondrial biogenesis during exercise are Rev-erb-A, Quercetin,
and Huntington's disease. Rev-erb-A helps regulate skeletal muscle oxidative capacity which also
regulates mitochondrial biogenesis in itself. Quercetin immitates the same effect that exercising has
on the skeletal muscles and mitochondrial biogenesis. Huntington's disease is a mitochondrial
defect that lowers the anaerobic threshold while exercising by increaseing the lactate produced. The
importance of understanding the process of mitochondrial biogenesis induced by exercise is that
exercise does aid mitochondrial production.
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