Download Relationships:

Relationships:
Peer Pressure and Adolescent Alcohol Use
Educators Responsible:
Chelsea Allen, Courtney Fretz, Jenna Schone, Tara Sekerak
www.mhfcs.com/images/adolescents.jpg
Argument
• Peer pressure is directly related to the
increased use of alcohol in adolescents.
– According to Biddle, peers have an
influence on adolescents through two types
of pressure:
• Normative Behavior
• Modeling of Behavior
Biddle, Bruce J. (2001). Parental and peer influence on adolescents. Social Forces. 58, 1057-1079.
Adolescents and Alcohol
• Based on a literature review done by Kreutter,
Gewirtz, Davenny, and Love in 1991, it concluded
that peer pressure is the single best predictor of
alcohol and drug use.
• According to Godbold (2008),13% of sixth graders
intended to drink in high school due to having friends
who approved of alcohol use.
• The leading cause of death among adolescents is
alcohol-related highway accidents.
Godbold, Linda (2008). Conferring resistance to peer pressure among adolescents.
Communication Research. 27,411.
Adolescents and Alcohol
• According to Godbold (2008), 23% of sixth graders
who reported intentions to drink in high school was
due to perceived use by older peers.
• Adolescents overestimate the number of their peers
who consume alcohol.
• The average age of initiation of alcohol use for
adolescents is between 13 & 14.
Godbold, Linda (2008). Conferring resistance to peer pressure among adolescents.
Communication Research. 27,411.
Immediate Consequences
• Adolescent alcohol use has been associated
with truancy, poor performance, and dropping
out of school.
• These effects could lead to lifelong patterns
of alcohol abuse.
Godbold, Linda (2008). Conferring resistance to peer pressure
among adolescents. Communication Research. 27,411.
Relationship between alcohol
and Peer Pressure
• Researchers have attributed the link between an
individual’s alcohol consumption and that of peers to
either: (Godbold, 2008)
Influence Perspective- An adolescent changes his
or her attitudes or behaviors to match those of
friends.
Selection hypothesis- Predicts that an adolescent
selects friends who behave in accordance with his or
her current attitudes and behaviors.
Godbold, Linda (2008). Conferring resistance to peer pressure among
adolescents. Communication Research. 27,411.
Brain Development
• The frontal lobe is the last area of the brain to
fully develop.
• It controls:
-Learning and Socialization
-Priorities and Organization of ideas
-Impulsivity and attention
-Reason and judgment
-Decision making and memory
Weinberger, Daniel R. (2005). The adolescent brain: A work in progress. The National
Campaign to Prevent Teen pregnancy.
www.mymanmitt.com/mitt-romney
Brain Development
• Neurons in the brain branch out and
become more complex.
– They control cognitive and emotional
challenges.
– The neurons also become myelinated
which speeds communication between
neurons.
Weinberger, Daniel R. (2005). The adolescent brain: A work in progress The National Campaign to Prevent
Teen Pregnancy1-35.
www.bcm.edu/cain_foundation/noframes/html
Brain Development
• The amygdala contributes to more
intellectual responses, emotions and
impulsivity.
Weinberger, Daniel R. (2005). The adolescent brain: A work progress The National
Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy1-35.
http://thesituationist.files.wordpress.com
Brain Development
• Dopamine is an excitatory
neurotransmitter that increases the
capacity to learn response to reward.
• Due to this increase in adolescence,
dopamine contributes to an individual
being able to make more mature
decisions.
Weinberger, Daniel R. (2005). The adolescent brain: A work in progress The National Campaign to
Prevent Teen Pregnancy1-35.
Alcohols Effect on Adolescents
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Affects mood & thinking
Legal trouble
Damage relationships
Lose friends
School problems
Tension with family
(1996). Retrieved October- November 2008, from D.A.R.E America : http://www.dare.com/home/default.asp
Alcoholism, T. C. (n.d.). Retrieved October-November 2008, from The Cool Spot: http://www.thecoolspot.gov/about.asp
http://kiwimagonline.com/kiwilog/wp-content/uploads/2008/01/alcohol-422270.jpg
Alcohols Effect on Adolescents
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Poor coordination
Slow reflexes
Alter judgment
Increase likelihood of other risky behaviors
Future alcoholism and other health problems
(1996). Retrieved October- November 2008, from D.A.R.E America : http://www.dare.com/home/default.asp
Alcoholism, T. C. (n.d.). Retrieved October-November 2008, from The Cool Spot:
http://www.thecoolspot.gov/about.asp
Academic Achievement
• Alcohol use negatively correlates with
academic performance.
• In a national study of 12th graders done by
Cox in 2007, 32.5% of those students who
were under the influence of alcohol
performed significantly lower on
standardized tests relative to their peers.
Cox, Regan G. (2007). Academic performance and substance use: findings from a state survey of
public high school students. Journal of School Health. 77, 109-115.
http://www1.istockphoto.com
Alcohol and Academic
Theories
•
Psychogenic theory
– Adolescents initiate or accelerate alcohol use
as a way to cope with anxiety over academic
failure.
• Problem Behavior Theory
• Adolescent substance use and poor academic
achievement are both caused by the same set of
underlying psychogenic and social risk factors.
Cox, Regan G. (2007). Academic performance and substance use: Findings from a state survey of
public high school students. Journal of School Health. 77, 109-115.
Social Aspects
and Peer Pressure
• Alcohol is the most widely used and abused drug by
adolescents.
• Peers have more influence than parents about
normative standards.
• The longer the peer relationship, the more influence a
peer can have on another individual.
• Adolescents view drinking as socially acceptable for
adolescents because they associate it with maturity.
McDermott, Robert J. (1999). Alcohol attitudes and beliefs related to actual alcohol experience in a fifth-grade
cohort. Journal of School Health. 69, 356-361.
http://www.more4kids.info/uploads/Image/nov07/peer-pressure.jpg
Social Aspects and Peer
Pressure
Socialization Theory
• The adolescent is influenced primarily because he or
she internalizes the other’s pressure, thus what was
once peer’s pressure has now become an
expectation that is accepted by the adolescent for his
or her own conduct.
Role Conflict Theory
• Adolescents are more likely to conform to peer
pressures when others may observe the
adolescents behavior.
Biddle, Bruce J. (2001). Parental and Peer Influence on Adolescents. Social Forces. 58, 1057-1079.
Socio-Cultural Perspective
South Africa
-10,699 questionnaires were completed by students 8th-11th grade
United States
-15,240 questionnaires were completed by students grades 9-11.
National Youth Risk Behavior Surveys results suggested that these
students were more likely to answer yes to past-month alcohol use and
past-month heavy alcohol use.
• United States students were more likely to use alcohol than South
African students.
• Male students were more likely then female students to use alcohol.
• White students were more likely then Black students to use alcohol.
• Students 17 years or older were more likely to use alcohol than 14-16
year old students.
Reddy, Priscilla (2007). Prevalence and correlates of substance use among high school students in south africa
and the united states. American Journal of Public Health. 97.
http://images.nationmaster.com
Socio-Cultural Perspective
Chinese Adolescents:
A study done with 1,040 6th-8th graders in public schools
in Bejing China.
The survey by Xiaoming (1996) was done in 5 random schools assessed 3
types of alcoholic beverage use: beer, wine, and hard liquor.
The results suggest that:
• Males were more likely to consume wine, beer, and hard liquor in the
circumstances of lifetime use, regular use, and current use.
• Students grade 10 or higher were more likely to consume, wine, beer,
and hard liquor than grades 6-9.
• Beer was the most commonly consumed beverage.
• Adolescents residing in China exhibit use rates similar to those of nonAsian adolescents in the United States.
Xiaoming, Li (1996). The rate and pattern of alcohol consumption among chinese adolescents. Journal of
Adolescent Health. 19, 353-361.
http://64.143.176.9/library/healthguide/en-us
Socio-Cultural Perspective
Puerto Rico
The International Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent Health
conducted a study with 556 females, 416 males, and there were
932 Hispanic students, 7 White students, and 33 other students.
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It has recently been found that 67% of Puerto Rican youths had used
alcohol in their lifetime.
Females were more likely use alcohol rather then males.
Students 15-19 year olds were more likely to use alcohol in comparison
to students 11-14 year olds.
Latimer, WW (2008).Severity of alcohol use and problem behaviors among school based youths in puerto rico.
Rev Panam Salud Publica. 5, 23-32.
Socio-Cultural Perspective
Studies found:
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Alcohol use appears to be positively related with increased
involvement in unstructured social activities.
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Alcohol use is strongly related to other problem behaviors such
as: marijuana use, sexual intercourse, and having been arrested
or having trouble with the law.
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Alcohol use relates to poor school performance, which suggests
students have lower educational expectations.
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Alcohol use in these particular studies did not have a strong
correlation with low socioeconomic status.
Xiaoming, Li (1996). The rate and pattern of alcohol consumption among chinese adolescents. Journal of
Adolescent Health. 19, 353-361.
Reddy, Priscilla (2007). Prevalence and correlates of substance use among high school students in south
africa and the united states. American Journal of Public Health. 97.
The Coordinated School Health Program (CSHP) Model
as advanced by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control &
Prevention
www.cdc.gov
Health Education
• Provide lessons and activities on peer
pressure.
• Provide alcohol education.
• Teach conflict management skills.
• Teach refusal skills.
Physical Education
• “Beer Goggles”
• Encourage physical activity outside of
school.
Food Service
• Mix up table arrangements to get
students socializing with different
people.
• Posters around the cafeteria about
negative effects of alcohol.
Family/Community
• Bring in community members such as
college students to talk to adolescents.
• Parents who host lose the most.
• Parents and community members act
as positive role models.
Alcohol Advertising and
Consumption
• 2728 students were surveyed about
alcohol to measure the effectiveness of
persuasiveness of alcohol advertising and
promotional activity on adolescent
drinking.
• The results concluded that all students
reported recognizing alcohol marketing
and brand names.
• This proves the relation between
adolescent drinking and marketing.
Henricksen, Lisa (2008) Receptivity to alcohol marketing predicts
initation of alcohol use. Journal of Adolescent Health. 42. 28-35
Alcohol Advertising and
Underage Drinking
• Data collected from 652 youths ages 9-16
in the San Francisco area.
• The youth reported how much television
they viewed a week and their reactions to
the advertising they saw.
• The study proved that ads in the media do
affect their decisions.
• Parents and families should try to
counteract this behavior with positive
influences at home.
DiPaola, A. (1986). Drinking patterns and social consequences: A Study of
Middle School Adolescents, Pediatrics, 139-143.
D.A.R.E (Drug Abuse Resistance
Education)
• National nonprofit organization founded
in 1983 in Los Angeles.
• Because of its success, it is now used
in 75% of our nation’s schools and 43
different countries around the world.
• Series of classroom lessons taught by
trained police officers.
http://www.dare.com/home/documents/
DAREAmericaAnnual07.pdf
What D.A.R.E Does…
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“Humanizes" the police: that is, young people can begin to relate
to officers as people.
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Permits students to see officers in a helping role, not just an
enforcement role.
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Opens lines of communication between law enforcement and
youth.
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Officers can serve as conduits to provide information beyond
drug-related topics.
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Opens dialogue between the school, police, and parents to deal
with other issues also.
http://www.dare.com/home/about_dare.
asp
The New D.A.R.E
• A new D.A.R.E program has been created
and is currently being tested in northeast
metropolitan areas.
• The new program:
– Shortened classroom time
– Focuses on scientific evidence
– Meets the National Health Education
Standards
– Parents are engaged in homework
– More cost effective for schools
http://www.dare.com/home/default.asp
Students who complete the
program…
• Are 5 times less likely than their peers to
start smoking or drinking
• Are Less likely to have friends who smoke,
drink, or use marijuana
• Have a mentor for life in their
DARE instructor
• Learn good decision making
http://www.dare.com/home/documents/
DAREAmericaAnnual07.pdf
Life Skills Training
• A prevention based program for schools, families and
communities divided into three age groups
(elementary, middle school and high school).
• The program consists of three major components that
cover critical domains found to promote drug use:
– Drug Resistance Skills
– Personal Self Management Skills
– General Social Skills
www.lifeskillstraining.com
Life Skills Training
• Results & Recognition
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National Institute on Drug Abuse
White House Office of Drug Policy
U.S. Dept of Education
American Medical Association
• Program Structure
– Thirty 30 to 45 minute class sessions
– Taught as an intensive mini-series or on an extended
schedule
– Each student has individual guide
www.lifeskillstraining.com
The Cool Spot
• Website created for 11-13 year olds by
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and
Alcoholism (NIAAA).
• One goal of the site is to give young teens a
clearer picture about alcohol use among their
peers.
• Another goal is to help kids learn skills to
resist pressure to drink and to give them
reasons not to drink..
http://www.thecoolspot.gov/about.asp
Features of The Cool Spot
• Interactive quizzes and games to teach
adolescents about alcohol consumption.
• Definition of peer pressure and tips on
how to stand up against it.
• Lessons and facts about alcohol and its
effects.
http://www.thecoolspot.gov/peer_pressu
re2.asp
References
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(1996). Retrieved October- November 2008, from D.A.R.E America :
http://www.dare.com/home/default.asp
Aarons, Gregory A. (1999). Adolescent Alcohol and Drug Abuse and Health. Journal of
Adolescent Health. 24, 412-421.
Alcohol and Other Drug Use and Academic Achievement. (2003). Retrieved OctoberNovember 2008, from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention:
www.cdc.gov.HealthYouth/health_and_academics
Alcohol- or Other Drug- Use Prevention . (2007, October). Retrieved October-November
2008, from School Health Polocies and Program Studies: www.cdc.gov/shpps
Alcoholism, T. C. (n.d.). Retrieved October-November 2008, from The Cool Spot:
http://www.thecoolspot.gov/about.asp
Austin, Erica (2006).How Does Alcohol Advertising Influence Underage Drinking? The
Role of Desirability, Identification and Skepticism. Journal of Adolescent Health. 38,
376-384.
Biddle, Bruce J. (2001). Parental and Peer Influence on Adolescents. Social Forces. 58,
1057-1079.
Brown, B. (1986).Early Adolescents' Perceptions of Peer Pressure. Journal of Early
Adolescence. 6, 139.
References
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Cox, Regan G. (2007). Academic Performance and Substance Use: Findings from a State
Survey of Public High School Students. Journal of School Health. 77, 109-115.
DiPaola, A., Getson, P. R., Hayden, G. F., & Schwartz, R. H. (1986). Drinking Patterns
and Social Consequences: A Study of Middle- Class Adolescents in Two Private
Pediatric Practices. Pediatrics , 139-143.
Godbold, Linda C. (2000).Conferring Resistance to Peer Pressure among Adolescents.
Communication Research. 27, 411.
Henriksen, Lisa (2008) Receptivity to Alcohol Marketing Predicts Initiation of Alcohol
Use. Journal of Adolescent Health. 42, 28-35.
Latimer, WW (2008).Severity of Alcohol Use and Problem Behaviors Among School
Based Youths in Puerto Rico. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 5, 23-32.
McDermott, Robert J. (1999). Alcohol Attitudes and Beliefs Related to Actual Alcohol
Experience in a Fifth-Grade Cohort. Journal of School Health. 69, 356-361.
Modzeleski, William (1999). Alcohol and Other Drug Prevention Policies and Education in
the United States. Journal of Health Education. 30, 42-49.
Nation, Maury. (2006). Risk Factors for Serious Alcohol and Drug Use: The Role of
Psychosocial Variables in Predicting the Frequency of Substance Use Among
Adolescents. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. 32, 415-433.
Nash, Susan G. (2005). Pathways to Adolescent Alcohol Use: Family Environment, Peer
Influence, and Parental Expectations. Journal of Adolescent Health. 37, 19-28.
References
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Reddy, Priscilla (2007). Prevalence and correlates of Substance Use Among High School
Students in South Africa and the United States. American Journal of Public
Health. 97.
Schwartz, Richard H. (1986) Drinking Patterns and Social Consequences: A Study of
Middle-Class Adolescents in Two Private Pediatric Practices. Pediatrics. 77, 139143.
Spear, Linda (2002). Alcohols Effect on Adolescents. The Journal of the National
Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. 26, 24-27.
Weinberger, Daniel R. (2005). The Adolescent Brain: A Work in Progress. The National
Campaign to Prevent Teen pregnancy.
Weintraub, Austin, Erica (2006). How does alcohol influence underage drinking? The
role of desirability, identification and skepticism. Journal of Adolescent Health.
38,
376-384.
Xiaoming, Li (1996). The Rate and Pattern of Alcohol Consumption Among Chinese
Adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health. 19, 353-361.