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CH 12
Lecture Prepared By
Dr. M. Sawhney
Discussion Topics

The Self, Identity and Religious/Spiritual Development
 Self esteem
 Identity

Families
 Parental Monitoring and Information Management
 Parent-Adolescent Conflict

Peers
 Friendships
 Dating & Romantic Relationships

Culture and Adolescent Development
 Cross cultural Comparisons

Adolescent Problems
 Juvenile Delinquency
 Depression and Suicide
Self-Esteem
 Self-esteem of girls declines
more during adolescence
 Indicate a perception about
whether he or she is intelligent
and attractive
 Is self-esteem an indicator of
adjustment
 Narcissism: Self-centered
and self-concerned approach
toward others
Identity
 Self-portrait composed of many pieces
○ Vocational/Career
○ Political
○ Religious
○ Relationship
○ Achievement, intellectual
○ Sexual
○ Cultural/ethnic
○ Interests
○ Personality
○ Physical
 Erikson’s view
○ Identity versus identity confusion
○ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wJMXk5ibkQk
Marcia’s Four Statuses of
Identity
Emerging adulthood & beyond
○ Key changes in identity are more
likely to take place in emerging
adulthood than in adolescence
○ Attending College produces some
identity changes
○ Identity does not remain stable
throughout life
 “MAMA” - Repeated cycles of
moratorium to achievement
Identity
 Ethnic identity: Enduring aspect of the self
that includes:
○ Sense of membership in an ethnic group
○ Attitudes and feelings related to that
membership
 Many adolescents develop a bicultural
identity
○ Identify in some ways with their ethnic group
and in other ways with the majority culture
Parental monitoring &
information management
 Supervising adolescents’ : What
domains were you supervised by
your parents?
 When parents engage in positive
parenting practices:
○ Adolescents are more likely to
disclose information

Autonomy and Attachment
 Gender differences
Peers
 Friendships: Prefer a
smaller number of
friendships which are more
intense and more intimate
 Sex differences in
Friendships
 Advantages occur when
adolescents have friends
who are:
○ Socially skilled, supportive,
and oriented toward
academic achievement
Peer Groups
 Peer pressure
○ Young adolescents conform
more to peer standards than
children do
○ Adolescents with low self-esteem
and high social anxiety are most
likely to conform to peers
○ https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=_NN6sQSLNWg
○ Positive aspect of peer pressure
Dating & Romantic Relationships
Three stages
○ Entry into romantic attractions
and affiliations
○ Exploring romantic relationships
○ Consolidating dyadic romantic
bonds
Sociocultural contexts and Dating
○ Values, beliefs, and traditions
dictate the age at which dating
begins
Culture & Adolescent Development

Cross Cultural Comparisons
 Health
 Gender
○ Educational opportunities
○ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AgjN0h-N7WM
○ Career Choices
○ Sexual Expression
Family
 Time Allocation to Different activities:

 More discretionary time for US adolescents
Adolescent Problems

Juvenile Delinquency: An
adolescent who breaks the
law or engages in behavior
that is considered illegal.

Delinquency rates:
○ Males more likely to engage in
delinquency than females
○ Rates among minority groups
and lower-SES youth are
especially high
○ Early onset and late onset
delinquency
Delinquency…
 Causes of delinquency
○ Lower class culture
○ Parents less skilled in discouraging antisocial
behavior
○ Siblings and delinquent peers
Depression
 Most
common psychological problem:
15–20% have had one or more major
episodes
 Twice as many girls as boys:
 rumination
 early-maturing girls
 Influential factors:
 Genes 5HTTLPR
 Certain family factors
 Poor peer relations
Suicide
 Suicide is the 3rd leading cause of death in
10-to 19-year-olds
 Related factors:
 gender
 ethnicity
 family environment, high life stress
 sexual orientation
 personality:
○ intelligent, withdrawn
○ antisocial
 triggering negative events