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Chapter 22
The Cardiovascular
System
Vessels and
Circulation
Lecture Presentation by
Steven Bassett
Southeast Community College
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Introduction
• There are two groups of blood vessels
• Pulmonary circuit
• Blood goes to and from the lungs
• Systemic circuit
• Blood goes to the rest of the body and back to the
heart
• Blood goes to both circuits at the same time with
each heartbeat
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Histological Organization of Blood Vessels
• The walls of the vessels consist of three layers
• The layered walls give the vessels tremendous
strength
• The vessel walls are thick
• The walls themselves are supplied with blood
• These blood vessels are called vasa vasorum
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Histological Organization of Blood Vessels
• Characteristics of the Three Layers
• Intima (innermost layer)
• Also called tunica intima
• Makes up the endothelium of the vessel
• Media (middle layer)
• Also called tunica media
• Consists of smooth muscle
• Involved in vasoconstriction and vasodilation
• Adventitia (outermost layer)
• Also called tunica adventitia
• Fibers of the adventitia anchor the blood vessels
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.1 The Structure of Blood Vessels (4 of 8)
Histological Comparison of Arteries and Veins
Adventitia
AV bundle
Adventitia
Media
Media
Lumen
of vein
Intima
Intima
Smooth muscle
The internal elastic
membrane is a network of
elastic fibers located between
the intima and the media.
The media is separated from
the adventitia by the external
elastic membrane, a band
of elastic tissue.
Smooth
muscle
Lumen
of
artery
Endothelium
Endothelium
Elastic fiber
ARTERY
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Artery and Vein
LM × 60
VEIN
Histological Organization of Blood Vessels
• Distinguishing Arteries from Veins
• Most arteries and veins run parallel to each other
• Arteries carry blood away from the heart
• Veins carry blood toward the heart
• Walls of arteries are thicker than veins
• Arteries maintain their circular shape and veins
typically collapse when cut
• Endothelial lining of arteries have pleated folds—
endothelial lining of veins do not
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.1 The Structure of Blood Vessels (2 of 8)
Structural Differences between Arteries and Veins
VEINS
7
ARTERIES
Start
Large Vein
Elastic Artery
Large veins include the superior and inferior
venae cavae (also termed the great veins) and
their tributaries within the abdominopelvic
and thoracic cavities.
1
The walls of elastic arteries, such as the aorta and
brachiocephalic arteries, are not very thick relative to the
vessel diameter, but they are extremely
resilient. The media of these vessels
contains relatively few smooth
muscle cells and a high density
of elastic fibers.
Adventitia
Internal elastic
layer
Media
Intima
Endothelium
Endothelium
Media
Intima
Adventitia
6
Medium-Sized Vein
Muscular Artery
Medium-sized veins, such as the radial and ulnar
veins, range from 2 to 9 mm in internal diameter and
correspond in general size to muscular arteries. In
these veins the media is thin,
and it contains relatively few
smooth muscle cells.
2
A typical muscular artery has a diameter of
approximately 4 mm (0.15 in.). Muscular arteries, such
as the radial and ulnar arteries, have a thicker media
with a greater percentage of smooth
muscle cells than elastic arteries.
Adventitia
Adventitia
Media
Media
Endothelium
Endothelium
Intima
Intima
5
Venule
Arteriole
3
Arterioles have an average diameter of about 30 m. They
are considerably smaller than muscular arteries, and they
are both innumerable and unnamed. Arterioles have a
poorly defined adventitia, and the media
consists of scattered smooth muscle cells that
may not form a complete layer.
Venules, the smallest veins, collect blood from
capillaries. They vary widely in diameter and
character, and the small venules are both
innumerable and unnamed. The smallest
venules resemble expanded capillaries,
and venules smaller than 50 m in
total diameter lack a media
altogether.
Smooth muscle cells
Adventitia
Endothelium
Endothelium
Basal lamina
4
Fenestrated capillaries are
capillaries that contain
“windows,” or pores in
their walls, due to an
incomplete or
perforated endothelial
lining.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Fenestrated Capillary
Pores
Endothelial
cells
Basal lamina
Capillaries
Continuous Capillary
Endothelial
cells
Basal lamina
Continuous capillaries are found
in most regions of the body. In
these capillaries the endothelium
is a complete lining, and the
endothelial cells are connected by
tight junctions and desmosomes.
Histological Organization of Blood Vessels
• Arteries
• As blood leaves the heart, it travels through:
• Elastic arteries
• Muscular arteries
• Arterioles
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Histological Organization of Blood Vessels
• Elastic Arteries
• Large vessels up to 2.5 cm in diameter
• Very resilient
• Examples are:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Aorta
Brachiocephalic
Pulmonary trunk
Common carotid
Subclavian
Common iliac
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.1 The Structure of Blood Vessels (2 of 8)
Structural Differences between Arteries and Veins
VEINS
7
ARTERIES
Start
Large Vein
Elastic Artery
Large veins include the superior and inferior
venae cavae (also termed the great veins) and
their tributaries within the abdominopelvic
and thoracic cavities.
1
The walls of elastic arteries, such as the aorta and
brachiocephalic arteries, are not very thick relative to the
vessel diameter, but they are extremely
resilient. The media of these vessels
contains relatively few smooth
muscle cells and a high density
of elastic fibers.
Adventitia
Internal elastic
layer
Media
Intima
Endothelium
Endothelium
Media
Intima
Adventitia
6
Medium-Sized Vein
Muscular Artery
Medium-sized veins, such as the radial and ulnar
veins, range from 2 to 9 mm in internal diameter and
correspond in general size to muscular arteries. In
these veins the media is thin,
and it contains relatively few
smooth muscle cells.
2
A typical muscular artery has a diameter of
approximately 4 mm (0.15 in.). Muscular arteries, such
as the radial and ulnar arteries, have a thicker media
with a greater percentage of smooth
muscle cells than elastic arteries.
Adventitia
Adventitia
Media
Media
Endothelium
Endothelium
Intima
Intima
5
Venule
Arteriole
3
Arterioles have an average diameter of about 30 m. They
are considerably smaller than muscular arteries, and they
are both innumerable and unnamed. Arterioles have a
poorly defined adventitia, and the media
consists of scattered smooth muscle cells that
may not form a complete layer.
Venules, the smallest veins, collect blood from
capillaries. They vary widely in diameter and
character, and the small venules are both
innumerable and unnamed. The smallest
venules resemble expanded capillaries,
and venules smaller than 50 m in
total diameter lack a media
altogether.
Smooth muscle cells
Adventitia
Endothelium
Endothelium
Basal lamina
4
Fenestrated capillaries are
capillaries that contain
“windows,” or pores in
their walls, due to an
incomplete or
perforated endothelial
lining.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Fenestrated Capillary
Pores
Endothelial
cells
Basal lamina
Capillaries
Continuous Capillary
Endothelial
cells
Basal lamina
Continuous capillaries are found
in most regions of the body. In
these capillaries the endothelium
is a complete lining, and the
endothelial cells are connected by
tight junctions and desmosomes.
Histological Organization of Blood Vessels
• Muscular Arteries
• Medium-sized arteries up to 0.4 cm diameter
• Examples are:
•
•
•
•
•
Radial and ulnar
External carotid
Brachial
Femoral
Mesenteric
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.1 The Structure of Blood Vessels (2 of 8)
Structural Differences between Arteries and Veins
VEINS
7
ARTERIES
Start
Large Vein
Elastic Artery
Large veins include the superior and inferior
venae cavae (also termed the great veins) and
their tributaries within the abdominopelvic
and thoracic cavities.
1
The walls of elastic arteries, such as the aorta and
brachiocephalic arteries, are not very thick relative to the
vessel diameter, but they are extremely
resilient. The media of these vessels
contains relatively few smooth
muscle cells and a high density
of elastic fibers.
Adventitia
Internal elastic
layer
Media
Intima
Endothelium
Endothelium
Media
Intima
Adventitia
6
Medium-Sized Vein
Muscular Artery
Medium-sized veins, such as the radial and ulnar
veins, range from 2 to 9 mm in internal diameter and
correspond in general size to muscular arteries. In
these veins the media is thin,
and it contains relatively few
smooth muscle cells.
2
A typical muscular artery has a diameter of
approximately 4 mm (0.15 in.). Muscular arteries, such
as the radial and ulnar arteries, have a thicker media
with a greater percentage of smooth
muscle cells than elastic arteries.
Adventitia
Adventitia
Media
Media
Endothelium
Endothelium
Intima
Intima
5
Venule
Arteriole
3
Arterioles have an average diameter of about 30 m. They
are considerably smaller than muscular arteries, and they
are both innumerable and unnamed. Arterioles have a
poorly defined adventitia, and the media
consists of scattered smooth muscle cells that
may not form a complete layer.
Venules, the smallest veins, collect blood from
capillaries. They vary widely in diameter and
character, and the small venules are both
innumerable and unnamed. The smallest
venules resemble expanded capillaries,
and venules smaller than 50 m in
total diameter lack a media
altogether.
Smooth muscle cells
Adventitia
Endothelium
Endothelium
Basal lamina
4
Fenestrated capillaries are
capillaries that contain
“windows,” or pores in
their walls, due to an
incomplete or
perforated endothelial
lining.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Fenestrated Capillary
Pores
Endothelial
cells
Basal lamina
Capillaries
Continuous Capillary
Endothelial
cells
Basal lamina
Continuous capillaries are found
in most regions of the body. In
these capillaries the endothelium
is a complete lining, and the
endothelial cells are connected by
tight junctions and desmosomes.
Histological Organization of Blood Vessels
• Arterioles
• Small arteries around 30 microns in diameter
• Poorly defined adventitia
• Control blood flow between arteries and capillaries
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.1 The Structure of Blood Vessels (2 of 8)
Structural Differences between Arteries and Veins
VEINS
7
ARTERIES
Start
Large Vein
Elastic Artery
Large veins include the superior and inferior
venae cavae (also termed the great veins) and
their tributaries within the abdominopelvic
and thoracic cavities.
1
The walls of elastic arteries, such as the aorta and
brachiocephalic arteries, are not very thick relative to the
vessel diameter, but they are extremely
resilient. The media of these vessels
contains relatively few smooth
muscle cells and a high density
of elastic fibers.
Adventitia
Internal elastic
layer
Media
Intima
Endothelium
Endothelium
Media
Intima
Adventitia
6
Medium-Sized Vein
Muscular Artery
Medium-sized veins, such as the radial and ulnar
veins, range from 2 to 9 mm in internal diameter and
correspond in general size to muscular arteries. In
these veins the media is thin,
and it contains relatively few
smooth muscle cells.
2
A typical muscular artery has a diameter of
approximately 4 mm (0.15 in.). Muscular arteries, such
as the radial and ulnar arteries, have a thicker media
with a greater percentage of smooth
muscle cells than elastic arteries.
Adventitia
Adventitia
Media
Media
Endothelium
Endothelium
Intima
Intima
5
Venule
Arteriole
3
Arterioles have an average diameter of about 30 m. They
are considerably smaller than muscular arteries, and they
are both innumerable and unnamed. Arterioles have a
poorly defined adventitia, and the media
consists of scattered smooth muscle cells that
may not form a complete layer.
Venules, the smallest veins, collect blood from
capillaries. They vary widely in diameter and
character, and the small venules are both
innumerable and unnamed. The smallest
venules resemble expanded capillaries,
and venules smaller than 50 m in
total diameter lack a media
altogether.
Smooth muscle cells
Adventitia
Endothelium
Endothelium
Basal lamina
4
Fenestrated capillaries are
capillaries that contain
“windows,” or pores in
their walls, due to an
incomplete or
perforated endothelial
lining.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Fenestrated Capillary
Pores
Endothelial
cells
Basal lamina
Capillaries
Continuous Capillary
Endothelial
cells
Basal lamina
Continuous capillaries are found
in most regions of the body. In
these capillaries the endothelium
is a complete lining, and the
endothelial cells are connected by
tight junctions and desmosomes.
Histological Organization of Blood Vessels
• Capillaries
• Smallest of all vessels
• Most delicate of all vessels
• Walls are thin enough to permit exchange of
gases between the blood and the interstitial fluid
• The diameter is about 8 microns
• A red blood cell diameter is also about 8 microns
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Histological Organization of Blood Vessels
• Types of Capillaries
• Continuous
• Endothelial lining is complete
• Fenestrated
• Endothelial lining is not complete
• These capillaries have pores in their lining
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.2ab Structure of Capillaries and Sinusoids
Basal lamina
Endothelial cell
Nucleus
Endosomes
Fenestrations,
or pores
Endosomes
Basal
lamina
Boundary
between
endothelial
cells
a This diagrammatic view of a continuous
capillary shows the structure of its wall.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Boundary
between
endothelial
cells
Basal
lamina
b This diagrammatic view of a fenestrated
capillary details the structure of the wall.
Histological Organization of Blood Vessels
• Capillaries (continued)
• There are four mechanisms regarding the
passage of material across the walls of capillaries
• Material can diffuse across the endothelial lining
• Material can diffuse through gaps between
adjacent cells of the lining
• Material can diffuse through pores
• Material can move via endocytosis
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Histological Organization of Blood Vessels
• Capillary Beds
• Capillaries do not function as individual units
• Capillaries form an interconnected network of
capillaries (capillary beds)
• The capillary bed consists of vessels connecting
arterioles with venules
• There are precapillary sphincters involved in
regulating blood flow through the capillaries
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.3a Organization of a Capillary Bed
Vein
Smooth
muscle cells
Collateral
arteries
Venule
Arteriole
Metarterioles
Thoroughfare
channel
Capillaries
Section of
precapillary
sphincter
Small
venule
Precapillary
sphincters
Arteriovenous
anastomosis
a Basic organization of a typical capillary bed. The
pattern of blood flow changes continually in response
to regional alterations in tissue oxygen demand.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
KEY
Consistent
blood flow
Variable
blood flow
Histological Organization of Blood Vessels
• Capillary Beds (continued)
• In areas such as the brain, heart, and stomach, a
continuous, rich flow of blood is required
• In these areas, more than one artery supplies a
specific area
• These arteries (collateral arteries) typically fuse
forming an arterial anastomosis
• If one arteriole is blocked, the other one will supply
blood to the capillary bed
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Histological Organization of Blood Vessels
• Capillary Beds (continued)
• In areas such as the joints or visceral organs,
blood flow through some vessels may be
hindered due to body movement
• In order to accommodate this, there must be a
direct connection between arterioles and venules
• This direct connection is called an arteriovenous
anastomosis
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.3a Organization of a Capillary Bed
Vein
Smooth
muscle cells
Collateral
arteries
Venule
Arteriole
Metarterioles
Thoroughfare
channel
Capillaries
Section of
precapillary
sphincter
Small
venule
Precapillary
sphincters
Arteriovenous
anastomosis
a Basic organization of a typical capillary bed. The
pattern of blood flow changes continually in response
to regional alterations in tissue oxygen demand.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
KEY
Consistent
blood flow
Variable
blood flow
Histological Organization of Blood Vessels
• Veins
• Veins collect blood from tissues and return the
blood to the heart
• As blood leaves the tissue and travels to the heart,
it travels through the following vessels:
•
•
•
•
•
Capillary beds
Capillaries
Venules
Medium-sized veins
Large veins
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Histological Organization of Blood Vessels
• Venules
• Smallest of the veins
• Collect blood from the capillaries
• Lack or have thin tunica media
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.1 The Structure of Blood Vessels (2 of 8)
Structural Differences between Arteries and Veins
VEINS
7
ARTERIES
Start
Large Vein
Elastic Artery
Large veins include the superior and inferior
venae cavae (also termed the great veins) and
their tributaries within the abdominopelvic
and thoracic cavities.
1
The walls of elastic arteries, such as the aorta and
brachiocephalic arteries, are not very thick relative to the
vessel diameter, but they are extremely
resilient. The media of these vessels
contains relatively few smooth
muscle cells and a high density
of elastic fibers.
Adventitia
Internal elastic
layer
Media
Intima
Endothelium
Endothelium
Media
Intima
Adventitia
6
Medium-Sized Vein
Muscular Artery
Medium-sized veins, such as the radial and ulnar
veins, range from 2 to 9 mm in internal diameter and
correspond in general size to muscular arteries. In
these veins the media is thin,
and it contains relatively few
smooth muscle cells.
2
A typical muscular artery has a diameter of
approximately 4 mm (0.15 in.). Muscular arteries, such
as the radial and ulnar arteries, have a thicker media
with a greater percentage of smooth
muscle cells than elastic arteries.
Adventitia
Adventitia
Media
Media
Endothelium
Endothelium
Intima
Intima
5
Venule
Arteriole
3
Arterioles have an average diameter of about 30 m. They
are considerably smaller than muscular arteries, and they
are both innumerable and unnamed. Arterioles have a
poorly defined adventitia, and the media
consists of scattered smooth muscle cells that
may not form a complete layer.
Venules, the smallest veins, collect blood from
capillaries. They vary widely in diameter and
character, and the small venules are both
innumerable and unnamed. The smallest
venules resemble expanded capillaries,
and venules smaller than 50 m in
total diameter lack a media
altogether.
Smooth muscle cells
Adventitia
Endothelium
Endothelium
Basal lamina
4
Fenestrated capillaries are
capillaries that contain
“windows,” or pores in
their walls, due to an
incomplete or
perforated endothelial
lining.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Fenestrated Capillary
Pores
Endothelial
cells
Basal lamina
Capillaries
Continuous Capillary
Endothelial
cells
Basal lamina
Continuous capillaries are found
in most regions of the body. In
these capillaries the endothelium
is a complete lining, and the
endothelial cells are connected by
tight junctions and desmosomes.
Histological Organization of Blood Vessels
• Medium-Sized Veins
• The adventitia (tunica externa) is the largest of the
layers
• Contains elastic fibers
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.1 The Structure of Blood Vessels (2 of 8)
Structural Differences between Arteries and Veins
VEINS
7
ARTERIES
Start
Large Vein
Elastic Artery
Large veins include the superior and inferior
venae cavae (also termed the great veins) and
their tributaries within the abdominopelvic
and thoracic cavities.
1
The walls of elastic arteries, such as the aorta and
brachiocephalic arteries, are not very thick relative to the
vessel diameter, but they are extremely
resilient. The media of these vessels
contains relatively few smooth
muscle cells and a high density
of elastic fibers.
Adventitia
Internal elastic
layer
Media
Intima
Endothelium
Endothelium
Media
Intima
Adventitia
6
Medium-Sized Vein
Muscular Artery
Medium-sized veins, such as the radial and ulnar
veins, range from 2 to 9 mm in internal diameter and
correspond in general size to muscular arteries. In
these veins the media is thin,
and it contains relatively few
smooth muscle cells.
2
A typical muscular artery has a diameter of
approximately 4 mm (0.15 in.). Muscular arteries, such
as the radial and ulnar arteries, have a thicker media
with a greater percentage of smooth
muscle cells than elastic arteries.
Adventitia
Adventitia
Media
Media
Endothelium
Endothelium
Intima
Intima
5
Venule
Arteriole
3
Arterioles have an average diameter of about 30 m. They
are considerably smaller than muscular arteries, and they
are both innumerable and unnamed. Arterioles have a
poorly defined adventitia, and the media
consists of scattered smooth muscle cells that
may not form a complete layer.
Venules, the smallest veins, collect blood from
capillaries. They vary widely in diameter and
character, and the small venules are both
innumerable and unnamed. The smallest
venules resemble expanded capillaries,
and venules smaller than 50 m in
total diameter lack a media
altogether.
Smooth muscle cells
Adventitia
Endothelium
Endothelium
Basal lamina
4
Fenestrated capillaries are
capillaries that contain
“windows,” or pores in
their walls, due to an
incomplete or
perforated endothelial
lining.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Fenestrated Capillary
Pores
Endothelial
cells
Basal lamina
Capillaries
Continuous Capillary
Endothelial
cells
Basal lamina
Continuous capillaries are found
in most regions of the body. In
these capillaries the endothelium
is a complete lining, and the
endothelial cells are connected by
tight junctions and desmosomes.
Histological Organization of Blood Vessels
• Large Veins
• All three layers are relatively thick
• Examples of large veins are:
• Superior vena cava
• Inferior vena cava
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.1 The Structure of Blood Vessels (2 of 8)
Structural Differences between Arteries and Veins
VEINS
7
ARTERIES
Start
Large Vein
Elastic Artery
Large veins include the superior and inferior
venae cavae (also termed the great veins) and
their tributaries within the abdominopelvic
and thoracic cavities.
1
The walls of elastic arteries, such as the aorta and
brachiocephalic arteries, are not very thick relative to the
vessel diameter, but they are extremely
resilient. The media of these vessels
contains relatively few smooth
muscle cells and a high density
of elastic fibers.
Adventitia
Internal elastic
layer
Media
Intima
Endothelium
Endothelium
Media
Intima
Adventitia
6
Medium-Sized Vein
Muscular Artery
Medium-sized veins, such as the radial and ulnar
veins, range from 2 to 9 mm in internal diameter and
correspond in general size to muscular arteries. In
these veins the media is thin,
and it contains relatively few
smooth muscle cells.
2
A typical muscular artery has a diameter of
approximately 4 mm (0.15 in.). Muscular arteries, such
as the radial and ulnar arteries, have a thicker media
with a greater percentage of smooth
muscle cells than elastic arteries.
Adventitia
Adventitia
Media
Media
Endothelium
Endothelium
Intima
Intima
5
Venule
Arteriole
3
Arterioles have an average diameter of about 30 m. They
are considerably smaller than muscular arteries, and they
are both innumerable and unnamed. Arterioles have a
poorly defined adventitia, and the media
consists of scattered smooth muscle cells that
may not form a complete layer.
Venules, the smallest veins, collect blood from
capillaries. They vary widely in diameter and
character, and the small venules are both
innumerable and unnamed. The smallest
venules resemble expanded capillaries,
and venules smaller than 50 m in
total diameter lack a media
altogether.
Smooth muscle cells
Adventitia
Endothelium
Endothelium
Basal lamina
4
Fenestrated capillaries are
capillaries that contain
“windows,” or pores in
their walls, due to an
incomplete or
perforated endothelial
lining.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Fenestrated Capillary
Pores
Endothelial
cells
Basal lamina
Capillaries
Continuous Capillary
Endothelial
cells
Basal lamina
Continuous capillaries are found
in most regions of the body. In
these capillaries the endothelium
is a complete lining, and the
endothelial cells are connected by
tight junctions and desmosomes.
Histological Organization of Blood Vessels
• Venous Valves
• Blood in the veins returning to the heart from the
lower extremities has to go against gravity
• To assist in this process, many veins have valves
(venous valves)
• These valves compartmentalize the blood in the
veins thus acting as one-way valves
• Valves prevent backflow of blood
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.4 Function of Valves in the Venous System
Valve
closed
Valve opens above
contracting muscle
Valve
closed
Valve closes below
contracting muscle
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Histological Organization of Blood Vessels
• Blood in the veins from the lower extremities has
to ascend to the heart
• Blood in the veins returning to the heart from the
lower extremities has to go against gravity
• The skeletal muscles of the legs help to propel the
blood back to the heart
• Changes in thoracic pressure helps to move the
blood through the venae cavae back to the heart
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Distribution of Blood
• The total blood volume is distributed unevenly
within the vessels of the body
• Arteries and capillaries contain 30–35 percent of
the volume
• Veins contain 65–70 percent of the volume
• Veins are more distensible than arteries
• Based on blood pressure, a vein can expand about
8 times as much as a parallel artery
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.5 The Distribution of Blood in the Cardiovascular System
Large veins
18%
Large venous
networks (liver,
bone marrow, skin)
21%
Venules and
medium-sized veins
25%
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Blood Vessel Distribution
• Blood vessels can be divided into two circuits
• Pulmonary circuit
• Composed of arteries and veins that transport
blood between the heart and the lungs
• Arteries and veins travel relatively short distances
• Systemic circuit
• Composed of arteries and veins that transport
oxygenated blood between the heart and all other
tissues
• Arteries and veins travel longer distances
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Blood Vessel Distribution
• There are functional and structural differences
between the vessels in the two circuits
• Blood pressure in the pulmonary circuit is lower
than in the systemic circuit
• Walls of the pulmonary arteries are thinner than
the walls of systemic arteries
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Blood Vessel Distribution Vessel
Distribution
• Functional patterns of the pulmonary and
systemic circuits
• The distribution of arteries and veins is the same
on the left side of the body as it is on the right side
of the body except for the venae cavae and the
aorta
• A single vessel will have different names
according to specific anatomical boundaries
• Arteries and veins often anastomose
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Pulmonary Circuit
• Blood on the right side of the heart is on its way
through the pulmonary circuit
• Deoxygenated blood leaves the heart by passing
through the pulmonary valve
• Enters the pulmonary trunk
• Enters the left and right pulmonary arteries
• Blood arrives at the lungs to drop off carbon
dioxide and pick up oxygen
• Oxygenated blood returns to the heart via the
pulmonary veins
• Blood enters the left atrium of the heart
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.6 An Overview of the General Pattern of Circulation
Brain
Upper limbs
Pulmonary
circuit
(arteries)
Pulmonary
circuit
(veins)
Lungs
LA
RA
Systemic
circuit
(veins)
Left
ventricle
Right
ventricle
Systemic
circuit
(arteries)
Kidneys
Spleen
Liver
Digestive
organs
Gonads
Lower limbs
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.7a The Pulmonary Circuit
Trachea
Ascending aorta
Aortic arch
Pulmonary trunk
Superior vena cava
Left lung
Right lung
Left pulmonary arteries
Right pulmonary
arteries
Left pulmonary veins
Right pulmonary
veins
Alveolus
Capillary
Inferior vena cava
Descending aorta
a Anatomy of the pulmonary circuit. Blue arrows indicate the flow of
oxygen-poor blood; red arrows indicate the flow of oxygen-rich blood. The
breakout shows the alveoli of the lung and the routes of gas diffusion into
and out of the bloodstream across the walls of the alveolar capillaries.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
O2
CO2
Systemic Arteries
• Blood on the left side of the heart is on its way
through the system circulation
• Oxygenated blood leaves the heart by passing
through the aortic valve
• Enters the ascending aorta
• At the base of the ascending aorta are the
branches of the coronary vessels
• Enters the aortic arch
• From the aortic arch, blood branches into
numerous vessels
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.6 An Overview of the General Pattern of Circulation
Brain
Upper limbs
Pulmonary
circuit
(arteries)
Pulmonary
circuit
(veins)
Lungs
LA
RA
Systemic
circuit
(veins)
Left
ventricle
Right
ventricle
Systemic
circuit
(arteries)
Kidneys
Spleen
Liver
Digestive
organs
Gonads
Lower limbs
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Systemic Arteries
• Blood in the aortic arch branches into the
following vessels:
• Brachiocephalic trunk
• Then the right common carotid and right
subclavian arteries
• Left common carotid artery
• Left subclavian artery
• Descending aorta
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.8 An Overview of the Systemic Arterial System
Vertebral
Brachiocephalic
trunk
Right subclavian
Right common carotid
Left common carotid
Left subclavian
Aortic arch
Axillary
Ascending
aorta
Pulmonary trunk
Descending aorta
Diaphragm
Celiac trunk
Renal
Brachial
Superior mesenteric
Gonadal
Inferior mesenteric
Radial
Common iliac
Ulnar
Internal iliac
Palmar
arches
External
iliac
Popliteal
Deep
femoral
Femoral
Descending
genicular
Posterior tibial
Anterior tibial
Fibular
Dorsalis pedis
Plantar arch
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Systemic Arteries
• The Ascending Aorta
• Begins at the aortic valve
• Left and right coronary arteries branch off the
base of the ascending aorta
• Aortic arch
• Forms an arch going toward the left and posterior
side of the heart
• Branching off the aortic arch are three elastic
arteries
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Systemic Arteries
• Branches of the Aortic Arch
• Brachiocephalic trunk
• Gives rise to the right common carotid artery
• And gives rise to the right subclavian artery, which
supplies blood to the right side of the head and
brain and to the right subclavian artery (supplies
blood to the right arm)
• Left common carotid artery
• Supplies blood to the left side of the head and brain
• Left subclavian artery
• Supplies blood to the left arm
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.9 Aortic Angiogram
Right common
carotid artery
Thyrocervical trunk
Right subclavian
artery
Brachiocephalic
trunk
Internal thoracic
artery
Ascending aorta
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Left common
carotid artery
Left subclavian
artery
Aortic arch
Descending
aorta
Systemic Arteries
• The Subclavian Arteries
• The subclavian arteries
• Continue to form the axillary arteries
• Prior to forming the axillary arteries, the
subclavians form three branches:
• Thyrocervical trunk
• Supplies muscles of the neck, head, and upper back
• Internal thoracic artery
• Supplies the pericardium and anterior wall of the
chest
• Vertebral artery
• Supplies the brain and spinal cord
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.19a Major Veins of the Head and Neck
Superior
sagittal sinus
Inferior
sagittal sinus
Superficial
cerebral veins
Temporal
Great cerebral
Deep cerebral
Straight sinus
Cavernous sinus
Maxillary
Petrosal sinuses
Right
transverse sinus
Facial
Occipital sinus
Sigmoid
sinus
Occipital
Vertebral
External
jugular
Internal jugular
Right
subclavian
Clavicle
Axillary
Right brachiocephalic
Left brachiocephalic
Superior vena cava
Internal thoracic
a An oblique lateral view of the head and neck
showing the major superficial and deep veins.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Systemic Arteries
• The Flow of Blood from the Subclavians to the
Arms
• Axillary artery
• Brachial artery
• Radial and ulnar arteries
• Arteries anastomose at the wrist forming the
superficial palmar arch and deep palmar arch
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.10a Arteries of the Chest and Upper Limb
a Anterior view of the
arteries of the chest
and upper limb
Right thyrocervical trunk
Right vertebral
Right common
carotid
See Figure 22.12
Left
subclavian
Brachiocephalic
trunk
Right subclavian
Right internal thoracic
Left
common
carotid
Right
Right
thyrocervical Right
common
vertebral carotid
trunk
Left common
carotid
Aortic arch
Thoracoacromial
Left subclavian
Right axillary
Ascending aorta
Lateral thoracic
Anterior
humeral circumflex
Posterior humeral
circumflex
Thoracic aorta
Left ventricle
Subscapular
Deep brachial
Intercostals
Right brachial
Abdominal aorta
Superior
ulnar
collateral
Right
radial
Inferior ulnar collateral
Right
ulnar
Anterior ulnar recurrent
Posterior ulnar recurrent
Anterior
interosseous
Deep palmar
arch
Superficial
palmar arch
Digital arteries
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.10bc Arteries of the Chest and Upper Limb
b
Posterior cord
of brachial plexus
Anterior view of the
right axillary region
dissected to show
blood vessels and
nerves in this region
Clavicle
(cut and removed)
Axillary artery
Medial trunk of
brachial plexus
Right subclavian artery
Deep brachial
artery
Subscapular artery
Brachial
artery
Pectoralis major muscle
(cut and reflected)
Biceps brachii muscle
Serratus anterior
muscle
Median nerve
Brachial artery
Biceps brachii
muscle
Brachial artery
Inferior ulnar
collateral artery
Brachioradialis
muscle
Ulnar artery
Flexor carpi
radialis muscle
Radial artery
Ulnar artery
c
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Anterior view of the right
forearm dissected to
show the main arteries
Superficial palmar arch
Systemic Arteries
• The Carotid Arteries and the Blood Supply to the
Brain
• The common carotids ascend the neck
• Divide to form the internal carotids and external
carotids
• The carotid sinus is at the base of the internal
carotid artery consisting of baroreceptors and
chemoreceptors
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.12a Arteries of the Neck and Head
Superficial temporal
Cerebral arterial circle
Carotid canal
Anterior cerebral
Middle cerebral
Ophthalmic
Posterior cerebral
Maxillary
Basilar
Occipital
Internal carotid
Vertebral
Inferior thyroid
Facial
Lingual
External carotid
Carotid sinus
Thyrocervical trunk
Transverse cervical
Common carotid
Suprascapular
Subclavian
Axillary
Internal thoracic
Brachiocephalic
trunk
Second rib
a General circulation pattern of arteries supplying the neck and superficial
structures of the head; this is an oblique lateral view from the right side.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Systemic Arteries
• The Internal and External Carotid Arteries
• External carotids
• Supply the neck and outside of the skull
• Branches to form:
•
•
•
•
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Lingual artery
Facial artery
Occipital artery
Superficial temporal artery
Figure 22.12a Arteries of the Neck and Head
Superficial temporal
Cerebral arterial circle
Carotid canal
Anterior cerebral
Middle cerebral
Ophthalmic
Posterior cerebral
Maxillary
Basilar
Occipital
Internal carotid
Vertebral
Inferior thyroid
Facial
Lingual
External carotid
Carotid sinus
Thyrocervical trunk
Transverse cervical
Common carotid
Suprascapular
Subclavian
Axillary
Internal thoracic
Brachiocephalic
trunk
Second rib
a General circulation pattern of arteries supplying the neck and superficial
structures of the head; this is an oblique lateral view from the right side.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Systemic Arteries
• The Internal and External Carotid Arteries
• Internal carotids
• Enter the skull to deliver blood to the brain
• Branches to form:
• Ophthalmic artery (supplies the eyes)
• Anterior cerebral artery (supplies frontal and
parietal lobes of the brain)
• Middle cerebral artery (supplies the midbrain and
lateral surfaces of the brain)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Systemic Arteries
• Blood Supply to the Brain
• Blood in the vertebral arteries reaches the brain
via:
• Left and right vertebral arteries fuse to form the
basilar artery
• Basilar artery branches many times in the area of
the pons
• Basilar artery eventually forms the vessels of the
cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.19a Major Veins of the Head and Neck
Superior
sagittal sinus
Inferior
sagittal sinus
Superficial
cerebral veins
Temporal
Great cerebral
Deep cerebral
Straight sinus
Cavernous sinus
Maxillary
Petrosal sinuses
Right
transverse sinus
Facial
Occipital sinus
Sigmoid
sinus
Occipital
Vertebral
External
jugular
Internal jugular
Right
subclavian
Clavicle
Axillary
Right brachiocephalic
Left brachiocephalic
Superior vena cava
Internal thoracic
a An oblique lateral view of the head and neck
showing the major superficial and deep veins.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.19b Major Veins of the Head and Neck
Superior
sagittal sinus (cut)
Roots of superior
cerebral
Middle cerebral
Cavernous
sinus
Pontal
Petrosal sinuses
Internal
jugular
Inferior cerebrals
Inferior
cerebellars
Sigmoid sinus
Straight sinus
Occipital sinus
Transverse sinus
Confluence of sinuses
b An inferior view of the brain showing the major veins.
Compare with the arterial supply to the brain shown in
Figure 22.13a.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Systemic Arteries
• The Descending Aorta
• A continuation of the aortic arch
• Divided into thoracic aorta and abdominal aorta at
the diaphragm area
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.14 Major Arteries of the Trunk
Vertebral
Thyrocervical trunk
Brachiocephalic trunk
Aortic arch
Common carotid
Left subclavian
Axillary
Internal thoracic
Bronchial
Mediastinal
Esophageal
Pericardial
Intercostal
THORACIC AORTA
Superior phrenic
Inferior phrenic
Celiac trunk
Diaphragm
Left gastric
Common hepatic
Splenic
Suprarenal
Superior
mesenteric
Renal
ABDOMINAL
AORTA
Lumbar
Gonadal
Right common iliac
External iliac
Inferior mesenteric
Terminal segment
of the aorta
Internal iliac
Median sacral
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Systemic Arteries
• The Thoracic Aorta
• Branches to form the following vessels:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Bronchial arteries
Pericardial arteries
Mediastinal arteries
Esophageal arteries
Intercostal arteries
Superior phrenic arteries
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.14 Major Arteries of the Trunk
Vertebral
Thyrocervical trunk
Brachiocephalic trunk
Aortic arch
Common carotid
Left subclavian
Axillary
Internal thoracic
Bronchial
Mediastinal
Esophageal
Pericardial
Intercostal
THORACIC AORTA
Superior phrenic
Inferior phrenic
Celiac trunk
Diaphragm
Left gastric
Common hepatic
Splenic
Suprarenal
Superior
mesenteric
Renal
ABDOMINAL
AORTA
Lumbar
Gonadal
Right common iliac
External iliac
Inferior mesenteric
Terminal segment
of the aorta
Internal iliac
Median sacral
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Systemic Arteries
• The Abdominal Aorta
• Branches to form the following vessels:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Celiac trunk
Superior mesenteric artery
Inferior mesenteric artery
Inferior phrenic arteries
Suprarenal arteries
Renal arteries
Gonadal arteries
Lumbar arteries
Right and left common iliac arteries
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.14 Major Arteries of the Trunk
Vertebral
Thyrocervical trunk
Brachiocephalic trunk
Aortic arch
Common carotid
Left subclavian
Axillary
Internal thoracic
Bronchial
Mediastinal
Esophageal
Pericardial
Intercostal
THORACIC AORTA
Superior phrenic
Inferior phrenic
Celiac trunk
Diaphragm
Left gastric
Common hepatic
Splenic
Suprarenal
Superior
mesenteric
Renal
ABDOMINAL
AORTA
Lumbar
Gonadal
Right common iliac
External iliac
Inferior mesenteric
Terminal segment
of the aorta
Internal iliac
Median sacral
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Systemic Arteries
• The Celiac Trunk
• Supplies the following organs:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Liver
Stomach
Esophagus
Gallbladder
Duodenum
Pancreas
Spleen
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Systemic Arteries
• The Celiac Trunk
• Branches to form the left gastric artery
• Supplies the stomach
• Branches to form the splenic artery
• Supplies the spleen
• Branches to form the left gastroepiploic artery to
supply the stomach
• Branches to form the pancreatic arteries to supply
the pancreas
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Systemic Arteries
• The Celiac Trunk
• Branches to form the common hepatic artery
• Branches to form:
• Hepatic artery proper
• Supplies the liver
• Right gastric artery
• Supplies the stomach
• Cystic artery
• Supplies the gallbladder
• Gastroduodenal artery
• Supplies the duodenum
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.15a Arteries of the Abdomen
Inferior vena cava
THORACIC AORTA
ABDOMINAL AORTA
Celiac trunk
Liver
Stomach
Common hepatic
Hepatic artery proper
Left gastric
Cystic
Gastroduodenal
Right gastric
Splenic
Spleen
Right gastroepiploic
Superior mesenteric
Superior
pancreaticoduodenal
Left gastroepiploic
Pancreas
Pancreatic
Inferior mesenteric
Duodenal
Left colic
Inferior
pancreaticoduodenal
Middle colic (cut)
Sigmoid
Ascending colon
Left common iliac
Right colic
Ileocolic
Intestinal
Small intestine
Sigmoid colon
Rectal
Right external iliac
Right internal iliac
Rectum
a Major arteries supplying the abdominal viscera
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Systemic Arteries
• Superior Mesenteric Artery
• Branches to supply
• Pancreas
• Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery
• Duodenum
• Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery
• Small intestine
• Intestinal arteries
• Large intestine
• Right colic artery
• Middle colic artery
• Ileocolic arteries
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.15a Arteries of the Abdomen
Inferior vena cava
THORACIC AORTA
ABDOMINAL AORTA
Celiac trunk
Liver
Stomach
Common hepatic
Hepatic artery proper
Left gastric
Cystic
Gastroduodenal
Right gastric
Splenic
Spleen
Right gastroepiploic
Superior mesenteric
Superior
pancreaticoduodenal
Left gastroepiploic
Pancreas
Pancreatic
Inferior mesenteric
Duodenal
Left colic
Inferior
pancreaticoduodenal
Middle colic (cut)
Sigmoid
Ascending colon
Left common iliac
Right colic
Ileocolic
Intestinal
Small intestine
Sigmoid colon
Rectal
Right external iliac
Right internal iliac
Rectum
a Major arteries supplying the abdominal viscera
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Systemic Arteries
• Inferior Mesenteric Artery
• Branches to supply
• Terminal portion of the large intestine
• Left colic artery
• Sigmoid arteries
• Rectum
• Rectal arteries
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.15a Arteries of the Abdomen
Inferior vena cava
THORACIC AORTA
ABDOMINAL AORTA
Celiac trunk
Liver
Stomach
Common hepatic
Hepatic artery proper
Left gastric
Cystic
Gastroduodenal
Right gastric
Splenic
Spleen
Right gastroepiploic
Superior mesenteric
Superior
pancreaticoduodenal
Left gastroepiploic
Pancreas
Pancreatic
Inferior mesenteric
Duodenal
Left colic
Inferior
pancreaticoduodenal
Middle colic (cut)
Sigmoid
Ascending colon
Left common iliac
Right colic
Ileocolic
Intestinal
Small intestine
Sigmoid colon
Rectal
Right external iliac
Right internal iliac
Rectum
a Major arteries supplying the abdominal viscera
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Systemic Arteries
• Five paired arteries branch off the descending
aorta
•
•
•
•
•
Inferior phrenic arteries
Suprarenal arteries
Renal arteries
Gonadal arteries
Lumbar arteries
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Systemic Arteries
• The five paired arteries supply:
• Inferior phrenic arteries
• Supply inferior portion of esophagus and
diaphragm
• Suprarenal arteries
• Supply the suprarenal glands
• Renal arteries
• Supply the right and left kidneys
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Systemic Arteries
• The five paired arteries supply (continued)
• Gonadal arteries
• Supply testes, scrotum, ovaries, uterine tubes,
uterus
• Lumbar arteries
• Supply vertebrae, spinal cord, abdominal wall
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.14 Major Arteries of the Trunk
Vertebral
Thyrocervical trunk
Brachiocephalic trunk
Aortic arch
Common carotid
Left subclavian
Axillary
Internal thoracic
Bronchial
Mediastinal
Esophageal
Pericardial
Intercostal
THORACIC AORTA
Superior phrenic
Inferior phrenic
Celiac trunk
Diaphragm
Left gastric
Common hepatic
Splenic
Suprarenal
Superior
mesenteric
Renal
ABDOMINAL
AORTA
Lumbar
Gonadal
Right common iliac
External iliac
Inferior mesenteric
Terminal segment
of the aorta
Internal iliac
Median sacral
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Systemic Arteries
• Arteries of the Pelvis and Lower Limbs
• The descending aorta branches to form:
• The common iliac arteries branch to form:
• The internal iliac artery (supplies the urinary
bladder, walls of the pelvis, external genitalia, and
the medial side of the thigh)
• The external iliac artery (supplies blood to the
legs)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.8 An Overview of the Systemic Arterial System
Vertebral
Brachiocephalic
trunk
Right subclavian
Right common carotid
Left common carotid
Left subclavian
Aortic arch
Axillary
Ascending
aorta
Pulmonary trunk
Descending aorta
Diaphragm
Celiac trunk
Renal
Brachial
Superior mesenteric
Gonadal
Inferior mesenteric
Radial
Common iliac
Ulnar
Internal iliac
Palmar
arches
External
iliac
Popliteal
Deep
femoral
Femoral
Descending
genicular
Posterior tibial
Anterior tibial
Fibular
Dorsalis pedis
Plantar arch
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Systemic Arteries
• Arteries of the Thigh and Leg
• External iliac arteries form the:
• Deep femoral artery
• Femoral artery
• Continues to form the popliteal artery
• The popliteal bifurcates to form anterior tibial and
posterior tibial arteries
• The posterior tibial artery gives rise the fibular
artery
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.16a Major Arteries of the Lower Limb, Part I
Iliolumbar
Superior gluteal
Inguinal ligament
Deep femoral
Common iliac
Internal iliac
External iliac
Lateral sacral
Internal pudendal
Obturator
Medial femoral
circumflex
Lateral femoral
circumflex
Femoral
Popliteal
Descending
genicular
Posterior tibial
Anterior tibial
Fibular
Dorsalis pedis
Lateral plantar
Dorsal arch
Medial plantar
Plantar arch
a Anterior view of the arteries supplying
the right lower limb
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.17 Major Arteries of the Lower Limb, Part II
Superior gluteal
Right external iliac
(see Fig.
Femoral
(see Fig.
22.15)
22.16)
Thigh
Deep femoral
(see Fig.
22.16)
Hip joint, femoral head,
deep muscles of the thigh
Medial femoral
circumflex
Adductor and
obturator
muscles, hip joint
Lateral
femoral
circumflex
Quadriceps
muscles, hip
and knee
joints
Descending genicular
Skin of leg; knee joint
Popliteal
Leg and foot
Posterior
tibial
Fibular
Connected by anastomoses
of dorsalis pedis, dorsal
arch, and plantar arch,
which supply distal portions
of the foot and the toes
Posterior view of the arteries supplying the right lower limb
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Anterior
tibial
Systemic Arteries
• Arteries of the Foot
• The anterior tibial artery forms:
• Dorsalis pedis artery
• The posterior tibial artery forms:
• Medial and lateral plantar arteries
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Systemic Veins
• Systemic Veins
• Veins collect blood from the body tissues and
return it to the heart
• Blood returns to the heart from the lower
extremities
• Via the inferior vena cava to the right atrium
• Blood returns to the heart from the upper
extremities
• Via the superior vena cava to the right atrium
• Blood returns to the heart from the lungs
• Via the pulmonary veins to the left atrium
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.7a The Pulmonary Circuit
Trachea
Ascending aorta
Aortic arch
Pulmonary trunk
Superior vena cava
Left lung
Right lung
Left pulmonary arteries
Right pulmonary
arteries
Left pulmonary veins
Right pulmonary
veins
Alveolus
Capillary
Inferior vena cava
Descending aorta
a Anatomy of the pulmonary circuit. Blue arrows indicate the flow of
oxygen-poor blood; red arrows indicate the flow of oxygen-rich blood. The
breakout shows the alveoli of the lung and the routes of gas diffusion into
and out of the bloodstream across the walls of the alveolar capillaries.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
O2
CO2
Figure 22.18 An Overview of the Systemic Venous System
Vertebral
External jugular
Subclavian
Internal jugular
Brachiocephalic
Axillary
Superior vena cava
Cephalic
Brachial
Intercostal
Basilic
Inferior vena cava
Hepatic
Renal
Gonadal
Median cubital
Lumbar
Radial
Median antebrachial
Left and right
common iliac
Ulnar
External iliac
Palmar venous arches
Internal iliac
Digital
Deep
femoral
Great saphenous
Femoral
Popliteal
Small saphenous
Posterior tibial
Anterior tibial
Fibular
KEY
Superficial veins
Dorsal venous arch
Plantar venous arch
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Deep veins
Systemic Veins
• The Superior Vena Cava
• All veins drain into the superior vena cava and the
inferior vena cava except:
• Cardiac veins
• Superior vena cava receives blood from:
•
•
•
•
•
The head
The neck
The chest
The shoulders
The upper limbs
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Systemic Veins
• Venous Return from the Cranium
• The superficial cerebral veins drain into:
•
•
•
•
•
Superior and inferior sagittal sinuses
Petrosal sinuses
Occipital sinus
Left and right transverse sinuses
Straight sinus
• Venous blood from the cranium drains into the
internal jugular veins, which drain into the
brachiocephalic veins
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.19a Major Veins of the Head and Neck
Superior
sagittal sinus
Inferior
sagittal sinus
Superficial
cerebral veins
Temporal
Great cerebral
Deep cerebral
Straight sinus
Cavernous sinus
Maxillary
Petrosal sinuses
Right
transverse sinus
Facial
Occipital sinus
Sigmoid
sinus
Occipital
Vertebral
External
jugular
Internal jugular
Right
subclavian
Clavicle
Axillary
Right brachiocephalic
Left brachiocephalic
Superior vena cava
Internal thoracic
a An oblique lateral view of the head and neck
showing the major superficial and deep veins.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Systemic Veins
• Venous Return from the Cranium (continued)
• Venous blood from the posterior skull and the
cervical spinal cord drain into:
• The vertebral veins
• Drain into brachiocephalic veins
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.19b Major Veins of the Head and Neck
Superior
sagittal sinus (cut)
Roots of superior
cerebral
Middle cerebral
Cavernous
sinus
Pontal
Petrosal sinuses
Internal
jugular
Inferior cerebrals
Inferior
cerebellars
Sigmoid sinus
Straight sinus
Occipital sinus
Transverse sinus
Confluence of sinuses
b An inferior view of the brain showing the major veins.
Compare with the arterial supply to the brain shown in
Figure 22.13a.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Systemic Veins
• Superficial Veins of the Head and Neck
• Veins from the head converge to form the:
• Temporal vein
• Drains into the external jugular vein then into the
subclavian vein
• Maxillary veins
• Drain into the external jugular vein then into the
subclavian veins
• Facial vein
• Drains into the internal jugular vein then into the
subclavian veins
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.19a Major Veins of the Head and Neck
Superior
sagittal sinus
Inferior
sagittal sinus
Superficial
cerebral veins
Temporal
Great cerebral
Deep cerebral
Straight sinus
Cavernous sinus
Maxillary
Petrosal sinuses
Right
transverse sinus
Facial
Occipital sinus
Sigmoid
sinus
Occipital
Vertebral
External
jugular
Internal jugular
Right
subclavian
Clavicle
Axillary
Right brachiocephalic
Left brachiocephalic
Superior vena cava
Internal thoracic
a An oblique lateral view of the head and neck
showing the major superficial and deep veins.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Systemic Veins
• Venous Return from the Upper Limb
• Blood returns to the heart from the hands in the
following sequence
• Digital veins
• Superficial and deep palmar veins
• The superficial palmar veins drain into the
cephalic vein
• Subclavian vein
• Brachiocephalic vein
• Superior vena cava
• Right atrium
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.20 The Venous Drainage of the Trunk and Upper Limb
Vertebral
Internal jugular
SUPERIOR
VENA CAVA
External jugular
Subclavian
Mediastinal
Highest intercostal
Brachiocephalic
Esophageal
Axillary
Cephalic
Azygos
Accessory hemiazygos
Hemiazygos
Internal
thoracic
Brachial
Intercostal
INFERIOR VENA CAVA
Hepatic
Basilic
Phrenic
Suprarenal
KEY
Renal
Superficial veins
Gonadal
Deep veins
Lumbar
Median cubital
Common
iliac
Internal iliac
External iliac
Cephalic
Anterior
interosseous
Median
sacral
Radial
Basilic
Median antebrachial
Ulnar
Palmar venous
arches
Digital
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Systemic Veins
• Venous Return from the Upper Limb
• Blood can also return to the heart from the hands
in the following sequence
• The superficial palmar veins drain into the
cephalic vein
• Median cubital vein
• Basilic vein
• Axillary vein
• Subclavian vein
• Brachiocephalic vein
• Superior vena cava
• Right atrium
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.20 The Venous Drainage of the Trunk and Upper Limb
Vertebral
Internal jugular
SUPERIOR
VENA CAVA
External jugular
Subclavian
Mediastinal
Highest intercostal
Brachiocephalic
Esophageal
Axillary
Cephalic
Azygos
Accessory hemiazygos
Hemiazygos
Internal
thoracic
Brachial
Intercostal
INFERIOR VENA CAVA
Hepatic
Basilic
Phrenic
Suprarenal
KEY
Renal
Superficial veins
Gonadal
Deep veins
Lumbar
Median cubital
Common
iliac
Internal iliac
External iliac
Cephalic
Anterior
interosseous
Median
sacral
Radial
Basilic
Median antebrachial
Ulnar
Palmar venous
arches
Digital
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Systemic Veins
• Venous Return from the Upper Limb
• Blood can also return to the heart from the hands
in the following sequence
• The superficial palmar veins drain into the basilic
vein
• Axillary vein
• Subclavian vein
• Brachiocephalic vein
• Superior vena cava
• Right atrium
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.20 The Venous Drainage of the Trunk and Upper Limb
Vertebral
Internal jugular
SUPERIOR
VENA CAVA
External jugular
Subclavian
Mediastinal
Highest intercostal
Brachiocephalic
Esophageal
Axillary
Cephalic
Azygos
Accessory hemiazygos
Hemiazygos
Internal
thoracic
Brachial
Intercostal
INFERIOR VENA CAVA
Hepatic
Basilic
Phrenic
Suprarenal
KEY
Renal
Superficial veins
Gonadal
Deep veins
Lumbar
Median cubital
Common
iliac
Internal iliac
External iliac
Cephalic
Anterior
interosseous
Median
sacral
Radial
Basilic
Median antebrachial
Ulnar
Palmar venous
arches
Digital
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Systemic Veins
• Venous Return from the Upper Limb
• Blood can also return to the heart from the hands
in the following sequence
• The deep palmar veins drain into the radial and
ulnar veins
• Those veins will unite to form the brachial vein
• Axillary vein
• Subclavian vein
• Brachiocephalic vein
• Superior vena cava
• Right atrium
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.20 The Venous Drainage of the Trunk and Upper Limb
Vertebral
Internal jugular
SUPERIOR
VENA CAVA
External jugular
Subclavian
Mediastinal
Highest intercostal
Brachiocephalic
Esophageal
Axillary
Cephalic
Azygos
Accessory hemiazygos
Hemiazygos
Internal
thoracic
Brachial
Intercostal
INFERIOR VENA CAVA
Hepatic
Basilic
Phrenic
Suprarenal
KEY
Renal
Superficial veins
Gonadal
Deep veins
Lumbar
Median cubital
Common
iliac
Internal iliac
External iliac
Cephalic
Anterior
interosseous
Median
sacral
Radial
Basilic
Median antebrachial
Ulnar
Palmar venous
arches
Digital
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Systemic Veins
• The Formation of the Superior Vena Cava
• The following veins drain into the superior vena
cava, which then drains into the right atrium
• Azygos veins
• Brachiocephalic veins
• Subclavian veins drain into the brachiocephalic
veins
• Internal thoracic veins drain into the
brachiocephalic veins
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.20 The Venous Drainage of the Trunk and Upper Limb
Vertebral
Internal jugular
SUPERIOR
VENA CAVA
External jugular
Subclavian
Mediastinal
Highest intercostal
Brachiocephalic
Esophageal
Axillary
Cephalic
Azygos
Accessory hemiazygos
Hemiazygos
Internal
thoracic
Brachial
Intercostal
INFERIOR VENA CAVA
Hepatic
Basilic
Phrenic
Suprarenal
KEY
Renal
Superficial veins
Gonadal
Deep veins
Lumbar
Median cubital
Common
iliac
Internal iliac
External iliac
Cephalic
Anterior
interosseous
Median
sacral
Radial
Basilic
Median antebrachial
Ulnar
Palmar venous
arches
Digital
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Systemic Veins
• The Inferior Vena Cava
• The following veins drain into the inferior vena
cava, which drains into the right atrium
• Common iliac veins
• Lumbar veins
• Gonadal veins:
• The right gonadal vein drains into the inferior vena
cava, the left gonadal vein drains into the left renal
vein and then into the inferior vena cava
• Hepatic veins
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.18 An Overview of the Systemic Venous System
Vertebral
External jugular
Subclavian
Internal jugular
Brachiocephalic
Axillary
Superior vena cava
Cephalic
Brachial
Intercostal
Basilic
Inferior vena cava
Hepatic
Renal
Gonadal
Median cubital
Lumbar
Radial
Median antebrachial
Left and right
common iliac
Ulnar
External iliac
Palmar venous arches
Internal iliac
Digital
Deep
femoral
Great saphenous
Femoral
Popliteal
Small saphenous
Posterior tibial
Anterior tibial
Fibular
KEY
Superficial veins
Dorsal venous arch
Plantar venous arch
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Deep veins
Systemic Veins
• Veins Draining the Pelvis
• The following veins drain into the internal iliac and
then into the common iliac and then into the IVC
•
•
•
•
Gluteal veins
Internal pudendal veins
Obturator veins
Lateral sacral veins
• Median sacral veins drain into the left common iliac
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.21a The Venous Drainage of the Lower Limb
Right common
iliac
Internal iliac
Superior gluteal
Right external iliac
External Iliac
Inferior gluteal
Internal pudendal
Lateral sacral
Obturator
Femoral
Femoral circumflex
Deep femoral
Femoral
Collects blood
from the thigh
Great saphenous
Small saphenous
Collects blood from
superficial veins of
the leg and foot
Popliteal
Small saphenous
Posterior tibial
Fibular
Anterior tibial
Fibular
The dorsal and plantar venous
arches collect blood from the
foot and toes
KEY
Superficial veins
Deep veins
Dorsal venous arch
Plantar venous arch
Digital
a Anterior view showing the
veins of the right lower limb
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.21b The Venous Drainage of the Lower Limb
External Iliac
Superior gluteal
Inferior gluteal
Internal pudendal
Obturator
Femoral
Femoral
circumflex
Deep femoral
Femoral
Great saphenous
Collects blood from
the superficial veins
of the lower limb
Popliteal
Small
saphenous
Anterior tibial
Posterior tibial
Anterior tibial
Fibular
The dorsal and plantar venous
arches collect blood from the
foot and toes
KEY
Superficial veins
Deep veins
Dorsal venous arch
Plantar venous arch
Digital
b Posterior view showing the
veins of the right lower limb
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Systemic Veins
• Veins Draining the Abdomen
• The abdominal portion of the inferior vena cava
collects blood from:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Lumbar veins
Gonadal veins
Hepatic veins
Renal veins
Suprarenal veins
Phrenic veins
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.18 An Overview of the Systemic Venous System
Vertebral
External jugular
Subclavian
Internal jugular
Brachiocephalic
Axillary
Superior vena cava
Cephalic
Brachial
Intercostal
Basilic
Inferior vena cava
Hepatic
Renal
Gonadal
Median cubital
Lumbar
Radial
Median antebrachial
Left and right
common iliac
Ulnar
External iliac
Palmar venous arches
Internal iliac
Digital
Deep
femoral
Great saphenous
Femoral
Popliteal
Small saphenous
Posterior tibial
Anterior tibial
Fibular
KEY
Superficial veins
Dorsal venous arch
Plantar venous arch
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Deep veins
Systemic Veins
• Veins Draining the Lower Limb
• Blood returns to the heart from the feet in the
following sequence
• Plantar veins
• Drain into the anterior tibial, posterior tibial, and
fibular veins
• Popliteal vein
• Femoral vein
• External iliac vein
• Common iliac vein
• Inferior vena cava
• Right atrium
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.18 An Overview of the Systemic Venous System
Vertebral
External jugular
Subclavian
Internal jugular
Brachiocephalic
Axillary
Superior vena cava
Cephalic
Brachial
Intercostal
Basilic
Inferior vena cava
Hepatic
Renal
Gonadal
Median cubital
Lumbar
Radial
Median antebrachial
Left and right
common iliac
Ulnar
External iliac
Palmar venous arches
Internal iliac
Digital
Deep
femoral
Great saphenous
Femoral
Popliteal
Small saphenous
Posterior tibial
Anterior tibial
Fibular
KEY
Superficial veins
Dorsal venous arch
Plantar venous arch
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Deep veins
Systemic Veins
• Veins Draining the Lower Limb
• Blood also leaves the foot and returns to the heart
via the following veins
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Dorsal venous arch
Great saphenous vein
Femoral vein
External iliac vein
Common iliac vein
Inferior vena cava
Right atrium
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.21a The Venous Drainage of the Lower Limb
Right common
iliac
Internal iliac
Superior gluteal
Right external iliac
External Iliac
Inferior gluteal
Internal pudendal
Lateral sacral
Obturator
Femoral
Femoral circumflex
Deep femoral
Femoral
Collects blood
from the thigh
Great saphenous
Small saphenous
Collects blood from
superficial veins of
the leg and foot
Popliteal
Small saphenous
Posterior tibial
Fibular
Anterior tibial
Fibular
The dorsal and plantar venous
arches collect blood from the
foot and toes
KEY
Superficial veins
Deep veins
Dorsal venous arch
Plantar venous arch
Digital
a Anterior view showing the
veins of the right lower limb
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.21b The Venous Drainage of the Lower Limb
External Iliac
Superior gluteal
Inferior gluteal
Internal pudendal
Obturator
Femoral
Femoral
circumflex
Deep femoral
Femoral
Great saphenous
Collects blood from
the superficial veins
of the lower limb
Popliteal
Small
saphenous
Anterior tibial
Posterior tibial
Anterior tibial
Fibular
The dorsal and plantar venous
arches collect blood from the
foot and toes
KEY
Superficial veins
Deep veins
Dorsal venous arch
Plantar venous arch
Digital
b Posterior view showing the
veins of the right lower limb
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Systemic Veins
• The Hepatic Portal System
• Blood from the small intestine, large intestine,
stomach, and pancreas flows into the hepatic
portal system
• Inferior mesenteric vein drains a portion of the
large intestine
• Splenic vein drains the spleen, lateral border of
the stomach, and the pancreas
• Superior mesenteric vein drains a portion of the
stomach, small intestine, and a portion of the large
intestine
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Systemic Veins
• The Hepatic Portal System
• From the hepatic portal veins, venous blood
enters into:
• Liver sinusoids
• Hepatic veins
• Inferior vena cava
• Right atrium
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.22 The Hepatic Portal System
Esophagus
Inferior vena cava
Aorta
Hepatic
Stomach
Left gastric
Liver
Right gastric
Cystic
Left gastroepiploic
Hepatic portal
Spleen
Right gastroepiploic
Pancreaticoduodenal
Middle colic
(from transverse colon)
Superior mesenteric
Pancreas
Splenic
Pancreatic
Left colic
Inferior mesenteric
Right colic
Ascending colon
Ileocolic
Descending colon
Sigmoid
Intestinal
Small intestine
Superior rectal
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cardiovascular Changes at Birth
• The fetal cardiovascular system differs from the
adult cardiovascular system
• The fetal lungs are nonfunctional
• The fetal digestive system is nonfunctional
• All fetal nutritional and respiratory needs are
provided by diffusion across the placenta
• Blood in the fetal internal iliacs enters the
umbilical arteries
• Enters the umbilical cord
• Enters the placenta
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cardiovascular Changes at Birth
• All fetal nutritional and respiratory needs are
provided by diffusion across the placenta
•
•
•
•
•
•
Blood leaves the placenta
Enters the umbilical vein
Enters the ductus venosus
Enters the fetal liver
Enters the inferior vena cava
Enters the fetal right atrium
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cardiovascular Changes at Birth
• Fetal heart circulation uses two “short circuits” to
the lungs
• Blood in the right atrium can enter into the left
atrium via the foramen ovale
• Blood in the pulmonary trunk can enter into the
aortic arch via the ductus arteriosus
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.23a Changes in Fetal Circulation at Birth
Foramen ovale (open)
Aorta
Ductus
arteriosus
(open)
Pulmonary
trunk
Liver
Umbilical vein
Inferior vena cava
Ductus venosus
Placenta
Umbilical
cord
a Circulation pathways in a full-term fetus.
Red indicates oxygen-rich blood, blue
indicates oxygen-poor blood, and violet
indicates a mixture of oxygen-rich and
oxygen-poor blood.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Umbilical
arteries
Figure 22.23b Changes in Fetal Circulation at Birth
Ductus arteriosus
(closed)
Pulmonary
trunk
Foramen ovale
(closed)
Left
atrium
Right
atrium
Left
ventricle
Inferior
vena cava
Right ventricle
b
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Blood flow through the
heart of the newborn.
Figure 22.23c Changes in Fetal Circulation at Birth
Superior vena cava
Right atrium
Inferior vena cava
Right ventricle
Ductus venosus
A shunt that permits most
blood to bypass the fetal
liver so as to directly enter
the inferior vena cava and
then the right atrium
General systemic circulation
Foramen ovale
An opening in the
interatrial septum
that permits some
blood to flow directly
into the left atrium
Left ventricle
FETAL HEART
Lungs
Minimal
blood flow
Ductus arteriosus
A vessel that shunts blood
from the pulmonary trunk,
away from the pulmonary
circuit, into the aortic arch
Umbilical vein
Transports oxygen-rich,
nutrient-rich blood from
placenta to fetal liver
General systemic circulation
PLACENTA
Left atrium
Umbilical arteries
Internal iliac arteries
Aorta
KEY
Oxygen-rich blood
Oxygen-poor blood
c Flowchart for circulatory patterns in the fetus and newborn infant.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Mixed blood
Cardiovascular Changes at Birth
• Upon birth:
• Smooth muscles of the ductus arteriosus contract
forming the ligamentum arteriosum found in the
adult heart
• Pressure in the left atrium increases, thus closing
the valvular flap of the foramen ovale, forming the
fossa ovalis found in the adult heart
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Aging and the Cardiovascular System
• Age-related changes in the cardiovascular system
• Blood changes
• Decreased hematocrit
• Thrombi and emboli form more easily
• Pooling of blood in veins of the leg
• Heart changes
• Reduced efficiency and elasticity
• Atherosclerosis of coronary vessels
• Scar tissue forms
• Blood vessel changes
• Loss of elasticity
• Calcium deposits damage vessel walls
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.