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S K I L L
F O C U S
Predicting
Performing and recording
Comparing Physical Properties
In this investigation, you will examine the
differences between molecules that contain
different functional groups. As you have learned,
the polarity and hydrogen bonding abilities of
each functional group affect how these molecules
interact among themselves and with other
molecules. You will examine the shape of each
molecule and the effects of intermolecular forces
in detail to make predictions about properties.
2. Compare the alcohol you made with an
Prediction
4. Consider all the compounds you made. Which
How can you predict the physical properties of
an organic compound by examining its structure?
alcohol that has a different number of carbon
atoms, made by a classmate. Which alcohol
is more soluble in water, yours or your
classmate’s? Which alcohol is more polar?
Explain your reasoning.
3. Choose two of your compounds at random.
Which compound do you think has the higher
melting point? Explain your reasoning.
compound do you think is the most soluble in
water? Explain your reasoning.
5. Which compound do you think is the most
Materials
molecular model kit
soluble in benzene? Explain your reasoning.
6. Where possible, predict the odour of each
organic compound you made.
Procedure
1. Choose a parent alkane that has four to ten
carbon atoms (butane to decane).
2. By adding functional groups to your parent
alkane, build a model of a molecule from each
class of organic compounds:
• aromatic hydrocarbons (section 1.2)
• alcohols, ethers, amines (section 1.3)
• aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters,
amides (section 1.4)
Conclusions
7. Look up the boiling point, melting point,
and solubility of each compound in a reference book, such as The CRC Handbook
of Chemistry and Physics. Compare your
findings with the predictions you made in
the Analysis.
8. Challenge a classmate to name each com-
pound you made and identify its functional
group.
3. Draw a condensed structural diagram and a line
structural diagram of each compound. Include
the IUPAC name of the compound.
Analysis
1. Look at your aromatic hydrocarbon, your
alcohol, your ether, and your carboxylic acid.
Rank these compounds from
Application
9. Use reference books and the Internet to
discover any useful applications of the
compounds you made. Prepare a short report
for your class, explaining how you think each
compound’s physical properties may affect its
usefulness in real life.
• least polar to most polar
• lowest to highest boiling point
Record your rankings, and explain them.
Chapter 1 Classifying Organic Compounds • MHR
49
Section Summary
Electronic Learning Partner
The Chemistry 12 Electronic
Learning Partner has a review
activity to practise naming
functional groups.
In this chapter, you learned how to recognize, name, and predict the
physical properties of organic compounds that belong to the alcohol,
ether, amine, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, ester, and amide families.
You discovered many important uses for organic compounds. You know
that 2-propanol (isopropyl alcohol) is used as an antiseptic. Acetone
(a ketone) is the main component of nail polish remover. Esters give many
fruits and processed foods their distinctive odours and tastes. In the next
chapter, you will learn about different chemical reactions that are typical
of each functional family. You will take a detailed look at some common
organic compounds in your life, and learn about some of the benefits and
risks of using organic compounds.
Section Review
1
K/U
Write the IUPAC name for each compound.
O
(e) HCH
(a) CH3OH
O
(b) CH3CH2OH
(f) CH3C
OH
OH
CH3
(c) CH3CHCH3
(g)
O
(d) CH3CCH3
2
K/U
Write the common name for each compound in question 1.
3
K/U
Name each compound.
(a)
O
CH2CH3
O
(b) HO
C
CH
CH
CH2
CH2
CH3
CH2CH3
O
(c) CH3CH2C
NH
CH2CH3
O
(d) H3C
50
MHR • Unit 1 Organic Chemistry
O
C
CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
4
5
I
Identify the family that each organic compound belongs to.
(a) CH3CH2CONH2
(c) CH3CH2C(CH3)2CH2CHO
(b) CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH2COOH
(d) CH3COOCH3
K/U
Name each organic compound in question 4.
6
Draw and name one carboxylic acid and one ester with the
molecular formula C6H12O2 .
7
Draw and name one primary amide, one secondary amide, and
one tertiary amide with the molecular formula C6H13ON.
8
C
C
I
Identify the functional groups in each molecule.
(a) vanillin, a flavouring agent
OH
CH3
O
O
CH
(b) DEET, an insect repellant
CH3
O
C
N
CH2CH3
CH2CH3
(c) penicillin V, an antibiotic (This compound also contains a
functional group that is unfamiliar to you. Identify the atom(s)
in the unfamiliar functional group as part of your answer.)
NH
S
O
O
O
N
C
O
OH
9
Consider the compounds CH3CH2COH, CH3CH2COOH, and
CH3COOCH3 . Which compound has the highest boiling point?
Use diagrams to explain your reasoning.
10
How could you use your sense of smell to distinguish an amine
from a ketone?
K/U
K/U
Chapter 1 Classifying Organic Compounds • MHR
51