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labor physiological and physical changes a female goes through during the birthing process. lake Natural or human-made body of water that can form when a depression on land fills with water. landslide Rapid downslope movement of a mass of loose soil, rock, or debris that has separated from the bedrock; can be triggered by an earthquake. large intestine muscular tube through which indigestible materials are passed to the rectum for excretion. larva in insects, the free-living, wormlike stage of metamorphosis, often called a caterpillar. laser A device that produces powerful, coherent, directional, monochromatic light that can be used to excite other atoms; the acronym stands for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. latent heat Stored energy in water vapor that is not released to warm the atmosphere until condensation takes place. latitude Distance in degrees north and south of the equator. lava Magma that flows out onto Earth’s surface. law Basic fact that describes the behavior of a natural phenomenon. law of conservation of energy States that in any chemical or physical process, energy may change from one form to another but it is neither created nor destroyed. law of conservation of mass States that mass is neither created nor destroyed during a chemical reaction but is conserved. Le Système International D’Unités (SI) Modern version of the metric system based on a decimal system using the number 10 as the base unit; includes the meter (m), liter (L), second (s), and kilogram (kg). leaf the plant organ that grows from a stem in which photosynthesis usually occurs. lens A piece of transparent material, such as glass or plastic, that is used to focus light and form an image. lever arm The perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation to the point where force is exerted. Lewis structure A model that uses electron-dot structures to show how electrons are arranged in molecules. Pairs of dots or lines represent bonding pairs. ligament tough band of connective tissue that attaches one bone to another; joints are often held together and enclosed by ligaments. limiting factor any biotic or abiotic factor that restricts the existence, numbers, reproduction, or distribution of organisms. limiting reactant A reactant that is totally consumed during a chemical reaction, limits the extent of the reaction, and determines the amount of product. lipids large organic compounds made mostly of carbon and hydrogen with a small amount of oxygen; examples are fats, oils, waxes, and steroids; are insoluble in water and used by cells for energy storage, insulation, and protective coatings, such as in membranes. lithification Transformation of sediments into rock through compaction and cementation. lithosphere Earth’s rigid outer shell, including the crust and the solid, uppermost part of the mantle. liver large, complex organ of the digestive system that produces many chemicals for digestion, including bile. longitude luminosity Distance in degrees east and west of the prime meridian. Energy output from the surface of a star per second; measured in watts. lunar eclipse Occurs only during a full moon, when Earth passes between the Sun and the Moon, and Earth’s shadow falls on the Moon. lymph node small mass of tissue that contains lymphocytes and filters pathogens from the lymph; made of a network of connective tissue fibers that contain lymphocytes. lymphocyte type of white blood cell stored in lymph nodes that defends the body against foreign agents.