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Unit 9: The Fifties and Sixties
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1.
2.
3.
affirmative
action
A policy designed to redress past discrimination
against women and minority groups through
measures to improve their economic and
educational opportunities.
American
Indian
Movement
(AIM)
A Native American organization founded in 1968
to protest government policies and injustices
suffered by Native Americans; in 1973, organized
the armed occupation of Wounded Knee, South
Dakota.
Americans
with
Disabilities
Act (ADA)
6.
Beatniks
A group of rebellious writers and intellectuals
during the 1950s: led by Jack Kerouac and Allen
Ginsberg: advocated spontaneity, drugs, and
rebellion against societal standards
7.
Berlin
Wall
A law passed in 1990 that requires employers
and public facilities to make "reasonable
accommodations" for people with disabilities
and prohibits discrimination against these
individuals in employment.
4.
A fortified wall surrounding West Berlin, Germany,
built in 1961 to prevent East German citizens from
traveling to the West. Its demolition in 1989
symbolized the end of the Cold War. This wall was
both a deterrent to individuals trying to escape and a
symbol of repression to the free world.
arms race
8.
Betty
Friedan
Cold war competition between the U.S. and
Soviet Union to build up their respective armed
forces and weapons
5.
baby boom
American Feminist, author of The Feminine
Mystique, founder of NOW
9.
(1946-1964) increased number of births in the
years after WWII
blacklist
list of people suspected to be communists, people on
the list were prevented from finding work
10.
black power
14.
civil
disobedience
A slogan used to reflect solidarity and racial
consciousness, used by Malcolm X. It meant
that equality could not be given, but had to
be seized by a powerful, organized Black
community.
11.
black pride
12.
brinkmanship
pride in being African American; pride in
one's African ancestry as well as one's
American nationality
A deliberate and public refusal to obey a law
considered to be unjust
15.
16.
17.
civil rights
Policies designed to protect people against
arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by
government officials or individuals.
Civil Rights
Act of 1964
This law signed by President Lyndon
Johnson banned racial discrimination in
most facilities open to the public, including
theaters, hospitals, and restaurants and
strengthened the federal government's
power to end segregation in schools and
other public places.
counterculture
A 1956 term used by Secretary of State John
Dulles to describe a policy of risking war in
order to protect national interests
13.
Cesar Chavez
Young Americans in 1960s who rejected
conventional customs & mainstream
culture; often called Hippies
18.
Migrant farmer, labor leader, and civilrights activist who helped form the United
Farm Workers.
covert
operations
secret foreign policy actions intended to
promote American interests abroad; can
include assassination, the overthrow of
foreign governments, and tampering with
elections.
19.
domino
theory
23.
Eisenhower
Doctrine
Belief that if one country fell to communism
neighboring countries would too
20.
21.
due
process
A judicial requirement that laws may not treat
individuals unfairly, arbitrarily, or
unreasonably, and that courts must follow
proper procedures and rules when trying cases.
Policy of the US that it would defend the Middle
East against attack by any Communist country
Dwight D.
Eisenhower
24.
Ethel and
Julius
Rosenberg
34th President of the United States; remembered
for ending the Korean War and enforcing the
integration of Little Rock Central High School
22.
Earl
Warren
American communists who were executed after
having been found guilty of conspiracy to
commit espionage. The charges were in relation
to the passing of information about the atomic
bomb to the Soviet Union. Theirs was the first
execution of civilians for espionage in United
States history
25.
Chief Justice during the 1950's and 1960's who
used a loose interpretation to expand rights for
both African-Americans and those accused of
crimes.
26.
feminism
A movement advocating for the rights and
equality of women
Fidel
Castro
Cuban revolutionary leader who overthrew
Batista in 1959 and soon after established a
Communist state, leading to Cold War conflict
with the United States
27.
George
Wallace
31.
Ho Chi
Minh
Trail
Four time governor of Alabama and Independent
Party candidate for President in 1968; most
famous for his pro-segregation attitude
28.
29.
Great
Society
Set of domestic programs proposed by President
Lyndon Johnson that addressed education,
medical care, poverty, and civil rights
A network of jungle paths winding from North
Vietnam through Laos and Cambodia into South
Vietnam, used as a military route by North Vietnam
to supply the Vietcong during the Vietnam War.
32.
invisible
poor
Gulf of
Tonkin
Resolution
33.
The millions of Americans living in poverty that
were so well hidden (because they lived in the
urban slums as more affluent Americans moved to
the suburbs and because their plight was ignored
by the media) many believed that poverty in US had
been nearly eliminated after WWII
John F.
Kennedy
Congress authorized Johnson to take "all
necessary measures to repel any armed attacks
against the forces of the United States and to
prevent further aggression from Vietnam."
30.
Ho Chi
Minh
35th President of the United States; remembered for
his handling of the Cuban Missile Crisis;
assassinated in 1963
Communist leader of North Vietnam
34.
Joseph
McCarthy
37.
Wisconsin Senator in the 1950s who claimed to
have list of communists in American gov't, but
offered no credible evidence; took advantage of
fears of communism post WWII to become
incredibly influential
35.
Lyndon
B.
Johnson
36th President 1963-1969 expanded social
assistance with his Great Society Program;
increased United States committment during
Vietnam War
38.
Lee
Harvey
Oswald
Malcolm
X
Leading representative of the Nation of Islam and
Black Nationalism; assassinated in 1965.
JFK's assassin
36.
Levittown
39.
Towns in which houses were built on an assembly
line. The houses were cheap and all families could
afford them.
Martin
Luther
King Jr.
Iconic leader of Civil Rights Movement who
organized acts of civil disobedience and nonviolent
protest in opposition to segregation and
discrimination; assassinated in 1968.
40.
massive
retaliation
43.
My Lai
Massacre
1968 massacre of innocent women and
children in a Vietnamese village by US troops;
the incident disgusted the American public
when revealed in 1970, leading to deeper
demoralization and discontent.
Eisenhower's policy; it advocated the full use of
American nuclear weapons to counteract even a
Soviet ground attack in Europe
41.
44.
Medicare
Nikita
Khrushchev
A federal program of health insurance for
persons 65 years of age and older
42.
Leader of the Soviet Union during the building
of the Berlin Wall and the Cuban Missile
Crisis. He and President Kennedy signed the
Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty in 1963
militaryindustrial
complex
45.
Eisenhower first coined this phrase when he
warned American against it in his last State of
the Union Address. He feared that the combined
lobbying efforts of the armed services and
industries that contracted with the military would
lead to excessive Congressional spending.
Operation
Rolling
Thunder
The bombing campaign authorized by
President Johnson in 1965 to force the NVA to
surrender. Using the new B-52 bombers it
caused heavy damage, but it wasn't able to
force the North to surrender.
46.
Orval
Faubus
49.
Sputnik
He was the governor of Arkansas during the time of
the Little Rock Crisis. He attempted to block the
integration of the school by using the national
guard, leading to a confrontation with President
Eisenhower.
47.
Richard
Nixon
50.
37th President of the United States; remembered for
ending American involvement in the Vietnam War
and for his resignation from office amidst the
Watergate scandal.
48.
First artificial Earth satellite, it was
launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked
U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in
technology and outer space. It led to the
creation of NASA and the space race.
suburbanization
Movement of upper and middle class
people from urban core areas to the
surrounding outskirts to escape pollution
as well as the deteriorating social
conditions.
51.
Tet Offensive
Robert
F.
Kennedy
Attorney General during the Kennedy
administration, later a NY Senator who clashed
with President Johnson over Vietnam policies; ran
for President in 1968, but was assassinated after
winning the California Democratic Primary.
A massive surprise attack by the Vietcong
on South Vietnamese towns and cities
early in 1968 on the night of the
Vietnamese New Year. It was eventually
pushed back by US forces, but resulted in
widespread anger/disillusionment at
home
52.
Thurgood
Marshall
55.
vietnamization
President Richard Nixons strategy for
ending U.S involvement in the vietnam war,
involving a gradual withdrawl of American
troops and replacement of them with South
Vietnamese forces
56.
NAACP lawyer who successfully argued the case
of Brown V. Board of Education and later became
the first African American Supreme Court Justice
53.
Voting Rights
Act of 1965
vietcong
A law designed to help end formal and
informal barriers to African American
suffrage. Under the law, hundreds of
thousands of African Americans were
registered and the number of African
American elected officials increased
dramatically.
57.
A group of Communist guerrillas who, with the
help of North Vietnam, fought against the South
Vietnamese government and the United States in
the Vietnam War.
54.
vietminh
1945-1975 was established under Ho Chi Minh
and was an organization whose goal was to win
the Vietnam's independence from foreign rule
Warren Court
(1953-1969); an activist court that expanded
the rights of criminal defendants and racial
and religious minorities