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Unit 1: Forces and Motion
2
Chapter 2: Laws of Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
2.1 Newton’s First Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
2.2 Acceleration and Newton’s Second Law . . .32
2.3 Gravity and Free Fall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
2.4 Graphs of Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46
Revealing the secrets of motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52
Chapter 2 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54
Unit 3: Matter and Energy
133
134
142
147
155
158
160
164
Chapter 7: Temperature, Energy, and Matter
7.1 The Nature of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.2 Temperature and the Phases of Matter . .
7.3 What Is Heat? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.4 Heat Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Extraordinary Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chapter 7 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
165
166
170
176
181
186
188
84
Chapter 8: Physical Properties of Matter . . . .
8.1 Properties of Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.2 Fluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.3 The Behavior of Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Deep Water Submarine Alvin . . . . . . . . . . .
Chapter 8 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
191
192
200
207
212
214
Chapter 4: Machines, Work, and Energy . . . . . .85
4.1 Work and Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86
4.2 Simple machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91
4.3 Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101
Prosthetic Legs and Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104
Chapter 4 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106
Chapter 9: The Atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.1 Atomic Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.2 Electrons and the Periodic Table . . . . . . .
9.3 Quantum Theory and the Atom . . . . . . . .
Indirect Evidence and Archaeology . . . . . . . . . . .
Chapter 9 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
217
218
224
229
234
236
Chapter 3: Conservation Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
3.1 Newton’s Third Law and Momentum . . . . .58
3.2 Energy and the Conservation of Energy . . .65
3.3 Collisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73
Rockets: Out of This World Travel . . . . . . . . . . . .78
Chapter 3 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80
Unit 2: Energy and Systems
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Describing the Physical Universe . . . .3
1.1 What Is Physics? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
1.2 Distance and Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
1.3 Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
Scientific Method and Serendipity . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
Chapter 1 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
Chapter 6: Systems in Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.1 Motion in Two Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2 Circular Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.3 Centripetal Force, Gravitation,
and Satellites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.4 Center of Mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
History of the Helicopter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chapter 6 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chapter 5: Forces in Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . .109
5.1 The Force Vector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110
5.2 Forces and equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114
5.3 Friction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119
5.4 Torque and Rotational Equilibrium . . . . . .124
Architecture: Forces in Equilibrium. . . . . . . . . . . .128
Chapter 5 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130
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Unit 4: Energy and Change
238
Chapter 10: Energy Flow and Systems . . . . . . 239
10.1 Energy Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
10.2 Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
10.3 Systems in Technology and Nature . . . . . . 249
Energy in the Ocean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
Chapter 10 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
Chapter 11: Changes in Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
11.1 Chemical Bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
11.2 Chemical Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
11.3 Nuclear Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Cook or Chemist?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
Chapter 11 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
Chapter 12: Relativity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
12.1 The Relationship Between
Matter and Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
12.2 Special Relativity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
12.3 General Relativity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
Traveling Faster than Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
Chapter 12 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
Unit 5: Electricity
296
Chapter 13: Electric Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
13.1 Electric Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
13.2 Current and Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
13.3 Resistance and Ohm’s Law . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
Electric Circuits in Your Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
Chapter 13 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
Chapter 14: Electrical Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
14.1 Series Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
14.2 Parallel Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
14.3 Electrical Power, AC, and DC Electricity . 327
How do Hybrid Cars Work? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
Chapter 14 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
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Chapter 15: Electrical Charges and Forces . . . 339
15.1 Electric Charge and Current . . . . . . . . . . . 340
15.2 Electric current, resistance, and voltage . . 346
15.3 Capacitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
Lightning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
Chapter 15 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
Unit 6: Electricity and Magnetism
358
Chapter 16: Magnetism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
16.1 Properties of Magnets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
16.2 The Source of Magnetism . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
16.3 Earth’s Magnetic Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
What is an MRI Scanner?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
Chapter 16 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
Chapter 17: Electromagnets and Induction . . 379
17.1 Electric Current and Magnetism . . . . . . . . 380
17.2 Electric Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
17.3 Electric Generators and Transformers . . . 387
Does a Computer Ever Forget? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
Chapter 17 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
Chapter 18: Fields and Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
18.1 Fields and Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
18.2 Gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
18.3 The Electric Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
Space Weather is Magnetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
Chapter 18 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
Unit 7: Vibrations, Waves, and Sound 412
Chapter 20: Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .433
20.1 Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .434
20.2 The Motion of Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .441
20.3 Wave Interference and Energy . . . . . . . . . .444
Waves that Shake the Ground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .448
Chapter 20 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .450
Chapter 21: Sound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .453
21.1 Properties of Sound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .454
21.2 Sound Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .459
21.3 Sound, Perception, and Music . . . . . . . . . .465
Sound Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .472
Chapter 21 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .474
Unit 8: Light and Optics
521
522
528
533
536
538
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550
Table of Contents
Chapter 19: Harmonic Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . .413
19.1 Harmonic Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .414
19.2 Graphs of Harmonic Motion . . . . . . . . . . .419
19.3 Properties of Oscillators . . . . . . . . . . . . . .423
Skyscrapers and Harmonic Motion . . . . . . . . . . . .428
Chapter 19 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .430
Chapter 24: The Physical Nature of Light . . .
24.1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum . . . . . . . . .
24.2 Interference, Diffraction, and Polarization
24.3 Photons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Electromagnetic Spectrum in the Sky. . . . . .
Chapter 24 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
476
Chapter 22: Light and Color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .477
22.1 Properties of Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .478
22.2 Vision and Color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .483
22.3 Using Color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .487
The Northern Lights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .492
Chapter 22 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .494
Chapter 23: Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .497
23.1 Optics and Reflection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .498
23.2 Refraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .503
23.3 Mirrors, Lenses, and Images . . . . . . . . . . . .507
Retinal Implants: Hope for the Blind . . . . . . . . . . .516
Chapter 23 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .518
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