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Unit 1: Forces and Motion 2 Chapter 2: Laws of Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27 2.1 Newton’s First Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 2.2 Acceleration and Newton’s Second Law . . .32 2.3 Gravity and Free Fall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39 2.4 Graphs of Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46 Revealing the secrets of motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52 Chapter 2 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54 Unit 3: Matter and Energy 133 134 142 147 155 158 160 164 Chapter 7: Temperature, Energy, and Matter 7.1 The Nature of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2 Temperature and the Phases of Matter . . 7.3 What Is Heat? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.4 Heat Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Extraordinary Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 7 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 166 170 176 181 186 188 84 Chapter 8: Physical Properties of Matter . . . . 8.1 Properties of Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2 Fluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3 The Behavior of Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Deep Water Submarine Alvin . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 8 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 192 200 207 212 214 Chapter 4: Machines, Work, and Energy . . . . . .85 4.1 Work and Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86 4.2 Simple machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91 4.3 Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101 Prosthetic Legs and Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104 Chapter 4 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106 Chapter 9: The Atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.1 Atomic Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.2 Electrons and the Periodic Table . . . . . . . 9.3 Quantum Theory and the Atom . . . . . . . . Indirect Evidence and Archaeology . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 9 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 218 224 229 234 236 Chapter 3: Conservation Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57 3.1 Newton’s Third Law and Momentum . . . . .58 3.2 Energy and the Conservation of Energy . . .65 3.3 Collisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73 Rockets: Out of This World Travel . . . . . . . . . . . .78 Chapter 3 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80 Unit 2: Energy and Systems Table of Contents Chapter 1: Describing the Physical Universe . . . .3 1.1 What Is Physics? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 1.2 Distance and Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 1.3 Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 Scientific Method and Serendipity . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 Chapter 1 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24 Chapter 6: Systems in Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1 Motion in Two Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2 Circular Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3 Centripetal Force, Gravitation, and Satellites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4 Center of Mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . History of the Helicopter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 6 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 5: Forces in Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . .109 5.1 The Force Vector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110 5.2 Forces and equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114 5.3 Friction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119 5.4 Torque and Rotational Equilibrium . . . . . .124 Architecture: Forces in Equilibrium. . . . . . . . . . . .128 Chapter 5 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130 ix Unit 4: Energy and Change 238 Chapter 10: Energy Flow and Systems . . . . . . 239 10.1 Energy Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 10.2 Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 10.3 Systems in Technology and Nature . . . . . . 249 Energy in the Ocean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 Chapter 10 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 Chapter 11: Changes in Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 11.1 Chemical Bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 11.2 Chemical Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 11.3 Nuclear Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 Cook or Chemist?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 Chapter 11 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 Chapter 12: Relativity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 12.1 The Relationship Between Matter and Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 12.2 Special Relativity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 12.3 General Relativity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 Traveling Faster than Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 Chapter 12 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 Unit 5: Electricity 296 Chapter 13: Electric Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 13.1 Electric Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 13.2 Current and Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 13.3 Resistance and Ohm’s Law . . . . . . . . . . . . 306 Electric Circuits in Your Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 Chapter 13 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 Chapter 14: Electrical Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 14.1 Series Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 14.2 Parallel Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 14.3 Electrical Power, AC, and DC Electricity . 327 How do Hybrid Cars Work? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334 Chapter 14 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336 x Chapter 15: Electrical Charges and Forces . . . 339 15.1 Electric Charge and Current . . . . . . . . . . . 340 15.2 Electric current, resistance, and voltage . . 346 15.3 Capacitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350 Lightning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354 Chapter 15 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356 Unit 6: Electricity and Magnetism 358 Chapter 16: Magnetism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359 16.1 Properties of Magnets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360 16.2 The Source of Magnetism . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364 16.3 Earth’s Magnetic Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369 What is an MRI Scanner?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374 Chapter 16 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376 Chapter 17: Electromagnets and Induction . . 379 17.1 Electric Current and Magnetism . . . . . . . . 380 17.2 Electric Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384 17.3 Electric Generators and Transformers . . . 387 Does a Computer Ever Forget? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392 Chapter 17 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394 Chapter 18: Fields and Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397 18.1 Fields and Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398 18.2 Gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402 18.3 The Electric Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404 Space Weather is Magnetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408 Chapter 18 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410 Unit 7: Vibrations, Waves, and Sound 412 Chapter 20: Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .433 20.1 Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .434 20.2 The Motion of Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .441 20.3 Wave Interference and Energy . . . . . . . . . .444 Waves that Shake the Ground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .448 Chapter 20 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .450 Chapter 21: Sound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .453 21.1 Properties of Sound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .454 21.2 Sound Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .459 21.3 Sound, Perception, and Music . . . . . . . . . .465 Sound Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .472 Chapter 21 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .474 Unit 8: Light and Optics 521 522 528 533 536 538 Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550 Table of Contents Chapter 19: Harmonic Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . .413 19.1 Harmonic Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .414 19.2 Graphs of Harmonic Motion . . . . . . . . . . .419 19.3 Properties of Oscillators . . . . . . . . . . . . . .423 Skyscrapers and Harmonic Motion . . . . . . . . . . . .428 Chapter 19 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .430 Chapter 24: The Physical Nature of Light . . . 24.1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum . . . . . . . . . 24.2 Interference, Diffraction, and Polarization 24.3 Photons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Electromagnetic Spectrum in the Sky. . . . . . Chapter 24 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476 Chapter 22: Light and Color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .477 22.1 Properties of Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .478 22.2 Vision and Color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .483 22.3 Using Color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .487 The Northern Lights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .492 Chapter 22 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .494 Chapter 23: Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .497 23.1 Optics and Reflection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .498 23.2 Refraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .503 23.3 Mirrors, Lenses, and Images . . . . . . . . . . . .507 Retinal Implants: Hope for the Blind . . . . . . . . . . .516 Chapter 23 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .518 xi