Download Human Anatomy - TheVogts.com

Human Anatomy
Spring Semester 2011
Dr. Shaun Martins, DC
TTH Lab: 7:30 am – 10:20 am room 1810
TTH Lecture: 11:00 am– 12:15 am room 1814
1-1
Text Books:
Human Anatomy, 6th Edition, Marieb, Mallatt, and Wilhelm,
Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2008.
„ Human Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory Manual, Cat
Version, 10th Edition, Marieb, Pearson Benjamin Cummings,
2008
Optional, but HIGHLY RECOMMENDED:
„ Barrons Anatomy Flash Cards
„ Kapit and Elson, The Anatomy Coloring Book
„ P.A.L. “Practice Anatomy Lab” version 2.0 CD
„
1-2
Chapter Objectives
***Always use with the study guides
„
„
„
„
„
1. List the organ systems of the body & state their
function
2. Define anatomical position
3. Use anatomical terminology to describe body
directions, regions, and planes
4. Locate the major body cavities and their
subdivisions
5. Name the 9 regions and 4 quadrants of the
abdomen and name the organs associated with
each
C. 1 A First Look at Anatomy
„
„
Anatomy is the study of structure.
Anatomy is from the Greek and means
“to cut up” or “to cut open.”
„
Anatomists examine the relationships
among parts of the body along with the
structure of individual organs.
1-4
Introduction to Anatomy
„
Physiology
„
„
„
The scientific discipline that studies the function
of body structures.
Structure and function cannot be completely
separated.
Form is directly related to function, and viceversa.
1-5
1-6
Levels of Organization
in the Human Body
1-7
The Four Types of Tissues in the
Human Body Are:
„
1. Epithelial tissue covers exposed
surfaces and lines body cavities.
„
Example: The inner lining of the digestive
system
1-8
The Four Types of Tissues
„
2. Connective tissue protects,
supports, and interconnects body
parts and organs.
„
Can be solid (such as bone), liquid (such as
blood), or intermediate (such as cartilage).
1-9
The Four Types of Tissues
„
3. Muscle tissue produces movement.
„
„
„
Skeletal muscle
Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
1-10
The Four Types of Tissues
„
4. Nervous tissue conducts impulses
for internal communication.
„
Brain, spinal cord, and nerves
1-11
Levels of Organization in the
Human Body
„
Organs
„
„
Different tissue types that work together to
perform specific, complex functions
Organ Systems
„
„
Related organs that work together to
coordinate activities and achieve a common
function.
11 organ systems in the human body, function
interdependently in a single living human being
1-12
1. Integumentary
System
„
Provides protection
„
„
„
„
Regulates body
temperature
Site of cutaneous
receptors
Synthesizes vitamin D
Prevents water loss
1-13
2. Skeletal
System
„
Provides support
and protection
„
„
„
Site of hematopoeisis
(blood cell
production)
Stores calcium and
phosphorus
Allows for body
movement
1-14
3. Muscular
System
„
Produces body
movement
„
Generates heat when
muscles contract
1-15
4. Nervous
System
„
A regulatory system
that controls body
movement
„
„
„
Responds to sensory
stimuli
Helps control all
other systems of the
body
Also responsible for
consciousness,
intelligence, memory
1-16
5. Endocrine
System
„
Consists of glands and
cell clusters that secrete
hormones, some of
which regulate
„
„
„
body and cellular growth
chemical levels in the
body
reproductive functions
1-17
6. Cardiovascular
System
„
Consists of a pump
(the heart) that
moves blood
through blood
vessels in order to
distribute hormones,
nutrients, gases,
and pick up waste
products
1-18
7. Lymphatic
System
„
Transports and
filters lymph
(interstitial fluid)
„
Initiates an immune
response when
necessary
1-19
8. Respiratory
System
„
Responsible for
exchange of gases
(oxygen and carbon
dioxide) between
blood and the air in
the lungs
1-20
9. Digestive
System
„
Mechanically and
chemically digests
food materials
„
„
Absorbs nutrients
Expels waste
products
1-21
10. Urinary
System
„
Filters the blood and
removes waste
products from the
blood
„
Concentrates waste
products in the form
of urine, and expels
urine from the body
1-22
11A. Male Reproductive
System
„
Produces male sex
cells (sperm) and
male hormones
(e.g., testosterone)
„ Transfers sperm
to the female
1-23
11B. Female Reproductive
System
„
„
„
„
Produces female sex cells
(oocytes) and female
hormones (e.g., estrogen
and progesterone)
Receives sperm from male
Site of fertilization of
oocyte
Site of growth and
development of embryo
and fetus
1-24
Anatomical Variation
„
Most of us are about 90% like the textbook.
„
Situs solitus = organs are in the usual position
„
Situs reversus = a L/R reversal of the organs
(1/8000)
1-25
Anatomical
Terminology
„
„
„
Anatomic position =
individual stands upright
with feet parallel and flat
on the floor.
The head is level, and the
eyes look forward.
The arms are at either side
of the body with the palms
facing forward and the
thumbs pointing away
from the body.
1-26
Anatomical
Terminology
Anatomical position is the standard
frame of reference!!!
Other terms:
„ Prone = an individual is lying face
down
„ Supine = an individual is lying on
his/her back
1-27
Anatomical Terminology
„
„
A plane is an imaginary surface that
slices the body into specific sections.
The three major anatomic planes of
reference are the coronal,
transverse, and sagittal planes.
1-28
Sections
and Planes
A coronal plane, also
called a frontal
plane, is a vertical
plane that divides
the body into anterior
(front) and posterior
(back) parts.
1-29
Sections
and Planes
„
A transverse plane,
also called a crosssectional plane or
horizontal plane, cuts
perpendicularly along
the long axis of the body
or organ separating it
into both superior
(upper) and inferior
(lower) parts.
1-30
Sections
and Planes
„
A sagittal plane
or median plane,
extends through
the body or organ
vertically and
divides the
structure into right
and left halves.
1-31
Sections and Planes
„
„
„
A sagittal plane in the body midline is a
midsagittal plane.
A plane that is parallel to the midsagittal
plane, but either to the left or the right of it,
is termed a parasagittal (or sagittal) plane.
A minor plane, called the oblique plane,
passes through the specimen at an angle.
1-32
Directional Terms of the Body
„
Directional terms are precise and brief,
and, for most of them, there is a
correlative term that means just the
opposite.
1-33
Relative and
Directional
Terms of the Body
„
Relative to front (belly
side) or back (back side)
of the body :
„
„
„
„
Anterior = In front of;
toward the front surface
Posterior = In back of;
toward the back surface
Ventral = At the belly side
of the human body
Dorsal =At the back side
of the human body
1-34
Relative and
Directional
Terms of the Body
„
Relative to the head
or tail of the body:
„
„
„
„
Superior = Toward the
head or above
Inferior = Toward feet
not head
Cranial = At the head
end
Caudal = At the rear or
tail end
1-35
Relative and
Directional Terms
of the Body
„
Relative to the midline or
center of the body:
„ Medial = Toward the
midline of the body
„ Lateral = Away from the
midline of the body
„ Deep = On the inside,
underneath another
structure
„ Superficial = On the
outside
1-36
Relative and
Directional Terms
of the Body
„
Relative to point of
attachment of the
appendage (limb):
„
„
Proximal = Closest
to point of
attachment to trunk
Distal = Furthest
from point of
attachment to trunk
1-37
Relative and Directional
Terms of the Body
„
„
Ipsilateral = On the same side
Contralateral = On the opposite side
1-38
Body Regions
„
The human body is partitioned into two
main regions, called the axial and
appendicular regions.
„
„
the axial region includes the head, neck, and
trunk which comprise the main vertical axis of
our body
our limbs, or appendages, attach to the body’s
axis and make up the appendicular region
1-39
Axial
Skeleton
(green)
Appendicular
Skeleton
(yellow)
1-40
Body Cavities
1-41
Body Cavities
1-42
Body Cavity
Membranes
More later!
43
Used by
clinicians
Abdominopelvic Quadrants
•RUQ: Gall Bladder,
Rt kidney
•RLQ: Appendix, Rt
ovary
•LUQ: Lt liver lobe,
stomach, Lt kidney
•LLQ: Small intestine,
Lt ovary
44
Abdominopelvic Regions
„
„
9 smaller, imaginary
compartments.
Used by anatomists.
1-45
Major Themes in Course
„
„
„
„
Complementarity of structure and
function
Levels of organization
Interrelationships between organ
systems
Homeostasis
1-46