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Carbon Chemistry The molecules that make you... you. Tuesday, January 17, 17 Carbon and... • Carbon (valance 4) can combine with a wide variety of other elements. • It can form chains or rings with other carbon atoms. • This leads to sugars, fatty acids, amino acids and nucleic acids. Tuesday, January 17, 17 Chain or Ring? • Carbons in a chain are termed ALIPHATIC • Carbons in a rings are termed AROMATIC Tuesday, January 17, 17 Counting Carbons # of C Single Bond Double Bond Triple Bond Notes 1 methane - - Methane = swamp gas ethyne (acetylene) ethylene ripens fruit acetylene = welding propyne (methyl acetylene) butyne (ethyl acetylene) pentyne (propyl acetylene) hexyne (diethyl acetylene) propane = grill gas poly-propylene = fleece 2 ethane ethylene 3 propane propylene 4 butane butylene 5 pentane pentene 6 hexane hexene 7 heptane heptene - 8 octane octene - Tuesday, January 17, 17 butane lighters pentane used to inflate styrofoam solvents for oil extraction not regulated by FDA heptane in gasoline heptene in lubricants octane is the standard for gasoline power Add OH for Alcohol (al-kuhl) Notes # of C Base hydrocarbon Alcohol 1 methane methanol wood alcohol - poisonous 2 ethane ethanol fermentation alcohol 3 propane propanol rubbing alcohol 4 butane butanol bio-fuel, cosmetics 5 pentane pentanol “amyl alcohol” solvent 6 hexane hexanol 7 heptane heptanol heart research, cosmetics 8 octane octanol synthesis of esters Tuesday, January 17, 17 Aromatics • Benzene = 6 carbons in a circle, alternating single and double bonds. • Benzoic Acid, benzene with an acid group Tuesday, January 17, 17 Sugars • monosaccharides = 1 ring • disaccharides = 2 rings • polysaccharides = 3+ rings Tuesday, January 17, 17 • amylose (food) Starches • cellulose (plant cell walls) Tuesday, January 17, 17 Fatty Acids • carboxylic acid (“C-O-O-H”) • plus an aliphatic carbon chain • 6C = butyric acid (urp!) • 22C = Docosahexaenoic acid “DHA” Tuesday, January 17, 17 Amines • Add -NH • Adds nitrogen to biological molecules • The first vitamins were amines that were vital 2 to metabolism, therefore...VITal AMINes Tuesday, January 17, 17 Amino Acids • Add carboxyl (“C-O-O-H”) to an amine • R is the rest of the molecule • Chain them together to form proteins Tuesday, January 17, 17 Nucleic Acids • Start with nitrogen-rich rings • Purine (2 rings) or pyrimidine (1 ring) • Add a sugar and phosphate backbone • DNA, mRNA, tRNA Tuesday, January 17, 17 Esters • Start with an acid and an alcohol • Replace the H in OH with another hydrocarbon • Tuesday, January 17, 17 Tuesday, January 17, 17
