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Holocaust Timeline 1933–1945...THE HOLOCAUST Sequence of Events 1933 1934 1935 January – Hitler appointed Chancellor of Germany 1936 Spanish Civil War begins Olympic Games held in Berlin 1937 1938 Systematic dispossession of Jews. ‘Aryanisation’ begins 1939 Night of Long Knives Nuremberg Rally Nuremberg Laws – Jews discriminated by law; Jews could not be Reich citizens; gave legal basis for the racist definition of Jews; marriages between Jews and non-Jews banned Anschluss– German annexation of Austria Kristallnacht – Night of Broken Glass (November Pogrom) 15 March – Germany dismantles the Czechoslovakian state 1 September 1939–Germany invades Poland 3 September 1939–Britain and France declare war on Germany World War II begins 1940 Nazi Germany controls most of Europe Widespread establishment of ghettos Tripartite Pact signed between Germany, Italy and Japan 1941 Nazi Germany invades Soviet Union, Operation Barbarossa. Mobile killing squads (Einsatzgruppen) begin mass killings in the territories occupied by the German army. Gassing of Jews begins at Chelmno Pearl Harbor – The United States enters the war 1942 Wannsee Conference Operation Reinhard 1943 Warsaw Ghetto uprising Rescue of Danish Jews 1944 Round-up, deportation and extermination of Hungarian Jews D-Day Soviet troops liberate Majdanek Start of Death Marches/destruction of evidence 1945 Soviet troops liberate Auschwitz-Birkenau Hitler commits suicide Germany surrenders World War II ends 4 1937 n Intensity of German antisemitism and anti-Jewish propaganda increases n Jews forbidden to work as doctors, dentists or academics n Jews fobidden to serve in the army Crowds cheering Hitler Book cover of “The Eternal Jew” symbolically presenting many of the arguments against Jews. The ugly Jew is holding part of Russia under his arm, branded with the hammer and sickle. One hand holds a whip. The other hand holds bloody coins. Hitler Youth (girls) Hitler Youth (boys) 9 1944 A transport of Hungarian Jews on their way to extermination n 19 March – Germany occupies Hungary n Round-up and deportation of Hungarian Jews under the direction of Adolf Eichmann n In just eight weeks, 437,000 Jews of Hungary were deported to Auschwitz. It is estimated that between 500,000 and 560,000 Jews of Hungary were murdered by the Nazis and their collaborators during the war. AUSCHWITZ-BIRKENAU The largest of the camp complexes, which had 40 subcamps. Incorporated into the site at Auschwitz-Birkenau, which also served as a labour camp, concentration camp and extermination camp, were a women’s camp, a Gypsy camp, and others. Murdered at Auschwitz-Birkenau 1,100,000 c150,000 23,000 15,000 25,000 _________ Jews Poles Gypsies Soviet POWs Others n 6 June – D-Day – Allied landing in Normandy Total number of victims: 1,313,000 n Start of Death Marches and destruction of evidence Auschwitz-Birkenau was liberated by the Soviet Army on 27 January 1945. They found 7,650 prisoners alive. n 24 July – Soviet troops liberate Majdanek (Data provided by Auschwitz-Birkenau Museum) DEATH MARCHES As the Allies closed in, the Nazis wanted to remove all traces of their murderous deeds in the concentration camps and killing centres. They forced prisoners out of the camps on foot to march back towards Germany. These were known as ‘Death Marches’. Thousands of prisoners, already weakened by malnutrition, hard labour and ill treatment, perished on these marches. Death March from Auschwitz to Gross Rosen 16