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Chapter 17: Circulatory and
Respiratory Systems
Essential Question: How does the
circulatory system function? How
does the respiratory system function?
I. Circulatory System
A. Different systems
1. Cardiovascular system : blood, heart, and
blood vessels
2. Lymphatic system: lymph, lymph nodes, and
lymph vessels
3. Circulatory system: cardiovascular and
lymphatic systems together
B. Heart: muscular organ that pumps blood through
system of blood vessels
1. Beats more than 2.5 billion times in a life span
and is the size of your fist
2. Location: in chest cavity between the two lungs
3. Pericardium: tough, saclike membrane
surrounding the heart
4. Septum: wall in heart that vertically divides the
heart into two sides
5. Atrium: upper chamber
6. Ventricle: lower chamber
7. One way valves separate the chambers and prevents
the blood from flowing backwards
a) Atrioventricular valves (AV): separates atrium
from ventricle
i) Tricuspid valve: on right side
ii) Mitral or Bicuspid
valve: left side
b) Semilunar valves: separates ventricle from the large
vessels that flow out of the heart
i) Pulmonary valve: right side to the lungs
ii) Aortic valve: left side to the aorta and rest of the
body
Interactive slide
C. Circulation in the heart Overview
1. Blood returns from the rest of the body with little
oxygen and high concentration of carbon dioxide
through the vena cava
2. Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium
3. Right atrium pumps blood into right ventricle
4. Right ventricle pumps into pulmonary artery
5. Pulmonary artery carries the deoxygenated blood to
the lungs
6. In the lungs, carbon dioxide diffuses out of the
blood and oxygen flows into the blood
7. Oxygenated blood returns by the pulmonary vein
into the left atrium
8. Left atrium pumps blood into left ventricle
9. Left ventricle pumps blood into aorta
10. Aorta: large blood vessel that carries oxygenated
blood to the rest of the body
The Circulatory System
Capillaries of
head and arms
Superior
vena cava
Pulmonary
vein
Capillaries of
right lung
Aorta
Pulmonary
artery
Capillaries
of left lung
Inferior
vena cava
Capillaries of
abdominal organs
and legs
Interactive slide
D. Control of the Heartbeat Heart beat
1. Sinoatrial node (SA): group of specialized heart
muscle cells located in the right atrium
a) initiate their own electrical impulse and
contract
b) pacemaker: regulates the rate of
contraction of the entire heart
2. Atrioventricular node (AV): impulse from SA
reaches AV and it relays the electrical impulse to
the muscle cells of the ventricles to contract
a) located in septum between the atria
3. Ventricles contract a fraction of a second after the
atria to complete one full heartbeat
a) average of 70 beats per minute
4. Systole: phase one of the heartbeat when ventricles
contract, closing the AV valves and opening the SL
valves to pump blood to the vessels
5. Diastole: phase two when the ventricles relax
closing the SL valves and opening the AV valves
6. Opening and closing of valves make the lubb dup
sound of the heartbeat Heartbeat
The Sinoatrial Node
Contraction of Atria
Contraction of Ventricles
Sinoatrial
(SA) node
Conducting
fibers
Atrioventricular
(AV) node
E. Blood vessels: network that contains the blood and
keeps it flowing in one direction
1. Arteries: large muscular vessels that carry blood
away from the heart
a) strong and elastic to withstand the force of the
blood
b) stretching of the arteries is your pulse
2. Blood pressure: force that blood exerts against walls
of blood vessel
a) systolic pressure: pressure of blood when
ventricles contract usually 110 - 120
b) diastolic pressure: pressure when ventricles
relax usually 70 – 80
c) hypertension: high blood pressure, places a
strain on the walls of the arteries
3. Capillaries: tiny vessels that travel to individual
cells and materials are exchanged
4. Vein: large blood vessel that carries blood to the
heart bringing deoxygenated blood (not as strong as
arteries, have valves to prevent blood from moving
backwards) Blood vessels
a) inferior vena cava: vein that receives the
deoxygenated blood from the lower part of
the body
b) superior vena cava: vein that receives the
deoxygenated blood from the upper part of
the body
Major road:
arteriole
Highway: Artery
Neighborhood
street
Driveway:
Capillary
Cell
Heart
Major road:
Venule
Highway: Vein
The Three Types of
Blood Vessels
Vein
Artery
Endothelium
Arteriole
Capillary
Venule
Connective
tissue
Connective
tissue
Smooth
muscle
Endothelium
Smooth
muscle
Endothelium
Valve
5. Atherosclerosis: disease characterized by buildup of
fatty materials on the interior walls of arteries
a) can block or reduce flow of blood to the
heart
b) heart attack can occur when heart
muscle cells do not get enough blood
F. Lymphatic system: returns fluids that leaked from
the blood
1. Lymph: excess fluid in
the tissues
2. Lymph vessels: vessels
that collect lymph
3. One way system that returns
fluid to bloodstream
4. Lymph nodes: small organs that filter the
lymph as it passes, trapping foreign particles,
microorganisms, and debris
a) store lymphocytes: white blood cells that fight
disease
b) lymph nodes can become swollen with an
infection because more lymphocytes are being
made Lymph system
The Lymphatic System
Superior
vena cava
Thymus
Heart
Thoracic
duct
Spleen
Lymph
nodes
Lymph
vessels
iPad Activities
Human
• My human (upper left)
• Heart anatomy
• Rotate, tap, click the scalpel to dissect
• Lines on bottom will bring up a description
Build a body
• Circulatory system
Visible Body Atlas
• Animations
• Heart function
Human body: Girl
• Go to heart
II. Blood
A. Composition of blood: liquid medium and blood
solids: 4-5 Liters of blood in body
1. Plasma: liquid medium that is sticky and strawcolored
a) 90% water
b) 10% vitamins, minerals,
hormones, waste products,
and proteins
Blood
Plasma
Platelets
White blood
cells
Red blood
cells
Whole Blood Sample
Sample Placed in Centrifuge
Blood Sample That
Has Been Centrifuged
2. Red blood cells: (erythrocytes) transport
oxygen to cells in all parts of the body
a) hemoglobin: iron containing protein that
transports the oxygen
b) no nucleus
c) live 120 days
3. White blood cells: (leukocytes) help defend the body
against disease
a) larger than red blood cells but less numerous
b) irregular shape
c) phagocytes: cells that engulf invading
microorganisms
d) antibodies: help destroy substances
4. Platelets: fragments of cells that
help in the formation of blood clots
a) Blood clot: interwoven fibers and blood cells
that prevents excess loss of blood through a wound
b) life span of 7-11 days
c) Platelets group together at damages site of a
blood vessel and stick together to from a plug
d) Clotting factors are released from the platelets
and produces fibers that trap the blood
Blood clotting
Blood Clotting
Break in Capillary Wall
Clumping of Platelets
Clot Forms
Blood vessels injured.
Platelets clump at the site
and release thromboplastin.
Thromboplastin converts
prothrombin into thrombin..
Thrombin converts
fibrinogen into fibrin, which
causes a clot. The clot
prevents further loss of
blood..
B. Blood type: determined by the type of antigen
present on the surface of red blood cells
1. Antigen: protein or carbohydrate that acts as a
signal, enabling the body to recognize foreign
substances
a) Foreign antigens enters the body, the body
responds by producing antibodies to fight the
invaders
2. 4 groups of blood types
3. When two different blood types are mixed,
reactions occur between antigen and antibodies
4. A-B-O system: classifying blood by the antigens
located on the surface of red blood cells and the
antibodies in plasma
a) Type A blood: has A antigens and
anti –B antibodies, so giving Type B
blood would cause the blood to
clump together and not flow
b) Type B blood: has B antigens
and anti-A antibodies
c) Type AB: has A and B
antigens and no antibodies,
so can receive blood from any type
(universal receiver)
d) Type O: has no antigens
and anti-A and anti-B antibodies,
so can get blood from just Type O,
but they can give blood to all
because they have no antigens
(universal donor)
Blood Transfusions
Blood Type
of Donor
Blood Type of Recipient
A
B
AB
O
A
B
AB
O
Unsuccessful transfusion
Successful transfusion
5. Rh system: antigen that may be present on the
surface of red blood cells, named after rhesus
monkey in which it was first discovered
a) 85% of population is Rh+ meaning that Rh
antigens are present
b) Rh- means that Rh antigens are not present
c) Can not give a transfusion of blood of Rh+ to a
person that is Rhd) Problems occur during pregnancy if mother is
Rh- and baby is Rh+
Rh Blood typing game
III. Respiratory System: carry oxygen to the cells and
eliminate carbon dioxide
A. Lungs: site of gas exchange between
atmosphere and blood
1. Right side has three lobes and left side has two
lobes
2. Inside chest cavity
and surrounding by membranes
called pleura
B. Passage of air
1. Mouth and nose: air enters and small hairs in
the nose filters the air and mucus warms and
moistens the air
2. Pharynx: tube at the back of the nasal cavities
and mouth and is passageway for air and food
3. Epiglottis: flap of cartilage that covers the
opening to air passage
4. Trachea: air passageway made of cartilage
which contain cilia and mucus to trap particles
5. Larynx: upper end of trachea that contains the vocal
cords
6. Bronchi: two branches that lead to the lungs from
trachea
7. Bronchioles: smaller tubes into the lungs
8. Alveoli: clusters of tiny air sacs surrounded by
capillaries
a) gases are exchanged between the alveoli and
blood
b) 300 million alveoli alveoli
Smoking vs. Healthy Lungs
The Respiratory System
Mouth
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Lung
Epiglottis
Bronchus
Nose
Bronchiole
Alveoli
Bronchioles
Diaphragm
Edge of
pleural membrane
Interactive slide
Capillaries
C. Gas exchange and transport
1. Gas exchange in lungs
a) oxygen crosses alveolar membranes and
capillary walls and enters the blood
b) carbon dioxide crosses capillary walls and
alveolar membranes and enters the alveoli
c) gases move by diffusion Gas exchange
2. Hemoglobin and gas exchange
a) Most oxygen moves into the red blood cells
b) Hemoglobin: contains 4 iron atoms and each
iron can bind to one oxygen molecule (250 million
hemoglobin molecules in each red blood cell)
c) Carbon dioxide reacts with water in plasma to
form bicarbonate ions
Hemoglobin
Gas Exchange in the Lungs
Alveoli
Bronchiole
Capillary
D. Mechanism of breathing
1. Breathing: process of moving air into and out of
the lungs
2. Inspiration: inhaling, is the process of taking air
into the lungs
a) Diaphragm: large, flat muscle that contracts
and pushes down
b) Volume in chest cavity expands and air
pressure is lower so air rushes in
3. Expiration: exhaling, process of expelling air from
lungs
a) Diaphragm relaxes
b) Volume in chest cavity decreases and air
pressure is greater so air rushes out
Respiration
The Mechanics of Breathing
Air
exhaled
Air
inhaled
Rib cage
descends
Rib cage
rises
Diaphragm
Diaphragm
Inhalation
Interactive slide
Exhalation
E. Regulation of breathing
1. Rate at which oxygen is used depends
on the activity of the cell
2. Greater activity requires more oxygen
3. Rate of breathing is controlled by brain
4. Person can hold breath and override control
system for a short time