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lyn (Dcule -2, zL ln/ u ep code: 780300 F.Y.B.Sc. Biotechnology Semester t Examination paper: Basic rife sciences r: Biodiversity & ceil Biotogy ModelAnswers Q 1. Do as directed. (ANy FTFTEEN) 1 MARK EACH (15) Fillin the blanks: l.Archaebacteria 2.Cartilaginous 3. Hemocyanin 4. Lysozyme 5. Peptidoglycan 6. Ribosomes 7. Phosphate 8. Rough 9. Gas Vacuoles 10. Felix d'Herelle L1. Example of viruses with icosahedral symmetry - Adenoviruses, polioviruses 12 Spore production, spore dispersal 13' Example of bacteria with chemotrophic mode of nutrition -Methanogens, Halophiles, sulphur oxidizing or reducing bacteria, Nitrifiers, lron and Manganese oxidizing bacteria.( E.coli, N it ro so m o n a s, p s u d o m o n a s, D e su lfovi b r i o etc) 14' Globalwarming, pollution, climatic change, invasion of species, deforestation, urbanization etc 15. Mushrooms, molds, yeasts etc L6. First virus to be studied by electron microscope - Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) l7'Taxonomic diversityrefers to number and relative abundance of species in a community. l8'The occulrence of two or more forms differentlyproduced in the lifecycle of a plant usually invorving the regular or animal arternation between ,L*rur uoJ usexual forms. 19' The yield of phage per bacterium during virar murtiprication cycre is cared the burst size. 20' Pfant viruses can be cultivated by direct mechanicat inoculation of virus suspensions by of living plants. rhis rubbing is accomptished with the aid of an abrasive such ::::ffiil'rtl:t Q2 a. Write a note on Millers experiment (S MARKS) The experiment used water materials which were belie At the end of one week of co cooled water, that as much as organic compounds. Two per that are used to make proteins The molecu but Uitilai"L fr" systenr, molecules, far from a complete living biochemical the hlPothetical synthesize rn"- ulrtltesses could produce some Q 2 b. Describe the Salient features of chordate (any seven points) 7 Marla some chordates. develops into entral nervous the brain and spine. 11steg: develop into giit arches *;-*y Hrt uoo intn d of the body, being absent in humans Dorsal hoflow Notochord ed structure that is found in the ome chordate species. It is g skeletal support through the prrmary axial support of the i;,*fiUl,ffitm'#X1i Dorsal Hollow Nerve ttfr:'#l;J* notochord, however, is repraced by the verrebrar Cord In chordates' it is located dorsally (at the top ofthe animar) to the notoch.rd. In contrast to the 'e characterized by solid nerve cords that are l0cated either cord found in most chordate embryos a.,r.Lp, into-ire urain and central nervous system. Pharyngeal slits are openings in the pharym to the outside environment. In organi*r, just posterior to the mouth) that extend lll" region d"dti; ttrut'tiu. iiiooo-.rr,r;, pharyngeal slits allow for the exit of water that eriters the mouth during feeding,. In vertebrate fishes, the pharyngeal slits deverop into gilr u."tt"r, tn" bony or cartilaginous gil supports. Q 2 c, Give Salien( features of gynnosperms (g Marks) (Any eight distinguishing points) 1, gvoTueo.trmt qg1"Ti1- n$.d, s?erm.a: seed).are naked - seeded:plan1s. Here rhe ovutes not enclosed and thus the seeds ,.rnu-io are naked. 2' Most of the gynnosperms are evergreen, woody perennials with shruby or tree o-like They show xerophytic claracters. 3' The main plant body is a well differentiated sporophye consisting of root, stem and Gametophyte is reduced and is aepenOent on sporophyte. 4. Plants possess well developed root system. 5. Leaves are oftwo tlpes i.e. fotiage leaves and scale leaves. 6. Vascular bundles are conjoint, collateral, open and endarch. 7. Xylem consists of only tracheids. 8. Vessels are absent except in Gnetum. habit. leaves. 9. Companion cells are absent. 10. Secondary growth takes place both in roots and stems. I 1' Reproductive parts are E;enerally in the form of compact and hard cones or strobili. The cones are generally unisexual. 12' In male cones, many miicrosporphylls are arranged on a central axis. Microsporophyll,s bear micro sporangia containing microspores or pollen giains. 13. Archegonia lack neck canal cells. 14. Pollination is of anemophilous t1,pe. 15' The ovules are coverect by single integument and are orthotropous type. The olule is a modified mega sporangium rrorne directly on th. surface of megasporophyll." 16. Endosperm is formed be;lore fertilization. 17. Polyembryony is exhibitr:d by many members of gymnosperms. 18' Embryo is formed inside the owle. The ovule gets transformed into seed. 19. Epigeal mode of germination is seen. 20. Plants show distinct alternation of generation. Cycas (Sago palm) Q 2 d. Discuss the Generar aharacteristics of Eubacteria (z marks) (any 7 distinguishing chararcters) i ' Bacteria plokaryotic organisms (Kingdom:Monera), without cell deflred organelles 1e like mitochondria,Golgi bodies,Endoplasmic reticulum.,etc ' ' Microscopic,unicellular,they may occur singly or aggregations to form colonies. They possess rigid cell vrall. Cell wall is made up of peptidoglycan (Mureins) and Lipo polysaccharides. ' . . ' Absence of well defined nucleus.i.e., DNA is not enclosed in a nuclear membrane. . Ribosomes are scattered in the cloplasmic matrix and are of z()s type. The plasma membrane is invaginated to form mesosomes. Most of the bacteria are heterotrophic.Some bacteria are autotrophic, bacteriochlorophyll, which is not in plastids.Instead it is found scattered. Motile bacteria possess one or more flagella. possess a The common method of multiplication is binary fission. o lmffiT.r"r1r,..*Hla3kine,butgeneticrecombinationoccursbyconjugation Q3 a' Describe the structure of Gram negative bacteriar cet wa, (g Marks) 11_1*o"trribe the fruid m'saic moder of pfasma membrane (7 marks) htt"r|*g{;f$l &*r:q t*th*s {*\c S* Rttlr ss$, #r} ofgl llrffrfl *nd t}**p'nrg d lhpm,$ttw )$!w*K. {le;; ffi Sl a*r niq$'\wr$, i .|{1. r[. i,. ; r! I. '1r.\ l vifh*s .r$s r*sti oiel*r*teail*el f?x), ' lhr" I $ {htr ir}{* on lhm *umr Sxquent$y A tufn ee {$;a* t#F Sy ffirymr Q.{:Yr +b{i$g r**r*{$.*',t&o$*** N nM I-i*x t rt I*qttln ir. nnd qf qrtr *.[tf i .flxl $clrt >$ast g**$ {r:# *k\ itff &,,rrlr$ *S* $t *$}t f* meyn *f,rhxn***N***J I * *uo,,n$ r... .^ jt. Q 3 c. Explain the process of endospore formation (g marks) Il-tri.:... ' ,;i -.. .. i: .ir ., :' i ...i .... i - r ..N : : ,:ii ii ,: , ir., i 'sp{r,\3 r..:: -., l'"'lr,,.'i: .1i:,.;.11: :\..1 ..'"'i.q.,.,r1 .., ., 'l l $p*us \,. c;$t*:r $V$lF\#$iJ€t* 'r,,r: ,:iii{. iis$ ,,rrls, ' '* ;\..i\ :r' q 3 d. Describe the structure of microtubufes ( 7 marks) ili s$ s rlL$ tr, 5 gint irl ., n I it 'ss ll r ! SJ_i F {i ijiw idt {J Jd$ -' 'g Sr$i:r,n$dj)frlbi.y fa r.J$. t){ s!'*41 i* ${}x rlu, ? i;r t)r>fu&ir:irle. *ti*irle. *l ir r"i ili t rH{.*4nar.\i*s,, lnt*encr.ri*s, :Fa$k 1+n*i"< S) i$ 4:},U\t$. xlcvii.y, , Q 4 a. with a herp of a diagram eraborate on virat murtiprication cycre (g marks) ..afMnnrReptitatiqn 'n*ii1s'd=, @ The sequence of events initiated by the injection of the release of newly synthesi:zed as It can be plotted as one step multiplication cycle as production virions is termed nating in on cycle. ribes the of progeny virions by cells as a function of time after infection under one step conditions ( i'e' the cells are iinfected is eliminated by dilution). simultaneously and secondary infection by progeny virus specifically during the first 10 minutes or so after the injection of phage DNA, no phage can be recovered by disrupting the infected bacterium. This is termed the ecripse period. At the end of theis period' mature phages begin to accumulate intraceilurarry untir they are rereased by cerl lysis' No newly released extracellular phages can be seen until lysis begins; the time from injection until the lysis is the latent period. The extraceilurar phage number increases untir it reaches a constant titer at the ned of the multiplication cycle; this time interval is termed as rise period' The yield of phage prer bacterium is called the burst size. This procedure affords observation of a single cycle of bacteriophage growth. Q4 b. Describe in detaif any two methods for curtivation of animat virus ( 7 marksl Methods for cultivation of animal viruses ( any two methods) 1' Embrvonated chicken esss -- one of the most economicar and convenient method is chick in chicken eggs incubated for 5_12 days can be .rs]r. _Fertire inocutated through the sher asepticarv. The openins egg incubated at 35 degree celsius for the time required for the growth of virus. chick embryo contain several different types rcf cells in which various viruses will replicate. By using embryos :J:H:":T:::::::",::::1 may;;;;;;;';.r#;It;T;: of various ages and differeint method of inoculation, it is possible to grow the type of virus desired' The cells to be in.culated are found in various embryonic membranes and tissues of egg' For example' vaccinia virus can be grown on chorioailantoic membrane and produce lesions or pocks. The york sac and the embryo can arso be used to grow viruses. 2' Tissue cultures-cell cultures are todayt the method of choice for propagation of viruses for many reasons' Among thenr are convenience, relative economy for maintenance compared to animals' observable cytopiathic effects and the choice of cells for their susceptibility to particular viruses' on the basis of their origin and characteristics, cell cultures are of three types: primary cell culture, cliploid cell strains and continuous cell lines. primary cell cultures are derived from normal tissue of an animal. Unfortunately such type of cells can be subcultured only limited number of times. Diploid cell strains (with normal diploid karyotype) are derived from primary cell cultures established from a particular type of tissue, such as lung or kidney which is of embryonic origin' They are :;ingle cell type and can undergo 50 to 100 divisiond before dying. such diploid cell strains are host of choice for many viral studies especially in the production of human vaccine viruses' Thel salk poliomyelitis vaccine was developed after basic research showing that poliovirus would grow satisfactorily on monkey kidney cell cultures. ' continuous cell lines iappear to be capable of infinite number of doublings. such cell line arises from mutation of a cell strain or form establishment of cell cultures from malignant tissue' They have altered kanrotype. Such types of cells are easy to grow. Because of possession of malignant properties such cells are not used for virus production for human vaccines. continuous cell lines have been extremely useful in cultivating many viruses previously difficult or impossible to grow. 3' Animals - Some viruses cannot be cultivated in cell cultures or in embryonated chicken eggs and must be propagated in li',ring animals. Mice, guinea pigs, rabbits and primates are used for this purpose' Animal inoculation is also a good diagnostic tool because the animat can show typical disease symptoms and histological tissue sections of infected tissue can be examined microscopica lly. Q4 c' Discuss classification of animal virus on the basis of their transcription process (g Marks) Animal viruses are classified on the basis of their transcription process into following classes: 1' Viruses containing dsDNA - viral DNA (except for pox virus) enters nucleus of host cell, where mRNA is synthesized rivith no intermediate form. mRNA then passes into cytoplasm. Protein synthesis and assemblv of virus takes place in the cytoplasm. 2'Viruses containing ssDNA The single stranded DNA morecule serves as template for the synthesis of a complementary strand of DNA, resulting in a dsDNA molecute called a replicative form' whether mRNA is a transcription product of replicative form or of parental ssDNA is not known. - 3' Viruses containing dsDNA (+ and strands) (Reovirus) - During the uncoating process not all of the nucleoprotein core is degraded. The viral genome remains enclosed. 10 mRNA molecules are transcribed from one strand of dsRNA and pass into the host cytoplasm. This mRNA may be used to produce doubre stranded progeny RNA or structurar proteins. 4' ssRNA virus containing the (+) strand (Poliovirus) - Folloeinguncoating in the cytoplasm the parental (+) strand of RNA acts as a mRNA and directs the synthesis of viral proteins. one protein is RNA polymerase that catalyzes the formation of a (-) RNA strand called replicative intermediate (Rl)' The Rl is a partial dsRNA since there is complete (-) ssRNA molecute to which are attached partially synthesized (+) RNA strands. From Rt a complete dsRNA molecule (replicative form) will be produced, consisting of one (+) and one (-) strand. The other(+) RNA strands were part of Rr may become genomes for new virus or they act as mRNA. 5' ssRNA viruses containing the (-) strand (rhabdovirus, paramyxovirus, orthomyxovirus) - Following the uncoating in the cytoplasm the (-) RNa strand remains associated with an RNA transcriptase, which catalyzes the synthesis of mRNA from the (-) RNA parental strand. The mRNAs code for structural proteins as well as polymerase and transcriptase. The transcriptase also catalyzes the synthesis of a (+) RNA strand. From the (+) strand more (-) RNA molecules will be transcribed which can act as mRNA o0r genome for future virus progeny. 6' RNA tumor viruses requiring a DNA intermediate for replication - Following uncoating, viral reverse transcriptase ( RNA dependent DNA polymerase) uses the RNA genome as a template to transcribe a complimentary DNA strand resulting in the formation of a DNA-RNA hybrid. From the DNA strand of the hybrid a complementary DNA strand is synthesized using a conventional DNA polymerase enzyme and dsDNA molecule called as provirus is formed. The provirus is integrated into the genome of the host. Q4 d. Elaborate on classification & types based on morphology of Bacteria (7 marks) Bacteria can be classified on the basis of their morphology. Morphology refers to their size shape and arrangement. , Most bacteria are 0.2 um in diameter and 2-g um in length. The three basic bacterial shapes are coccus (spherical), bacillus (rod-shaped), and spiral (twisted or curved), however pleomorphic bacteria can assume several shapes. Arrangement of cocci - cocci may be oval, elongated, or flattened on one side. cocci that remain in pairs after dividing are called diplococci. cocci that remain in chains after dividing are called streptococci' cocci that divide in two planes and remain in groups of four are cared tetrads' cocci that divide in three planes and remain in groups cube rike groups of eight are called sarcinae' cocci that divide in multiple planes and form grape like clusters or sheets are called staphylococci. (Diagram expected) e. Micrococcus, streptococcus etc Bacilli - Most bacilli appear as single rods (e.g Bacillus, Lactobaciilus). Diprobaciili appear in pairs after division' Streptobacilli appear in chains after division. some bacilli are so short and fat that they look like cocci and are referred to as coccobaciti (e.g. E.coti)(Diagram expected) spiral bacteria - spiral bacteria have one or more twists. Vibrios look like curued rods. spirilla have a helical shape and fairly rigid bodies. spirochetes have a helical shape and flexible bodies. spirochetes move by means of axial filaments, which look like flagella contained beneath a flexible external sheath. ln addition to to the common bacterial shapes, many others also occur like pear shaped (e'g' Pasteuna), lobed spheres (e.g. sutfotobus), discs arranged like stacks of coins Caryophanom), star shaped bacteria (e.g. Ste//o) etc. cells (e.g. Q5. Write a short notes on: (any 3 5 marks each ) a. General characters ofArthropoda: ( any5 characters) 1' Body bilaterally symmetrical and matamerically segmented i.e. the segments usualygroups in two or three rather distinct regions. 2. 3. 4. ). 6. t i:f"Tffi1nu|H::gh led with haemolymph or either bodv surfac. ot blood. structure. gitt, io uquuti. forms and rrachea & spiraclesin 8' Excretion takes place by.means-of Malpighian tubules that empty into the alimentarycanal, the excreted materials passing to the outsid" by *uy of tne anus. 9. The sexes nearly always separate. 10' A tubular alimentary canal with anterior mouth and posterior anus always present. b. i) il) Economic importance of fungi ( any 5 relevant points) Fungi are used u.r p9d. e.g. Mushrooms and Morels. Fungi are used in luborutJrv.^""--""' cerevisae; beverages such as,win": beer, rum all are prepared fe by Ihi*"(S. ![ip'oio.r,r) inproduction or.-y,,,Jrur?il .j so:me nrngi are used ;*;L}:J.Xff"fast' iii) some fungi are used in ptoJu'.tloi'Jrreveral antibiotics and antibiotics and medicine like penicillin, rr..pro,nv.ir,, other useful Jrgotin". ;"spectivery. "oa production orJin .*t organic produ*s rike citric v) Fungi in agriculture: u) Being saprophytes they decompose the organic matter and enhance ,oil. the fertility of the ;#.h" i:1,_ffilli:,T:fru:*h'#;"fi '""'ff ?ff $J:r'#fi?:il1*::,;il'Jfi :l:Jimfi vi) Some fungifi used p."Ar." i"'i"ne are c. Capsule " like Gibberellin. plan'ikepinusandhe,p .:rg tlt* l,i*rl fft d. Mitochondria (Description 3 Marks / Figure 2 Marks) e. Nutritional requirements of bacteria (Any $ pointsf 1' Source of energy - Light (phototrophs) or crremicar compounds (chemotrophs). electrons -Reduce inorganic compounds (lithotrophs) il.r'ff 3' carbon source - or organic compounds coz (Autotrophs) or other drganic compounds (heterotrophs). nitrogen like nitrate, nitrites or ammonium sarts and organic l;,}Jffi il""ff;':il1:"'' 5. Oxygen for respiratory activity. i;illllj;oljiTotltt'sulphur' certain amino amino acids tike cysteine, methionine, inorganic 7. Phosphorus - 8. Metalions Like K*, ca*z,Mg*2,Fe*2 etc. - in the form of phosphate 9. Vitamins and vitamin like compounds 1.0. Water