Download Pearson 3e Detailed TOC

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contents
C
From the Authors
Preface
O
N
T
E
N
T
S
xv
xvii
Acknowledgments
xxi
PART ONE
Fundamentals of Communication Studies
Communication Myths, Metaphors, and
Misunderstandings 22
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction to Human
Communication 3
What Are the Goals of Communication Study?
Communication Is Essential 4
Communication: The Process of Using Messages
to Generate Meaning 10
Components of Communication 11
People 12
The Message 12
The Channel 12
Feedback 12
Code 13
Encoding and Decoding
Noise 14
Effective Communication 22
Ethical Communication: The NCA Credo
Summary 25
25
Study Questions
25
Critical Thinking
Self-Quiz
Communication Principles
14
What Are Communication Contexts?
Intrapersonal Communication 18
Interpersonal Communication 19
Public Communication 19
Mass Communication 20
Computer-Mediated Communication
17
26
26
References
Communication Begins with the Self 14
Communication Involves Others 15
Communication Has Both a Content and a Relational
Dimension 16
Communication Is Complicated 16
Communication Quantity Does Not Increase
Communication Quality 16
Communication Is Inevitable, Irreversible,
and Unrepeatable 17
Communication Cannot Be Reversed 17
Communication Cannot Be Repeated 17
27
CHAPTER TWO
Perception, Self, and
Communication 31
What Is Perception?
32
Why Do Differences in Perception Occur?
Physiological Factors 33
Past Experiences and Roles 34
Culture and Co-culture 34
Present Feelings and Circumstances
What Occurs in Perception?
33
35
36
Selection 36
Organization 38
Interpretation 40
How Do You Perceive Others?
20
23
Chapter Review and Study Guide 25
Key Terms
13
22
41
Attribution Errors 41
Perceptual Errors 42
ix
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Contents
Who Are You?
Summary 81
45
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy 46
Learning More About Yourself
Self-Actualization 48
Key Terms
47
How Do You Evaluate Yourself?
Self-Image 50
Self-Esteem 51
Improving Self-Concept 51
Barriers to Improving Self-Concept
How Do You Present Yourself?
Study Questions
Critical Thinking
50
Self-Quiz
53
References
82
Nonverbal Communication 85
57
What Is Nonverbal Communication?
86
How Are Verbal and Nonverbal Communication
Related? 87
57
Why Are Nonverbal Codes Difficult to
Interpret? 88
58
Critical Thinking
Self-Quiz
82
CHAPTER FOUR
53
Summary 57
Study Questions
81
82
References
Chapter Review and Study Guide
Key Terms
81
58
One Code Communicates a Variety of Meanings 88
A Variety of Codes Communicate the Same Meaning 89
59
59
What Are Nonverbal Codes?
CHAPTER THREE
Language and Meaning
What Is Language?
63
64
Language Has Rules 65
Language and Culture Are Intertwined 65
Language Organizes and Classifies Reality 67
Language Is Arbitrary 67
Language Is Abstract 69
How Can ESL Speakers Adapt Their Nonverbal
Behavior? 101
Chapter Review and Study Guide 103
Summary 103
Key Terms
103
Study Questions
103
Critical Thinking 104
Self-Quiz
References
73
How Can Language Skills Be Improved?
75
Avoid Intentional Confusion 76
Use Descriptiveness 76
Be Concrete 77
Differentiate Between Observations and Inferences
Demonstrate Cultural Competence 79
81
104
104
CHAPTER FIVE
Listening and Critical Thinking 109
What Is Listening?
78
How Can ESL Speakers Improve Their Language
Skills? 80
Chapter Review and Study Guide
89
What Are Some Ways to Improve Nonverbal
Communication? 100
How Can Language Be an Enhancement or an
Obstacle to Communication? 70
Grammatical Errors 70
Colloquialisms 71
Clichés 71
Euphemisms and Doublespeak 71
Slang 72
Profanity 72
Jargon 73
Regionalisms 73
Sexist, Racist, and Heterosexist Language
89
Bodily Movement and Facial Expression
Physical Attraction 91
Space 93
Time 94
Touching 95
Vocal Cues 97
Clothing and Other Artifacts 99
110
Attention 112
Working Memory 112
Short-Term Memory 113
Long-Term Memory 113
The Importance of Listening in Our Lives
114
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Contents
Four Types of Listening
Barriers to Listening
Listening to Media 127
Listening in a Second Language
115
116
Gender Differences in Listening
How Can You Become a Better Listener?
Effective Listening in Different Situations
Summary 130
Key Terms
Critical Thinking
124
Self-Quiz
References
Self-Quiz
Interpersonal Communication
135
The Nature of Communication in Interpersonal
Relationships 136
Motivations for Initiating, Maintaining, and
Terminating Relationships 149
Essential Interpersonal Communication Behaviors
Using Affectionate and Supportive Communication
Influencing Others 155
Developing a Unique Relationship 156
The Possibilities for Improvement
157
Bargaining 157
Learning Communication Skills 158
Maintaining Behavioral Flexibility 158
Chapter Review and Study Guide
Study Questions
Critical Thinking
132
132
References
162
162
Intercultural Communication
What Are Cultures and Co-cultures?
The Goals of Co-cultural Communication
Ethnocentrism 172
Stereotyping 172
154
154
Individualistic Versus Collectivist Cultures 174
Low-Context Versus High-Context Cultures 174
Uncertainty-Accepting Versus Uncertainty-Rejecting
Cultures 177
Implicit-Rule Versus Explicit-Rule Cultures 178
M-Time Versus P-Time Cultures 178
What Are Some Strategies for Improving Intercultural
Communication? 181
Summary 183
Key Terms
183
Critical Thinking
161
170
What Are Some Intercultural Communication
Problems? 172
Study Questions
161
170
Chapter Review and Study Guide 183
160
167
Why Is the Study of Intercultural Communication
Important? 168
What Are Some Characteristics of Different
Cultures? 173
Motivations for Initiating Relationships 149
Motivations for Maintaining Relationships 150
Motivations for Terminating Relationships 151
160
132
CHAPTER SEVEN
What Is Interpersonal Communication? 136
What Are Interpersonal Relationships? 137
The Importance of Interpersonal Relationships 138
The Dark Side of Interpersonal Relationships 139
Self-Disclosure in the Development of Interpersonal
Relationships 140
The Importance of Friendships in Interpersonal Relationships 143
Cross-Cultural Relationships 144
The Stages in Interpersonal Relationships 145
160
131
Communication Contexts
CHAPTER SIX
Key Terms
130
Study Questions
Listening in the Workplace 124
Listening in the Classroom 125
Summary
129
Chapter Review and Study Guide 130
119
Listen and Think Critically 119
Use Verbal Communication Effectively 121
Use Nonverbal Communication Effectively 122
Check Your Understanding 123
PART TWO
128
How Can You Be an Ethical Listener?
118
xi
Self-Quiz
References
184
184
183
184
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Contents
CHAPTER EIGHT
Workplace Communication
What Is Workplace Communication?
187
Problem Solving and Decision Making
188
How Should You Prepare Written Credentials?
192
Résumés 192
Cover Letters 196
197
Taking Self-Inventory 198
Creating a Network 199
Searching for a Job 200
Investigating the Interviewer 200
General Interviewing Strategies 201
The Postinterview Stage 205
What Communication Skills Will You Need
on the Job? 206
Competent Workplace Communication
Cross-Cultural Skills 208
Conflict Management Skills 208
Customer Service Skills 209
206
How Do You Select a Topic?
214
214
Study Questions
Critical Thinking
Self-Quiz
215
How Do You Narrow Your Topic? 255
How Do You Analyze Your Audience? 257
216
Four Levels of Audience Analysis 257
Three Methods of Audience Analysis 261
216
References
216
Additional Resources
252
Individual Brainstorming 252
Personal Inventories 253
Your Topic’s Importance 253
Your Knowledge of the Topic 253
Your Commitment to the Topic 254
Topic Selection for ESL Speakers 254
Summary 214
Key Terms
Technology and Group Communication
Processes 242
How Should You Communicate in Small
Groups? 243
Being an Ethical Group Member 244
Chapter Review and Study Guide 246
Summary 246
Key Terms 246
Study Questions 247
Critical Thinking 247
Self-Quiz 248
References 248
Topic Selection and Audience
Analysis 251
212
Chapter Review and Study Guide
237
CHAPTER TEN
What Ethical Dimensions Are Found
in the Workplace? 211
Aggressive Communication
Sexual Harassment 212
236
Effective Group Problem Solving 238
Beyond Problem Solving: Group Work in a New Era
Types of Organizations 189
Communication Networks 190
Employment Interviews
Group Cohesiveness 234
The Effect of Diversity on Group Culture
How Do You Adapt to the Audience?
217
CHAPTER NINE
The Dynamics of Small-Group
Communication 219
Why Should You Learn About Small Groups?
What Is Small-Group Communication?
The Role of Leadership in Small Groups
What Is Leadership? 225
Theoretical Approaches to Group Leadership
Establishing Culture in Small Groups
220
223
The Types and Functions of Small Groups
224
225
227
229
The Development of Group Norms 229
The Development of Roles for Group Members
231
264
Adapting Yourself 265
Adapting Your Verbal and Nonverbal Codes
Adapting Your Topic 266
Adapting Your Purpose 266
Microtargeting: A New Kind of Audience
Analysis 267
Chapter Review and Study Guide 269
Summary 269
Key Terms 269
Study Questions 269
Critical Thinking 270
Self-Quiz 270
References 270
Additional Resources 271
266
241
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Contents
PART THREE
Fundamentals of Public Speaking:
Preparation and Delivery
The Sentence Outline 315
The Key-Word Outline 316
Organizational Patterns 317
Transitions and Signposts 322
CHAPTER ELEVEN
Being Credible and Using
Evidence 273
Why Is Source Credibility Important?
What Is Source Credibility?
274
The Conclusion
275
Four Aspects of Credibility 276
Practical Advice on Increasing Credibility
The Bibliography
280
Examples 292
Surveys 293
Testimonial Evidence 293
Numbers and Statistics 294
Analogies 294
Explanations 295
Definitions 296
Self-Quiz
References
Self-Quiz
References
329
329
330
334
What Are Four Modes of Delivery?
296
299
334
The Extemporaneous Mode 335
The Impromptu Mode 335
The Manuscript Mode 335
The Memorized Mode 335
What Are the Vocal and Bodily Aspects of
Delivery? 336
299
Critical Thinking
291
What Is Delivery?
299
Study Questions
Critical Thinking
328
Delivery and Visual Resources 333
Chapter Review and Study Guide
Key Terms
328
Study Questions
CHAPTER THIRTEEN
Ethics and Source Credibility 296
The Ethical Use of Supporting Material 297
Summary
325
Summary 328
Key Terms
What Information Sources Can You Use? 280
How Should You Cite Sources of Information
Correctly? 290
Tips for Effective Research 290
What Supporting Materials Are Appropriate?
323
Chapter Review and Study Guide 328
278
How Should You Find and Use Information?
Ethical Considerations
xiii
The Vocal Aspects of Presentation 337
The Bodily Aspects of Presentation 341
Delivery Tips for Non-Native Speakers 346
300
300
301
How Can You Reduce Your Fear of
Presenting? 347
301
Suggested Techniques for Reducing Your Fear
What Are Visual Resources?
CHAPTER TWELVE
Organizing Your
Presentation 303
The Introduction 304
Gaining and Maintaining Audience Attention 305
Arousing Audience Interest 308
Stating the Purpose or Thesis 309
Establishing Your Qualifications 309
Forecasting Development and Organization 309
The Body
310
The Principles of Outlining
The Rough Draft 313
311
349
The Uses of Visual Resources 350
Types of Visual Resources 351
Chapter Review and Study Guide 357
Summary 357
Key Terms
357
Study Questions
Critical Thinking
Self-Quiz
References
357
358
358
359
Additional Resources
359
347
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Contents
CHAPTER FOURTEEN
Informative Presentations 361
How Do You Prepare an Informative Presentation?
What Is Your Goal? 362
What Topics Are Appropriate?
What Is Your Purpose? 364
362
How Do You Persuade?
How Can You Test Evidence?
The First Form of Proof: Logos, or Logical Proof 388
The Second Form of Proof: Ethos, or Source Credibility 389
The Third Form of Proof: Pathos, or Emotional Proof 389
Organizing Your Persuasive Message 391
The Monroe Motivated Sequence
Ethical Considerations 392
Skills for an Informative Presentation 370
Defining 370
Describing 371
Explaining 372
Narrating 372
Demonstrating 372
How to Resist Persuasion
Self-Quiz
References
397
Summary 399
373
Key Terms
376
399
Study Questions
376
Critical Thinking
376
Self-Quiz
377
399
400
400
References
377
401
Online Unit: Mediated Communication and Media
Literacy: This section is found on the book’s Online
Learning Center website at www.mhhe.com/pearson3
378
CHAPTER FIFTEEN
Persuasive Presentations
What Is a Persuasive Presentation?
394
Chapter Review and Study Guide 399
Summary 376
Critical Thinking
391
An Example of a Persuasive Presentation
An Example of an Informative Presentation
Study Questions
387
Three Forms of Proof 388
Creating Information Hunger 365
Demonstrating Information Relevance 366
Revealing Extrinsic Motivation 367
Designing Information Content 368
Avoiding Information Overload 369
Organizing Content 369
Chapter Review and Study Guide
385
Using Argument to Persuade: Fact, Policy, and Value 386
What Is the Difference Between Evidence and Proof? 386
363
How Do You Effectively Present Information
to an Audience? 365
Key Terms
Analyzing the Listeners 384
What Purposes Are Persuasive? 384
Why Should You Try to Persuade? 385
381
Glossary G-1
382
What Is Your Immediate Purpose and Ultimate Goal?
Introducing Your Persuasive Presentation 383
Shaping the Persuasive Purpose to the Listeners
383
383
Credits
Index
C-1
I-1